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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS CONDUCTED
DURING THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE, HIGHLIGHTING THE
ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL RULERS OF CENTRAL ASIA IN THE FIGHT
AGAINST THE INVASION OF THE ARAB CALIPHATE IN THE 7TH-
8TH CENTURIES.
Boymirzayev Ismoiljon Hasanovich
researcher at the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and
Agricultural Mechanization, National Research University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15852172
Annotatsiya
Devashtich kim bo‘lganligi haqidagi ma’lumot. VII-VIII asrlarda Farg‘ada
islom dinini tarqalishi. Xorazm hukumdorlari Chag‘on va Xurzod munosabatlari.
Sug‘d ixshidi G‘urak faoliyati haqida qizqacha ma’lumot.
Kalit so‘zlar:
A.Otaxo‘jayev, Sh.Kamoliddin, B.X.Matbabayev, 2009-yil,
2014-yi, Shamsiddin Kamoliddin,
VII-VIII asrlar
Annotation
Information about who Devashtich was. The spread of Islam in Fergana in
the 7th-8th centuries. Relations between the Khorezm rulers Chagan and
Khurzad. Brief information about the activities of the Sogdian king Gurak
Key words:
A.Otakho'jayev, Sh.Kamoliddin, B.Kh.Matbabayev, 2009, 2014,
Shamsiddin Kamoliddin, 7th-8th centuries.
Аннотация
Сведения о том, кем был Деваштич. Распространение ислама в
Фергане в VII-VIII вв. Взаимоотношения хорезмийских правителей Чагана
и Хурзада. Краткая информация о деятельности согдийского царя Гурака.
Ключевые слова:
А.Отаходжаев, Ш.Камолиддин, Б.Х.Матбабаев, 2009,
2014, Шамсиддин Камолиддин, VII-VIII вв.
During the years of independence, studies related to some issues of this
topic were published in Uzbekistan, which belong to the third group of
literature. However, fundamental works on this issue have not yet been created
by orientalists and historians. During the years of independence, several
conferences were organized on the history of the Fergana Valley in the cities of
Fergana, Andijan, Namangan and Kokand on the topic “The History of the
Fergana Valley in New Research”. Scientific reports on the medieval history of
Fergana were made at these conferences.
Nevertheless, the medieval history of Fergana remains one of the least
studied topics. During this period, various issues of the history of the Fergana
Valley of the 9th-13th centuries are being studied by scientists such as
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A.Otakho'jaev, Sh.Kamoliddin, B.Kh.Matbabayev, A.Anarbayev, F.Jumaniyozova,
G'.Boboyorov, H.Mamadaliyev, B.Goipov, S.B.Yuldashev. However, most of the
works of the above-mentioned researchers have been published in the form of
scientific articles or theses.
A. Atakhojayev's article "Who was Divashtich?" is published, about the
history of Devashtich, son of Yodakhshitak, a participant in the fight against the
Arabs in the early years of independence. The article contains important
information such as the fact that in 708, Divashtich was appointed governor of
Panchga, replacing the Turkish governor Chakin Chur Bilga, that Divashtich
could not take the throne of Samarkand because he was not directly from the
dynasty of the kings of Sogd, and that he took under his guardianship the
children of Tarhun, who committed suicide in order to come to power.
1
.
Of particular importance is the article "The Place of the Fergana Tsar Alutar
in the History of the Early Middle Ages" published by A. Otakhojayev in 2009 on
the topic "The Fergana Valley in New Research" held in Fergana and Namangan
cities, as well as the article "The Place of the Fergana Tsar Alutar in the History
of the Early Middle Ages" published at the Second Republican Scientific
Conference in 2009, 2012, 2014. This study analyzes the issues of the rule of
Alutar, who actively participated in the political life of the Fergana Valley in the
7th-8th centuries.
In 2009, B. Matboboyev published his monograph “On the history of the
culture of Fergana in the early Middle Ages”. Although the research is of
archaeological content, in its conclusion the author touches upon the history of
the Fergana Valley in the 7th-8th centuries. Although the author calls the title
“Fergana in the 7th-8th centuries”, he mainly briefly covers the history of
Fergana in the 7th century
2
.
A. Anarbayev in his monograph “Akhsikat – столица древний Ферганы”
(“Akhsikent – the capital of ancient Fergana”) touched upon the vast period of
the history of the Fergana Valley from ancient times to the developed Middle
Ages.
