DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN
MODERN SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
5
AGE-RELATED CHARACTERISTICS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HIGHER
NERVOUS ACTIVITY
Avazmetova Intizor Rajapboyevna
Urgench State University
Axmedova Mohira Shavkatovna
Junior researcher at Khorezm Mamun Academy
Sharipova Sumbula Sharipovna
Senior teacher of school No. 11 of Hazorasp district
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11500553
Annotation:
Age-related characteristics of the nervous system and family
nervous activity are fully described in this article
Key words:
Nerve, temperament, physiology, brain, cerebral hemispheres,
hormone, effect, reflex.
The nervous system, on the one hand, adjusts the metabolic and
physiological processes that pass to various tissues, organs and systems, and on
the other hand, with the help of it, performs the function of maintaining the
connection between the whole organism and the external environment. During
ontogeny, various parts of the nervous system unite into a functional system,
mature and harmonize with age. During early childhood, the central nervous
system develops very rapidly. According to I. P. Pavlov, the characteristic of
higher nervous activity is the synthesis of heredity, factors and educational
conditions. 50% of a person's general mental development begins to form at the
age of four. 1/3 at the age of 4-8, the remaining 20% at the age of 8-17.
Therefore, the impact of unpleasant factors in early childhood causes serious
disorders of the central nervous system. The impact of unpleasant factors can
lead to a strong stimulation of the cerebral cortex. After a short-term excitation,
its diffuse inhibition appears. The function of the higher layers of the central
nervous system is closely related to the activity of receptors, which are
considered peripheral self-receiving mechanisms. Interoreceptors transmit
tickling from the internal organs to the cerebral cortex; and exteroreceptors
provide tickling through the external environment. Sensory analyzers can be
considered as exteroreceptors (for example, vestibular apparatus, skin, taste,
sight, smell, hearing receptors). Each analyzer is 1) peripheral; 2) transferor; 3)
it is divided into central parts. Sensory organs are peripheral parts (receptors)
that receive external influences and transmit them to the central part - the large
hemisphere of the brain.
DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN
MODERN SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
6
The cerebral cortex receives sensory stimuli, analyzes and synthesizes them.
It is clear from this that the cells of the cerebral cortex of the large hemisphere
must be perfectly matured. Due to the insufficient development of the child's
nervous system, the cells of the cerebral cortex, the receptive stimulus is
functionally insufficient Due to the insufficient development of the child's
nervous system, the cells of the cerebral cortex, the receptive stimulus is
functional not enough. When the child is related to the environment, he should
closely interact with the environment. This balancing is carried out through a
number of mechanisms, such as extero-interoreceptors, humoral regulatory
systems, then changes in the function of organs and the adaptive-trophic
function of the symptomatic sympathetic system. All these mechanisms are
controlled by the cerebral cortex. The complex behavior of a person and the
development of higher nervous activity are completely related to the brain and
partly to its large hemisphere. From the above, it is known that the nervous
system of a newborn child is first of all subject to the high demands of the
external environment in order to balance its organism. Such a continuous rise of
the cerebral cortex of a newborn child, which is not yet functionally fully
developed, puts it in a state of inhibition for a long time, as a result of which the
child appears to be in a state of almost constant sleepiness. Anatomical-
physiological features of the nervous system of a child differ in that the nervous
system of newborns and young children is not sufficiently developed and not
divided into classes compared to other systems.
During the first period of the brain's life in the mother's womb (up to the
first month), the cerebral cortex is not divided into layers, there are no nerve
fibers with a myelin sheath, and at the end of the period in the womb, seven
layers of neurons are formed in the cerebral cortex, which are located on top of
each other. Although almost all the cerebral folds and furrows are present in the
large hemisphere of the newborn child's brain, they are very weakly developed;
The structure of the layers of the cerebral cortex is mostly completed only at the
end of the period in the womb, but the division of all nerve cells into layers
occurs mainly in the postembryonic period (Fig. 5).
