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SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY FOR WOMEN
Madaminov Sodiq Madaminovich
To‘lqinov Islomjon Ikromjon o‘g‘li
Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11618075
Annotation.
Chemotherapy is one of the most common forms of cancer
treatment. But chemotherapy does a lot more than get rid of cancer.
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type
of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic
agents or alkylating agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always
involves combinations of drugs) or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce
symptoms (palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major
categories
of
the
medical
discipline
specifically
devoted
to pharmacotherapy for cancer, which is called medical oncology[1,2,3].
Key words:
chemotherapy, cancer, side effects, anemia, fetus, birth
defects, cardiomyopathy, neutropenia.
INTRODUCTION
The term chemotherapy has come to connote non-specific usage of
intracellular poisons to inhibit mitosis (cell division) or induce DNA damage,
which is why inhibition of DNA repair can augment chemotherapy. The
connotation of the word chemotherapy excludes more selective agents that
block extracellular signals (signal transduction). The development of therapies
with specific molecular or genetic targets, which inhibit growth-promoting
signals from classic endocrine hormones (primarily estrogens for breast cancer
and androgens for prostate cancer) are now called hormonal therapies[4,5,6,7].
By contrast, other inhibitions of growth-signals like those associated
with receptor tyrosine kinases are referred to as targeted therapy.
Importantly, the use of drugs (whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy
or targeted therapy) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are
introduced into the blood stream and are therefore in principle able to address
cancer at any anatomic location in the div. Systemic therapy is often used in
conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy (i.e., treatments
whose efficacy is confined to the anatomic area where they are applied) for
cancer such as radiation therapy[8,9], surgery or hyperthermia therapy.
Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of
interfering with cell division (mitosis) but cancer cells vary widely in their
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susceptibility to these agents. To a large extent, chemotherapy can be thought of
as a way to damage or stress cells, which may then lead to cell death
if apoptosis is initiated[10,11]. Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be
traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to
anti-mitotic drugs: cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract and hair follicles.
This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy: myelosup-
pression (decreased
production
of
blood
cells,
hence
that
also immunosuppression), mucositis (inflammation of the lining of the digestive
tract), and alopecia (hair loss). Because of the effect on immune cells (especially
lymphocytes), chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that
result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self (so-
called autoimmunity).
These
include
[12,13,14,15], systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, vasculitis and
many others. Rather than men , women more suffer from chemoterapy . In
addition, Pregnant women are in higer risk
The purpose of the study.
In this study, we are learning how have
side effects of chemotherapy for women
Chemotherapy is one of the most common forms of cancer treatment.
But chemotherapy does a lot more than get rid of cancer.While chemotherapy
drugs are powerful enough to kill rapidly growing cancer cells, they can also
harm healthy cells. This may cause a variety of side effects. The severity of these
side effects depends on:your overall health the stage of your cancer the type and
amount of chemotherapy you receive.Many side effects clear up shortly after
treatment ends, but some may continue for months, years, or may never go
away.It is important to discuss any side effects you’re experiencing with your
doctor. In some cases, depending on the reactions your div is having, your
doctor may need to adjust the type or dose of chemotherapy.Chemotherapy
drugs can affect any div system, but may especially hair follicles bone marrow
mouth reproductive systemIt’s worth understanding how these cancer drugs
can affect your major div systems: Routine blood count monitoring is a crucial
part of chemotherapy. The drugs can cause a loss of healthy red blood cells,
resulting in anemia.
Symptoms of anemia may include:fatigue ,lightheadedness, pale skin
shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate.Chemo can also cause
neutropenia, a condition where you have a low white blood cell count. White
blood cells play an important role in the immune system and help fight
infections[16]. It’s important to take precautions to avoid exposure to viruses
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and bacteria if you’re receiving chemo.A low platelet count, called
thrombocytopenia, can also occur with chemotherapy. Cells called platelets help
blood clot. Low numbers of them mean you’re likely to bruise and bleed easily.
Symptoms may include: small red dots on your skin called petechiae heavier
than normal menstruation . Some chemo drugs may also damage the heart,
potentially leading to cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease. It can also
disturb your heart rhythm, a condition called arrhythmia. These conditions can
affect your heart’s ability to pump blood effectively.These problems are less
likely to occur if your heart is strong and healthy when you start chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy drugs alter hormones in both men and women. In women, hot
flashes, irregular periods, sudden onset of menopause , dryness of vaginal
tissues infertility.In men, some chemo drugs can harm sperm or lower sperm
count. Like women, men can have temporary or permanent infertility from
chemo[16,17]. Doctors advise against getting pregnant during chemotherapy
treatment. Chemotherapy drugs can damage sperm and can also harm the fetus
if given during pregnancy, possibly leading to birth defects.If you are already
pregnant when you receive a cancer diagnosis, you still have options. You and
your doctor will discuss the next best steps. Treatment may involve surgery
rather than chemo, or different timing of treatment.While symptoms like fatigue
and anxiety may interfere with sex drive in both men and women, many people
on chemotherapy are still able to have active sex lives. Chemotherapy may be
given with a curative intent or it may aim to prolong life or to palliate
symptoms[17,18].
Induction chemotherapy is the first line treatment of cancer with a
chemotherapeutic drug. This type of chemotherapy is used for curative
intent.
Combined modality chemotherapy is the use of drugs with
other cancer treatments, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or hyperthermia
therapy[19].
Consolidation chemotherapy is given after remission in order to
prolong the overall disease-free time and improve overall survival. The drug
that is administered is the same as the drug that achieved remission.
Intensification chemotherapy is identical to consolidation
chemotherapy but a different drug than the induction chemotherapy is used.
Combination chemotherapy involves treating a person with a
number of different drugs simultaneously. The drugs differ in their
mechanism and side-effects. The biggest advantage is minimising the chances
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of resistance developing to any one agent. Also, the drugs can often be used at
lower doses, reducing toxicity.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is given prior to a local treatment such
as surgery, and is designed to shrink the primary tumor. It is also given for
cancers with a high risk of micrometastatic disease.
Adjuvant chemotherapy is given after a local treatment
(radiotherapy or surgery). It can be used when there is little evidence of
cancer present, but there is risk of recurrence.
It is also useful in killing any
cancerous cells that have spread to other parts of the div.
These micrometastases can be treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and can
reduce relapse rates caused by these disseminated cells.
Maintenance chemotherapy is a repeated low-dose treatment to
prolong remission.
Salvage chemotherapy or palliative chemotherapy is given without
curative intent, but simply to decrease tumor load and increase life
expectancy. For these regimens, in general, a better toxicity profile is
expected.
CONCLUSIONS.
All chemotherapy regimens require that the recipient be capable of
undergoing the treatment. Performance status is often used as a measure to
determine whether a person can receive chemotherapy, or whether dose
reduction is required[20,21]. Because only a fraction of the cells in a tumor die
with each treatment (fractional kill), repeated doses must be administered to
continue to reduce the size of the tumor. Current chemotherapy regimens apply
drug treatment in cycles, with the frequency and duration of treatments limited
by toxicity.
Chemo is more toxic for women. Chemotherapy drugs alter hormones in both
men and women. In women, hot flashes, irregular periods, sudden onset of
menopause , dryness of vaginal tissues infertility.
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