№ 4 (2025) Development and innovations in science

The term "quality of life" (QoL) has become increasingly significant in medical research, particularly in the context of chronic diseases. Originally coined by D.R. Elkinton in 1966, the term was used to discuss the challenges faced by patients undergoing organ transplantation. In recent years, the QoL of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) requiring kidney transplantation has gained substantial attention. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its associated renal replacement therapies (RRT), such as hemodialysis (HD), significantly impact various dimensions of a patient's life. These patients often experience physical, emotional, and social limitations that alter their daily activities and overall well-being. This study aims to assess the QoL of patients undergoing hemodialysis and identify the factors influencing it, with a particular focus on the duration of dialysis treatment.

Preterm birth, defined as the delivery of a fetus before the 37th week of gestation, presents significant health challenges, including respiratory complications. One of the most critical conditions affecting premature infants is hyaline membrane disease (HMD), which is characterized by the formation of hyaline membranes in the alveoli, leading to respiratory failure. The onset of HMD is particularly common in infants with very low birth weight (VLBW), and it is known to be exacerbated by prematurity. The lower the birth weight and gestational age, the higher the risk of severe forms of HMD, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality rates in neonates.

mazkur maqolada maktabgacha aqli zaif bolalar qo’l barmoqlari va nutqiy matorikasining xususiyatlari yuzasidan fikrlari bayon qilingan. O’yin faoliyatining xususiyatlari, bolalar bilan olib boriladigan o’yinlar tavsifi, aqli zaif bolalarning qo’l barmoqlari va nutqiy matorikasining xususiyatlari haqida olib borilgan ishlarga munosabat bildirilgan.

В статье рассмотрены основные виды компьютерной графики, включая растровую, векторную, трёхмерную и фрактальную графику. Освещается роль компьютерной графики в современном обществе, её влияние на искусство, образование, науку, киноиндустрию и промышленный дизайн. Анализируется значение визуализации данных и создание виртуальной реальности как ключевых направлений развития. Делается вывод о том, что компьютерная графика стала неотъемлемой частью повседневной жизни и играет решающую роль в цифровой трансформации общества.

The rapid digital transformation of education systems globally has heightened the importance of digital literacy for both teachers and students. Digital literacy is no longer a supplementary skill but a fundamental competency required to navigate, communicate, and create in 21st-century learning environments. This thesis explores methods for assessing digital literacy levels among teachers and students, underscores the critical components of digital literacy frameworks, and evaluates their relevance to contemporary education. Furthermore, it provides a comparative analysis of assessment methodologies, highlights key challenges in determining digital literacy levels, and proposes actionable recommendations for policymaking and capacity-building initiatives.

This thesis discusses Shukur Kholmirzayev's unique style in storytelling, the importance of traditional motifs in enhancing the artistic quality of his works, his attitude to folklore, and his experiences from world storytelling. In particular, a number of the writer's stories based on folklore motifs: "Unknown Man", "Heart", "Death of a Safe Hunter", "Freedom", "Bandi Burgut", etc., artistically capture the moments of the Hunter and the hunt, the image of friends who went hunting. One aspect of the writer's artistic skill is revealed.

Mazkur maqolada talabalarga algoritmik tillar va dasturlash asoslari fanini oʼqitishning umumiy xususiyatlari shu bilan birga dasturlash asoslari taʼlimida metodik innovatsiyalarning mazmun-mohiyati haqida fikirlar yuritilgan, Аlgoritmik faoliyatni oʼzlashtirish, algoritmlarni yaratish va ularni bajarish koʼnikmasini shakllantirish oʼquvchi mustaqil ravishda hal qila oladigan amaliy masalalar sinfini kengaytirish imkonini berishi, algoritmik tillarga oid manbalarning nazariy va amaliy aspektlari atroflicha tahlil qilingan.

