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THE PLACE OF ART IN THE FOLK GAMES
Dehkanov Ravshan Davlatalievich
Ferghana State University
Independent researcher
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12514047
Abstract:
This article has developed over centuries in Central Asia,
including Uzbekistan, and puppetry has become one of the people's favorite and
most enjoyable shows with its creative activity as a popular performance art
from the earliest times.
Key words:
"Tent dream", "Chadir Jamal", "Lantern dream", games, folklore,
ethnography, mumtaz.
INTRODUCTION
Puppetry, which has been developing for centuries in Central Asia,
including Uzbekistan, has become one of the people's favorite and most
enjoyable shows with its creative activity as a popular performance art from the
earliest times. "For this reason, we must preserve and develop classic art, rare
examples of folk creativity, which is our incomparable spiritual wealth, and pass
it on to future generations... "[1, B. 135] is our corner.
The art of puppetry, like other types of folk art, is folk has reached today based
on the teacher-disciple tradition, as well as oral creativity. This art form, with its
performances, has been gathering events and events, negative evils that are
happening in the process of the social system of its time through stage works. In
Uzbekistan, the folk art of puppetry has developed in the past, and its types
"Imagination Tent", "Chadir Jamal", "Fonus Imagination" have been performing.
The representatives of the old puppetry art say that the organization of the
puppet show required a lot of hard and enduring work. Because there were no
ready-made texts in this art either.
The topics of the show are determined according to the audience's taste
and taste, and the doll is chosen according to the show.
The characters of the people who lived at that time are reflected through the
ancient puppetry, including "Chadir Jamal", "Chadir Myam", "Fonus Myam" folk
performances.
Chodir jamal is a type of traditional Uzbek puppetry. In it puppets are played
with hands. Accordingly, he is called a "hand puppet" is conducted. His shows
are mostly shown during the day. The stage is often made of red or yellow hard
gauze and is called a tent. The puppeteer enters the tent and ties the lower part
around his waist, and the upper part over his head takes the shape of a square
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stage with the help of a lover's pole, a threshold, two side poles and pegs. The
puppeteer, crouching or standing invisibly, pulls out two puppets at a time from
a pocket sewn into his tent. With the movement of the fingers on which the
puppets are placed, the puppets become "souled". "Chadir Jamal" appeared in
the territory of Uzbekistan approximately in the 5th century. It developed
widely in the XIV-XVI centuries. It mainly reflected events taken from real life.
Tent dream is a type of traditional Uzbek puppet art. Usually, the head, chin,
chest, elbows, wrists, knees, ankles of the puppets are tied with threads, and one
end is connected to the handle moves them by pulling. Back in the park, street or
yard a place with a natural beam is chosen, and so on. 5-6 m long, 2-2.5 m long
colored or striped curtain. It will be cut in the middle. Behind this place, which is
called the tent, there is an inner black tent with a length of 3-3.5 meters and a
height of 20-25 cm. The lower side of it is also cut to a length of 180 cm and a
height of 70-75 cm, and a playing area is formed. The interior of the tent is
supported by a device consisting of a threshold, a column, a beam, and supports.
Half there will be a black back curtain inside up to a meter.
Performances are usually shown in the evening and 50 puppets are played.
"Chadir Hayal" is approx VI appeared in the centuries. XIV developed widely
from the 2nd half of the century to the beginning of the 16th century. Initially,
folk legends and mythological plots were covered, XVIII-XIX in centuries, it
depicted palace life and market scenes with satirical colors. The types of puppet
plays of the folk performance art, their historical trends, famous performers and
repertoires of history are perfectly covered by Mukhsin Kadirov, Doctor of Art
Sciences, in his books "Puppet Theater" and "Uzbek Folk Performance Art".
In our country, writes Mukhsin Kadyrov, "puppet play", in particular, the
types of puppetry, which are played on the hand, controlled by a string and
shadowed, were widespread in the past. They were called "Chadir Jamal",
"Chadir Imagination" and "Fonus Imagination". Compared to "Chadir Jamal", the
performances of "Chadir Khayam" were more complex and perfect.