In his monograph “Studies in the history of Central Asia. The era of Arab
conquests and early Islam” (“Studies in the history of Central Asia. The era of
Arab conquests and the era of early Islam”) published in 2014 in Saarbrücken,
Germany, Shamsiddin Kamoliddin analyzed information from sources about the
Sughd ikhshidi Gurak and his descendants. The facts presented in the work are
given with maximum use of sources, so their reliability is high.
1
Атаходжаев А. Диваштич ким бўлган? // Фан ва турмуш. 2001 йил май-июн. – Б. 26-28.
2
Ўша асар. – Б. 93. Указ.соч. – С. 93.
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D.A. Sobirov in his thesis “The Problem of the Spread of Islam in Central
Asia” also talks about the spread of Islam in Fergana. However, the researcher
approaches the issue from the point of view of Islam and claims that there were
no battles in Fergana during the reign of Qutayba ibn Muslim. However, this
opinion of the researcher does not correspond to the information in historical
sources.
S.B. Yuldashev's PhD dissertation, dedicated to the political, socio-economic
and cultural processes of the Fergana Valley, which was part of Central Asia in
the 5th-10th centuries, contains valuable information about Alutar and Boshak,
who fought against the Arabs in the Fergana Valley. This dissertation uses and
comparatively analyzes the works written by historians, geographers and
travelers, such as Balazuri, Ya'qubiy, Tabariy, Ibn Khurdadbeh, al-Istakhri,
Mas'udiy, Ibn al-Faqih, Ibn Asam al-Kufiy, Ibn Havqal, Ibn an-Nadim,
Muqaddasiy, Miskawayh, Utbiy, Najmuddin an-Nasafiy, as-Sam'aniy, Ibn al-Asir,
Ibn al-Qiftiy, Ya'qut Hamaviy, Ibn Khallikan, Rudkhavariy, who wrote historical
and historical-geographical works written in Arabic
3
.
B. Goibov is one of the scientists who distinguished himself with his source
studies and historical research on the history of Sogd during the years of
independence. In particular, the scientist's article "From the history of the Arab
conquests in Sogd: to the biography of Devashtich, son of Yodakhshitak" is a
detailed study of the history of the Sogdian leader Divashtich, who fought
against the Arabs. The article provides information about the personality of
Devashtich, son of Yodakhshitak (708–722), the ruler of Panch, one of the
eastern possessions of the Sogdian confederation. Devashtich also pursued a
harsh policy towards his neighbors and the Arabs. On the one hand, he sent
ambassadors with gifts to the Fergana Tsar and the Turks, thus trying to form a
coalition against the Arabs. On the other hand, he seemed to be in alliance with
the Arabs. Devashtich's appeal to the khagan for help against the Arab invaders
can be considered an attempt to draw the attention of the khaganate to this
issue. In B. Goibov's article “On some features of the confederation of early
medieval Sogd”, there is information about the reign of the Panjikent governor
Divashtich, his coins minted
4
.
In 2013, the book “Khorezm in the History of Statehood of Uzbekistan” was
published under the editorship of D. Alimova. The book covers the history of
3
.Юлдашев С.Б. V-X асрларда Фарғона водийсидаги сиёсий, ижтимоий-иқтисодий ва маданий жараёнлар. Тарих
фанлари бўйича фалса доктори илмий даражасини олиш учун ёзилган диссертация автореферати. – Андижон,
2021. – Б. 9-24.
4
Гойибов Б. С. О некоторых особенностях конфедерации раннесредневекового Согда // Молодой учёный. –
2014. – № 3 (62). – С. 704-708.
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Khorezm from ancient times to 1924. It provides important information about
the military campaigns of the Arabs in Khorezm, the rule of the Wazamarid and
Iraqi dynasties
5
.
A.A. Ungalov's dissertation also covers the resistance movements in
Transoxiana. The work studies the process of the Arab Caliphate's complete
conquest of Transoxiana in 715-751. However, some unclear aspects are also
evident in the work. For example, in paragraph 3 of the scientific novelty section
of the dissertation, it is stated that during the period of the Arab Caliphate's
activity in Transoxiana in 715-751, the oasis principalities were united under
the protection of the Western Turks (603-710), and then the Turkash Khaganate
(710-742), and the resistance movements continued until 751
6
. But the Turkash
Khaganate was abolished in 742. This was also noted by the researcher. Based
on this, how can the Khaganate, which was abolished in 742, be linked to the
resistance movements until 751? In addition, resistance movements in
Transoxiana continued uninterruptedly from the end of the 8th century to the
beginning of the 9th century. For example, if the Turkash Khaganate provided
assistance at first, then the Karluk Yabgu provided military assistance to the
local khokimiyats of Central Asia, as well as to the rulers of Fergana (for
example, the Karluk Yabgu of Gardizi provided information about Jabuya).