The healthcare infrastructure in the Republic of Uzbekistan has undergone substantial transformation in recent years, marked by the modernization of medical facilities and the widespread use of disposable medical equipment. This shift has resulted in a noticeable rise in the volume and complexity of medical waste, especially in urban centers like Tashkent, which host a concentration of public hospitals and private healthcare providers. This increased volume and morphological diversity of waste has introduced serious public health and environmental concerns, requiring urgent attention to hygienic management practices.

В данном материале внимание отводится актуальной проблеме развития связной речи у учащихся на уроках русского языка, с которой в своей практической деятельности сталкивается каждый преподаватель. Также предложены некоторые из действенных подходов к развитию речи у учащихся 5-11 классов, которые имеют место быть сегодня и в ближайшем будущем.

В данной работе представлены подробные характеристики эффективных методов обучения фразеологизмам, а также даны методические рекомендации для учителя, направленные на то, чтобы сделать подачу материала доступной и понятной. Особое внимание уделено формированию у учащихся осознания функциональной роли фразеологизмов в речи и их значимости для выражения мыслей более образно и выразительно.

В современном обществе русский язык играет важнейшую объединяющую роль — именно на нём обогащается общение между большинствами представителями разных национальностей, живущих в нашей стране. Это язык межнационального взаимодействия, культуры, науки и образования.

Мазкур тадқиқот иши Ўзбекистонда ёшлар орасида диннинг тарқалиш жараёни, унинг ижтимоий ва маънавий ҳаётдаги таъсири, шунингдек, бу соҳада юзага келаётган муаммолар ҳамда уларни ҳал этишга қаратилган ечимларни ўрганишга бағишланган. Тадқиқотда ёшлар ўртасида диний билим ва қарашларнинг шаклланиши, диний таълимнинг таъсири, интернет ва ижтимоий тармоқларнинг роли, шунингдек, турли конфессияларга мансублик масалалари таҳлил қилинган. Шу билан бирга, давлат ва жамоат ташкилотлари томонидан амалга оширилаётган профилактик ва маърифий тадбирлар кўриб чиқилган.

Ushbu tezisda yashil iqtisodiyot konsepsiyasi doirasida ekologik yo‘naltirilgan loyihalarni tijorat banklari orqali moliyalashtirishning iqtisodiy, institutsional va moliyaviy jihatlari tahlil etilgan. Jahon amaliyoti misolida yashil kreditlar, yashil obligatsiyalar va ekologik bank mahsulotlarining roli ochib berilgan. O‘zbekiston sharoitida ushbu yo‘nalishda mavjud infratuzilma, moliyaviy mexanizmlar va tartibga solish tizimi o‘rganilgan. Ekologik risklarni hisobga oluvchi bank kreditlash mexanizmlarini rivojlantirish, yashil moliya bozorini kengaytirish bo‘yicha takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.

The global landscape of healthcare delivery has undergone a profound transformation in recent decades, driven by the rapid advancement of digital technologies and the proliferation of telemedicine solutions. Across diverse national contexts, the integration of digital platforms has significantly redefined models of patient care, enhancing accessibility, optimizing resource utilization, and fostering a shift towards preventive and patient-centered healthcare paradigms [7].

Пробация хизмати жазони ижро этиш тизимининг муҳим таркибий қисми бўлиб, жиноят содир этган шахсларни жамиятга қайта мослаштириш ва уларнинг қайта жиноят содир этишининг олдини олишга хизмат қилади. Ушбу хизмат жазолашдан кўра, ислоҳ қилиш ва реабилитацияга эътибор бериш орқали жамият хавфсизлигини таъминлайди. Японияда пробация хизмати ўзининг юқори самарадорлиги, инсон ҳуқуқларига эътиборли ёндашуви ва ташкилий-ҳуқуқий тузилишининг мустаҳкамлиги билан дунё миқёсида эътироф этилган.

mazkur maqolada kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlikni rivojlanish holati, YaIM, eksport va sanoat kabi makroiqtisodiyot ko‘rsatkichlaridagi ulushi tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirishning asosiy yo‘llari bo‘yicha takliflar ilgari so‘rilgan.