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QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
UNDERGOING HEMODIALYSIS: A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING
WELL-BEING AND ADAPTATION
Abdujabborov Jamshidbek
Omonov Jamshid
Tursunboev Ulugbek
Kushboeva Shabnam
Abdurakhmanova Sayyora
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15192792
Introduction.
The term "quality of life" (QoL) has become increasingly
significant in medical research, particularly in the context of chronic diseases.
Originally coined by D.R. Elkinton in 1966, the term was used to discuss the
challenges faced by patients undergoing organ transplantation. In recent years,
the QoL of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) requiring kidney
transplantation has gained substantial attention. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
and its associated renal replacement therapies (RRT), such as hemodialysis
(HD), significantly impact various dimensions of a patient's life. These patients
often experience physical, emotional, and social limitations that alter their daily
activities and overall well-being. This study aims to assess the QoL of patients
undergoing hemodialysis and identify the factors influencing it, with a particular
focus on the duration of dialysis treatment.
Materials and Methods.
The study was conducted at the Republican
Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Nephrology and Kidney
Transplantation, involving 100 patients diagnosed with end-stage chronic
kidney disease (CKD) who were undergoing hemodialysis. The median age of
participants was 55.2 years (ranging from 27 to 77 years), with 47 men and 53
women. The most common causes of end-stage renal disease included chronic
glomerulonephritis (65%), diabetes mellitus (31.7%), and polycystic kidney
disease (3.3%). The duration of dialysis varied, with an average period of 6.8
years.
The QoL of these patients was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire, a
widely used tool that evaluates both physical and mental health. The
questionnaire consists of 36 items, which are divided into eight scales. Four of
these scales measure physical health, including physical functioning, role-
physical functioning, pain intensity, and general health, while the remaining four
focus on mental health, including vitality, social functioning, role-emotional
functioning, and mental health. Each scale is scored from 0 to 100, with higher
scores indicating better health outcomes.
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Results.
The results indicated that gender had a significant impact on
certain QoL scales. Women scored higher on the "General Health" (GH) scale
(p<0.01), while men scored better on the "Social Functioning" (SF) scale
(p<0.05). Overall, physical and mental health scores did not vary significantly
between genders.
When comparing QoL indicators based on the duration of hemodialysis,
three groups were identified: patients with less than one year, 2–10 years, and
more than 10 years of dialysis experience. Patients in the group with less than
one year of dialysis reported the lowest scores in physical and emotional
functioning scales, particularly in "Physical Role" (RP) and "Emotional Role"
(RE). In contrast, patients in the 2–10 years group exhibited better QoL scores
due to better adaptation, reduced misconceptions about dialysis, and restored
social interactions. However, patients with more than 10 years of dialysis
treatment showed a decline in QoL, particularly in the intensity of pain, physical
functioning, and social functioning. This group also reported a significant
increase in complications and comorbidities associated with prolonged dialysis.
A detailed analysis of patient complaints revealed common issues such as
fatigue (62%), weakness and dizziness (60%), muscle pain (59%), and skin-
related symptoms (50%). Furthermore, non-physical stressors, such as the
inability to travel (81%) and fluid intake restrictions (74%), were also
significant concerns among patients.
Conclusion.
This study demonstrates that the quality of life of patients
undergoing hemodialysis is significantly affected by the duration of treatment.
Patients in the early stages of dialysis (less than one year) experience the most
significant decline in QoL due to the abrupt lifestyle changes and psychological
impacts. In contrast, those with longer dialysis experiences tend to show
improved adaptation and better QoL scores, although the effects of prolonged
dialysis, including increased complications and physical limitations, are
apparent in patients undergoing treatment for over 10 years.
The findings underscore the importance of early intervention to improve
the QoL of dialysis patients. Providing comprehensive information about the
disease and treatment, especially at the earlier stages of CKD (stages 3A and 3B),
can alleviate anxiety and depression. Establishing “Hemodialysis Schools” in
dialysis centers could provide patients with essential knowledge and support,
addressing both medical and psychological concerns. Additionally, integrating a
multidisciplinary team of specialists, including endocrinologists, cardiologists,
and other allied health professionals, is essential to manage the comorbidities
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associated with CKD and dialysis, ultimately improving the quality and longevity
of life for these patients.
Future research should focus on exploring tailored interventions that
address both the physical and psychosocial aspects of dialysis treatment to
further enhance patient outcomes.
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