At the same time, the structures of the spinal cord, the visual cortex (thalam
us opticus), on the contrary, are somewhat improved. The shape of the
cerebellum is elongated, and its edges are not clearly visible. Only in the first half
of the year, the child's brain macroscopically approaches the brain of an adult.
The weight of the brain increases rapidly after birth, the weight of the brain of a
newborn child is 360-370 grams, that of a 6-month-old child is 600 grams, and
DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN
MODERN SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
7
at the end of the year it is about 900 grams. The weight of the brain of a
newborn child is 1/8 of the weight of the div, and 10 of the weight of an adult.
Brain weight doubles at 9 months of age, triples between 1 and 3 years of age,
and increases 4-5 times at 20 years of age. The division of brain tissue into
layers, that is, the development of nerve tissue, ganglion cells, and nerve fibers
proceeds rather slowly. Because in a newborn child, the stratum corneum is
divided into few layers and the center of the cortex is not sufficiently developed.
The development of the cerebral cortex is especially intense in the first three
months after birth. The lack of short branches of dendrites (nerve cells) in nerve
cells is very characteristic. The division of nerve cells into layers is mostly
completed by the age of 3. At the age of 8, it completely improves (Fig. 6). From
the moment of birth, the conducting path is sufficiently developed. The
pyramidal tracts are surrounded by myelin membrane in 5-6 months.
Spinal cord. After the birth of the child, the weight of the spinal cord is 2-6 g,
and in the future it will grow somewhat slower than the weight of the brain. The
growth of the spinal cord goes hand in hand with the development of motor
functions; it increases its weight by three ranks at the age of 5, but its difference
from the brain is that from the second year its structure approaches the
structure of adults. Depending on age, the number of motor cells of the anterior
horn increases.
During puberty, the spinal cord increases 4-5 times. When performing a spinal
puncture, it should be noted that the lower part of the spinal cord in a newborn
child is located at the level of the III lumbar vertebra, and at the age of 4, it is
located between the I and II lumbar vertebra, as in an adult. Cranial nerves are
surrounded by myelin membrane for up to 3 months, and peripheral nerves for
up to 3 years. The vegetative nervous system is active from birth. Thus, the
morphological features of the nervous system in early childhood are expressed
by the insufficient development of the cerebral cortex, the insufficient
separation of nerve cells into layers, and the insufficient wrapping of nerve
fibers in the myelin sheath. Accordingly, there are a number of features of the
nervous system function in childhood. In the embryonic period, tickling from
any point in the first half of pregnancy produces a diffuse reaction of the nervous
system, and the tendency to this diffuse reaction is preserved in newborn
children. In the second half of pregnancy, it has been determined that exposure
is manifested in a certain place. Since the cerebral cortex, pyramidal tracts and
striatal div are not fully developed at birth, the entire vital function of the
newborn child is regulated mainly by the thalamopallid, that is, the subcortical
DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN
MODERN SCIENCES
International scientific-online conference
8
system. . For example, the pallidum regulates motor movement; It also depends
on the slow, involuntary movements of the fingers and toes, characteristic of a
newborn child.
References:
1.
Ibragimov, B. (2023). Types And Importance Of Innovative Technologies
In Education. Молодые ученые, 1(20), 96-98.
2.
Khojaev SH.T. Fundamentals of entomology, protection of agricultural
crops and agrotoxicology. -Tashkent: Science, 2010. -355 p.
3.
Khojaev SH.T., Sattarov N., Yusupova M., Yuldashev F., Mamatov K.SH.
Pesticides and beneficial insects //Best practice in protecting plants from pests
(a collection of articles). -Tashkent, 2008. -B. 55-57.
4.
Olimjanov R.A. "Entomology"-Tashkent: Teacher-1977.
5.
Muradov S.A. "General entomology course".-Tashkent: "Mehnat" - 1986.
6.
Yunusovich, A. Z. (2018). All beings of the nature and its preservation in
the Zoroastr religion. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research
Journal, 8(6), 68-72.
7.
Kimsanboyev.Kh.Kh., Olmasbayeva R.SH., Khalilov K.Kh.-"General and
agricultural entomology". Tashkent: Teacher-2002
