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LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF SYNONYMS AND THEIR MEANINGS IN
THE CONTEXT
Toʻramurodova Aziza Baxriddinovna
Student, Uzbekistan State World Languages University
Rahimova Mohlaroyim Mahammadjon kizi
Scientific advisor:
Teacher, Uzbekistan State World Languages University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11515614
Annotation
. In this article, the general properties, usage, and linguistic
meanings of synonyms and their mutual equivalents have been studied by
comparison. Also, while we have studied synonyms in many ways, such as
syntax, lexicology, and semantics, the novelty is that in modern linguistics, the
types and different meanings of synonyms are studied in more depth. The
sources of synonyms and their application in the context are closely related
areas, which are related to the meanings of words.
Keywords:
denotative meaning, phonemic form, connotation, affective
value, style, emotional coloring.
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada sinonimlar va ularning o‘zaro
ekvivalentlarining umumiy xossalari, qo‘llanishi va lisoniy ma’nolari qiyoslash
yo‘li bilan o‘rganildi. Shuningdek, sinonimlarni sintaksis, leksikologiya,
semantika kabi ko‘p jihatdan o‘rgangan bo‘lsak, hozirgi tilshunoslikda
sinonimlarning turlari va turli ma’nolari chuqurroq o‘rganilayotganligi haqida
so’z boradi. Sinonimlarning manbalari va ularning kontekstda qo'llanilishi so'z
ma'nolari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq sohalar
ekanligi ham ta’kidlanadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
denotativ ma’no, fonemik shakl, konnotatsiya, affektiv
qiymat, uslub, emotsional rang berish.
Аннотация.
В данной статье путем сравнения изучены общие
свойства, употребление и лингвистические значения синонимов и их
взаимных эквивалентов. Кроме того, хотя мы изучали синонимы разными
способами, такими как синтаксис, лексикология и семантика, новизна
заключается в том, что в современной лингвистике типы и различные
значения синонимов изучаются более глубоко. Источники синонимов и их
применение в контексте – это тесно связанные области, связанные со
значениями слов.
Ключевые слова:
денотативное значение, фонематическая форма,
коннотация, аффективное значение, стиль, эмоциональная окраска.
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A characteristic feature of any language dictionary is the presence of
synonyms, which are closely related to the problem of the meaning of the word.
The most complex problem is the definition of the term “synonyms”. There are
many definitions of this term, but there are no universally accepted definitions.
Traditionally, synonyms are different in sound form but are defined as words
that have the same or similar meaning. However, this definition has been
severely criticized in many ways.
Russian and foreign scholars have different approaches to the problem of
synonymy. Among the many definitions of the term in our linguistics, the most
complete and complete definition is I.V. Arnold: "Synonyms - are two or more
words of the same meaning, belonging to the same part of speech, possessing
one or more identical meaning, interchangeable at least in some contexts
without any considerable alteration in denotation meaning, but differing in
morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning, connotation,
affective value, style, emotional coloring and valence peculiar to one of the
elements in a synonymic group."
1
This definition describes the concept of “synonymy”, gives some criteria of
synonymy (specificity of meaning, interchangeability), shows some differences
in connotation, emotional coloring, style and so on. “similarity” or “similarity” or
are not objective criteria of uniformity of meaning. They are all based on the
linguistic instincts of scientists.
It follows from the definition that members of a synonymous group in a
dictionary should have their common denotative meaning and therefore
interpret it with the same words; they may have some differences in impressive
meaning, shades of meaning, idiomatic usage, and so on.
Hope, expectation, and anticipation
are synonymous because they all mean
"having smth in mind that is likely to happen..." But
expectation
may be either of
good or of evil.
Anticipation
is as a rule an expectation of something good.
Hope
is not only a belief but a desire that some event would happen. The stylistic
difference is also quite marked. The Romance words
anticipation
and
expectation
are formal literary words used only by educated speakers, whereas
the native monosyllabic
hope
is stylistically neutral. Moreover, they differ in
idiomatic usage. Only
hope
is possible in such set expressions as
to hope against
hope, to lose hope, to pin one's hopes on smth.
Neither expectation nor
1
Arnold, I. V. 1986.
The English Word
. Moscow: VysSaja Skola.
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anticipation could be substituted into the following quotation from T. Eliot: "You
don't know what hope is until you have lost it".
2
Synonymy is used to mean "uniformity of meaning." Apparently, for a
dictionary creator, many phrases have the same meaning; they are synonymous
or synonymous with each other. This allows them to designate a gala as a
ceremony or a blue spruce, but this method is of little use if the reader does not
know a word, that is. g. if the hoatzin is defined as a stink-bird; or neve like firn.
Of course, dictionaries rarely rely solely on synonyms, but add descriptive
details to illuminate the reader.
It is often argued that English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons
and that its dictionary is derived from two different sources, on the one hand
from Anglo-Saxon and on the other from French, Latin, and Greek. Since English
is historically a Germanic language, Anglo-Saxon is the first stage of its
development, so the words “Anglo-Saxon” are often considered “native”, while
French, Latin, or Greek are “foreign” from these languages. "borrowed." But the
terms “local” and “foreign” are misleading. Regardless of their origin, most
words are an important and natural part of the English language; In addition,
some of the words "mother" may have been "borrowed" from another language
in the distant past. Unfortunately, there are often attempts to remove the
“foreign” element from languages. . The French are dissatisfied with the word
“Franglais” (now commonly used English words in French), and the Welsh are
very happy to keep the word “Latin”, but substitute the word “English” in the
language. spend time and scholarship to find the words. It entered the earlier
form of language during the Roman Empire.
