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USMONKHOJA POLATHOJAYEV’S ROLE IN THE UZBEK NATIONAL
AWAKENING
Atavullayeva Shakhlo Musayevna
Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute,
Lecturer of the Department of Social Sciences
Shamsiyeva Shaxinabonu Sherali qizi
Student of Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute, Faculty of Pedagogy and Social
Sciences, Department of History Education
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11524956
Annotation:
In this article, the emergence of the Jadidism movement, its
place in the life of the Bukhara Emirate, the manifestations of the Jadidism
movement, in particular, the role of Usmonkhoja Polathojhayev in these
movements are highlighted. Also, the reforms in the field of education, the work
carried out at different stages in the field of education and training were
scientifically analyzed.
Key words:
Jadidism, secularism, spirituality, enlightenment, education,
science, innovation, advancement, literature, newspaper, magazine.
The Jadidism movement aimed to bolster national identity, overhaul the
socio-political system, and secure independence for both the nation and the
Motherland. Over the preceding centuries, traditional schools, which once
nurtured numerous great minds, gradually disconnected from global progress.
Thus, the paramount duty of contemporary intellectuals lay in revamping local
educational institutions and establishing schools and universities that align with
modern demands.
The main role of modern schools in educating the local people and the
young generation, instilling the ideas of enlightenment into their minds, is
educating the young generation in a scientific and enlightened manner. At the
same time, the fact that they have fulfilled the responsible task of preparing
mature and talented personnel for the society is really a great recognition and
attention.
In recent times, notable transformations have occurred in the education
sector under the leadership of our esteemed President Shavkat Mirziyoyev,
particularly focusing on innovations and advancements. In his address to the
parliament on January 24, 2020, the President addressed the imperative of
reforming the education system, enhancing proficiency in the mother tongue,
and elevating its standards, with a significant emphasis placed on literature.
Among other things, the head of our state expressed the following thoughts
about the past: “In general, we need to deeply study the legacy of the Jadidist
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movement and our enlightened grandfathers. The more we study this spiritual
treasure, the more we will find the correct answers to many questions that still
concern us today. The more actively we promote this priceless wealth, the more
our people, especially our youth, will realize the value of today’s peaceful and
free life” [1].
In the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th
century, famous enlightened writers, scientists, state and public figures, who
decided to raise the scientific fame of Bukhara and serve it well, grew up. Among
them, local intellectuals such as Ahmed Donish, Mirza Salimbek, Haji Muhammad
Ne’matullah Muhtaram, Sadriddin Aini, Abdurauf Fitrat, Usmonkhoja
Polathojayev, Fayzulla Khojaev, Ubaidulla Khojaev, Mukammil Burkhanov,
Otaulla Khojaev, Abdugadir Muhiddinov, Musa Saidjonov, who worked in
various fields of science and left their names in history.
Now, let’s talk about Usmonkhoja Polathojayev, who had an important
place in the activity of Jadidism.
Usmonkhoja Polathojayev stands out as a notable figure within the Jadidist
movement in Bukhara, recognized as both a distinguished state and public
figure, as well as the chairman of Bukhara’s Central Executive Committee (MIK).
Born to Qori Polathoja, a prominent merchant from Bukhara, Usmonkhoja
received his early education at a local madrasa before pioneering one of the
earliest modern schools in the region.
Scant details are available regarding Usmankhoja’s life and endeavors
from 1898 to 1910. Throughout this period, he played a pivotal role as a
member and leader of the Jadidist movement, which gained traction across
Turkestan. Usmankhoja notably contributed to the founding of the modern
Bukhara newspapers “Bukharai Sharif” and “Turon”, demonstrating his
commitment by sparing no expense in their publication. The Jadidist movement
conducted educational campaigns in the cities of Amirlik such as Shahrisabz,
Kitob, and Karki. Karki was significant not only for its cultural ties with the
Russian Empire and Afghanistan but also for its importance in trade and
commerce. In Karki city, under the initiative of Usmonkhoja, a new-style school
was established in 1910. With the presence of a Russian military garrison in the
city, Russian traders were granted the right to conduct trade freely. Usmonkhoja
played a leading role among students who returned from studying in Turkey [2].
In the schools of the new method established by Osmankhoja, special
attention was paid to the following rules:
divide children into classes according to their age;
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not to study more than 4-5 hours a day;
take a 10-minute break between classes;
focus on teaching secular subjects;
literacy of students at the first stage;
setting Friday and Sunday as rest days;
After 10 months of education, giving students study holidays;
examination of pupils;
conducting classes in spacious and comfortable rooms;
the use of binoculars, maps and globes.
According to the information given by the researcher Adey Kloden,
Usmankhoja Polathojayev brought various educational materials, maps, globes
and European literature in Turkish from Turkey to Bukhara at his own expense
[3].
As can be seen from the above information, the ideas of progress and
enlightenment in the Emirate of Bukhara began to form in the second half of the
19th century and continued until the beginning of the 20th century. Elevating
and developing these profound ideas inherited from Usmonkhoja Polathojayev
has become one of the main goals of Young Bukharans.
In conclusion, it can be said that Usmonkhoja Polathojayev played an important
role in the Bukhara resistance movement. At the beginning of the 20th century,
young Bukharans worked to implement large-scale political reforms in the
Emirate of Bukhara. The struggle of Bukhara’s progressives for enlightenment in
the conditions of the emirate system is also noteworthy. They established new
method schools, published newspapers and magazines.
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