Theater performances were usually shown in the evenings, and due to the
use of noise and noise, the strings of the puppets inside the black curtains were
not visible, creating a natural and strange scene as if the puppets themselves
were moving. Each skilled puppeteer was able to move 8-10 puppets at the same
time with the help of strings. At the "Hand Puppet" theater, a maximum of ten
puppets took part in one performance, while at "Chadir Khayam" more than fifty
puppets played at once. In these theaters, music served as an artistic decoration,
more as a means of expressing the state of the characters. The puppeteers-
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composers created a number of wonderful tunes specially for puppet games,
such as "Ufor", "Miyankhana", "Charkh", "Duchava Parron", "Chogollaq", "Ot
Eraniy", "Kum Pishighi", "Torgai Chirillama".
In Central Asia, this type of folk performances, such as "Chadir Jamal",
"Chadir Imagination", "Fonus Imagination" for many years, even the Arabs (VII-
VIII centuries,) then the Mongols (XIII century) did not stop its activity during
the occupation period or after it. It only partly changed its form, adapting to the
new conditions of social life and the requirements of Islam. If we look at the
history, the art of puppetry in our country has a history of twenty centuries. In
the territory of Uzbekistan, types of puppetry have developed in connection with
rituals.
In Europe, first in Italy ХVI century, and in Russia XVIII-XIX century this art
is recorded. It can be seen that the peoples of Central Asia achieved progress in
the development of puppetry art compared to European countries and Russia
several centuries ago. The group of puppeteers traveled from village to village
on the dusty roads of Central Asia, neither hot nor cold, sometimes in carts,
sometimes on foot, and performed in caravansary, crowded markets, squares.
There is a scene in Abdullah Qadiri's novel "Otkan Kunlar" where the puppeteers
mock the khans. Based on the requirements of the ideology of that time, the
show tells about the ugly life of Kokand Khan Khudoyorkhan, palace vices. They
laughed at the flaws existing in the society of that time, bravely defended the
deceived and humiliated people.
Doctor of Art Studies, Professor Muhsin Kadyrov IX-XII century turns to the
work of Umar Khayyam, a prominent thinker of Central Asia, in studying the art
of puppetry. Omar Khayyam
It is said in the rubai:
"We are puppets, the sky is a puppeteer,
This is a true word, not a metaphor.
We will fall one by one into the chest of absence,
A little while playing on the plane of existence" [2, B. 10].
Based on allusions and metaphors in the artistic language reflected in
Rubaiyyah, the scientist draws certain scientific conclusions about the art of
puppetry in the countries where the poet lived, studied, and visited as a tourist,
i.e., Iran, Khorasan, and Movarounnahr. It can be seen that the art of puppetry
was active even during the time of Omar Khayyam. In particular, they tried to
reveal some of the country's ills through this art form.
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Collecting information about the culture and art of the past, researching
them based on various sources, leads to a deeper knowledge of the art of
puppetry. We can also learn from Pahlavon Mahmud's rubai that there was a
sharp revival in the art of puppetry in the 13th-14th centuries. The Rubaiyat
explains that it comes from historical sources about the countries the poet
traveled to with the following lines:
"We wonder in the universe,
Fonus is an example and we are wandering.
If the sun is a lamp, the world is a lantern,
Like dolls in the night we wander" [3, B. 16].
Based on the above Rubaiyats, it can be said that Umar Khayyam and
Pahlavon Mahmud tried to reveal the social conditions of their time through
"Chadir Imagination" and "Fonus Imagination" in a metaphorical sense. XV-XVI
The work of the great poet Alisher Navoi also serves as an important source in
studying the state of the art of puppetry in the centuries. The great poet
expresses his thoughts about puppetry in his poem "Hayratul Abror".
In conclusion, it should be noted that the art of puppetry is considered to
be of great importance in folk games. In "Chadir Jamal" where puppets are
played with hands, life events are depicted, in "Chadir Imagination" which is
controlled by strings, mythology is reflected in "Fonus Imagination" which casts
a shadow. Puppeteers clearly expressed their relationship with the ruling class
through this art.
References:
1. Mirziyoev Sh.M. The work of a great people with a great intention is also great,
life is bright and wide.
the child will be prosperous. -Tashkent: Uzbekistan. IMIU. Volume 3. 2019.
2. Kadyrov M., Kadyrova S. History of the puppet theater. -Tashkent:
Interpretation
publisher. 2006.
3. Kadirov M. People's puppet theater. Second edition. -Tashkent: Art,
2022.