However, there is indeed a pair of words "native" and "foreign". So we
have brotherhood and fraternity, acquisition and acquisition, the world and the
universe, and so on. The words “native” are often shorter and less studied, and
the four-letter words (literally) are mostly derived from the Anglo-Saxon
language. There are also examples of the trinity, one from "native", one from
French, and one directly from Latin - kingdom, kingdom, kingdom (although
with this collection it is of French origin, the word royal bo although it is more
widely used today).
However, it should be noted that there are no real synonyms, no two words have
the same meaning. Two words with the same meaning are unlikely to be
2
Dilnoza Alisherovna Tursunova, Sabohat Mannonova Shermatovna, Hilola Umirova Baxritdinovna. 2021.
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNONYMS AND ANALYZE THEIR MEANING
" Экономика и социум" №5(84)
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preserved in the language. If we look at possible synonyms, there are at least five
ways that they differ from each other:
First, some sets of synonyms belong to different dialects of the language.
For example, the term fall is used in the United States and some western districts
of Britain, whereas others use autumn. The works of dialectologists are rich in
such examples. They are especially interested in words related to farming;
depending on where you live you say cow, barn or byre, hay, hayrick, or hay.
Even a household faucet is a faucet or pipe in most parts of the United States. But
these phrases are not interesting at all for semantics. Their status is no different
from English and French translations. It is simply a matter of people speaking in
different forms of language with different phrases.
Secondly, there is a similar situation, but more problematic with words
used in different “styles” or “registers”. A foul odor, under appropriate
conditions, can be an unpleasant discharge or a “terrible odor”. The first is, of
course, very “luxurious” in terms of humor, and the second is in colloquial
language. Similar trios (although they do not have the same stylistic features, but
differ in the level of formality) - Mr., Male and Left, pass through the world, die,
and spread. They are more difficult to solve because there is a much clearer
difference between the styles than in the geographically defined dialects. We
don’t usually switch from one dialect to another, but we can change our style
during a single conversation, in particular by changing dictionary elements to
achieve different effects. The question is, should a change in style be seen as a
change from one “language” to another, or as a change within a language? If it is
the first, then stylistic synonyms are no more interesting than dialectal
synonyms or equivalent words in English or French. If the latter is the case, we
must say that stylistic differences may be semantic. There is some credibility in
the idea that this is a semantic feature if we move from style to style to achieve
an effect. But there is a big objection to that. When changing style, we can change
not only vocabulary but also grammar and phonology, and it is difficult to
incorporate stylistic differences as part of a phonological or grammatical system.
They are easier to consider in terms of different but interrelated “languages,”
such as dialects. If this applies to stylistic synonyms, we do not include them in
the semantics, but leave them for a separate examination of the style.
Third, as we have seen, some words may differ only in their emotional or
evaluative meanings. The rest of their meaning, the “cognitive” meaning,
remains unchanged. Examples are statesman / politician, hide / seek; another
trinity - thrifty, thrifty, stingy. Such words are often discussed in detail in
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semantics books. They are really interesting in that they are used to persuade or
influence others, to promote, and so on. However, it is a mistake to try to
distinguish such an emotional or evaluative meaning from a “basic” or
“cognitive” meaning. Words for five reasons:
First, as mentioned above, it is not easy to determine exactly what a
cognitive meaning is, and it is certainly unreasonable to try to define such a
meaning in terms of reference physical properties. In particular, it should be
noted that many verbs and adjectives in this sense do not have cognitive
meaning or do not exist at all.
Secondly, there are words in English that are used PURELY for evaluative
purposes, most obviously the adjectives
good
and
bad,
but it is not normally
assumed that they have no cognitive meaning. Such words are of interest to
moral philosophers, but should not, I believe, have any special place in
linguistics.
Thirdly, we make all kinds of judgments and do not merely judge in terms
of 'good' and 'bad'. We judge size and use the appropriate terms -
giant/dwarf,
mountain/hill,
etc., and we make other kinds of judgments in our choice of
words. The meaning of words is not simply a matter of 'objective' facts; a great
deal of it is 'subjective' and we cannot clearly distinguish between the two.
Fourthly,
some
words are collocationally restricted (see 5.2), i. e they occur
only in conjunction with other words. Thus
rancid
occurs with
bacon
or
butter,
addled
with
eggs
or
brains.
This does not seem to be a matter of their meaning,
but of the company they keep. It could, perhaps, be argued that these are true
synonyms - differing only in that they occur in different environments. But, on
the other hand, as we shall see shortly, some scholars have thought that the test
of synonyms is whether they occur in identical environments!
Fifthly, it is the case that many words are close in meaning, or that their
meanings overlap. There is, that is to say, a loose sense of synonymy. This is the
kind of synonymy, that is exploited by the dictionary maker. For
mature
(adjective), for instance, possible synonyms are
adult, ripe, perfect, and due.
For
govern
we may suggest
direct, control, determine, require,
while
loose
(adjective)
will have an even larger set -
inexact, free, relaxed, vague, lax, unbound,
inattentive, slack,
etc. If we look for the synonyms for each of these words
themselves, we shall have a further set for each and shall, of course, get further
and further away from the meaning of the original word. Dictionaries,
unfortunately (except the very large ones), tell us little about the connections
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between words and their defining synonyms or between the synonyms
themselves.
References:
1. Arnold, I. V. 1986. The English Word. Moscow: VysSaja Skola.
2. Berndt, R. 1984. A History of the English Language. Leipzig: Verlag
Enzyklopädie.
3. Cruse, A. 1997. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
4. Cruse, A. 2000. Meaning in Language. An introduction to Semantics and
Pragmatics.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