The researcher did not use important sources in Arabic and Chinese in the
abstract. For example, the facts from the works "Tarih Khalifah ibn Khayyat" by
Khalifah ibn Khayyat, "Kitab al-futuh" by Ibn Asam al-Kufi, "Kitab al-bad' wal-
ta'rih" by Mutahhar bin Tahir al-Maqdisi, "Tarih" by Ya'qubi, "Muruj az-dhahab"
by al-Mas'udi, "Sin tangshu" and "Zizhi tongjian" in Chinese, which contain
important information about the Arab invasion and the Battle of Talos, were not
included in the abstract. Also in 2020, a fundamental study by Moritz Huber
entitled “Lives of Soigdians in Medieval China” was published in Germany
(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2020). It also translated into English and
analyzed all the information about Central Asia from Chinese sources. Among
them, of course, is information about the Arab conquest. Qudama ibn Ja'far's
"Kitab al-Kharaj" would also be very useful for shedding light on the subject,
especially if its full Arabic text, published in facsimile rather than in abridged
form, were to be published. The list of such important sources could be
5
Хорезм в истории государственности Узбекистана // Отв. ред. Э.В. Ртвеладзе, Д.А. Алимова. – Ташкент, 2013.
– C. 102-108.
6
Унгалов А.А. Мовароуннаҳрда Араб халифалиги ҳукмронлигининг узил-кесил ўрнатилиши (715-751 йй.).
Тарих фанлари бўйича фалсафа доктори илмий даражасини олиш учун ёзилган диссертацияси авторефератига.
– Самарқанд, 2023. – С. 10.
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expanded. Failure to use the sources to the fullest extent possible calls into
question the scientific validity of the conclusions drawn by the researcher.
The issue of studying the Khorezm region based on numismatic materials
was reflected in Sh. Ismailov's dissertation for the degree of PhD entitled "Coins
of the Khorezm Shahs of the VIII-XIII centuries". The second chapter of the
dissertation, entitled "Historical analysis of the coins of the Khorezm Shahs of
the VIII-XIII centuries", contains a scientific analysis of the coins of the Khorezm
rulers we are studying. In the monograph of B.I. Weinberg, Sh. Ismailov supports
the idea that Askazhuvar and Chagan are one person
7
.
The early medieval history of Central Asia, in particular, the subjugation of
the region to the Arab Caliphate, the struggle of local rulers against the Arabs,
has been comprehensively studied and researched in the Russian Empire, the
Soviet era, the years of independence, and foreign studies. The work of Russian,
Soviet, English, and German orientalists, who are considered to be experts in
Oriental languages, and scholars who wrote in English and Russian, plays an
important role in the study of Arab conquests in Central Asia, since most of the
research works and literature were written and published by them.
References:
1.
Атаходжаев А. Диваштич ким бўлган? // Фан ва турмуш. 2001 йил
май-июн. – Б. 26-28.
2.
Юлдашев С.Б. V-X асрларда Фарғона водийсидаги сиёсий, ижтимоий-
иқтисодий ва маданий жараёнлар. Тарих фанлари бўйича фалса доктори
илмий даражасини олиш учун ёзилган диссертация автореферати. –
Андижон, 2021. – Б. 9-24.
3.
Гойибов Б. С. О некоторых особенностях конфедерации
раннесредневекового Согда // Молодой учёный. – 2014. – № 3 (62). – С.
704-708.
4.
Хорезм в истории государственности Узбекистана // Отв. ред. Э.В.
Ртвеладзе, Д.А. Алимова. – Ташкент, 2013. – C. 102-108.
5.
Унгалов А.А. Мовароуннаҳрда Араб халифалиги ҳукмронлигининг
узил-кесил ўрнатилиши (715-751 йй.). Тарих фанлари бўйича фалсафа
доктори илмий даражасини олиш учун ёзилган диссертацияси
авторефератига. – Самарқанд, 2023. – С. 10.
6.
Вайнберг Б.И. Монеты древнего Хорезма. – М.: “Наука”, 1977. – C. 91-
93
7
Вайнберг Б.И. Монеты древнего Хорезма. – М.: “Наука”, 1977. – C. 91-93.
