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PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF INFORMATION POLICY IN THE
CONTEXT OF DISINFORMATION
G‘ulomov Zuxriddin Baxromjon o‘g‘li
Researcher at Fergana State University
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14890944
Abstract
This study analyzes the nature and conceptual foundations of false
information in the context of globalization, the priority directions of information
policy under conditions of disinformation, and the analysis of advanced foreign
experiences.
Keywords:
state, message, information society, false information,
disinformation, information policy, “fake news,” globalization.
In today’s era, often referred to as the "Information Age," various methods
of influencing human consciousness and emotions have emerged. Alongside
shaping and developing public opinion through information, information attacks
have become a dominant force. “In an information society, new forms of mass
communication emerge, leading to transformations in social relations, lifestyles,
ways of thinking, and new paradigms in economics, politics, and governance,
which necessitate continuous adaptation” [1].
Focusing on the essence of the concepts of the Information Age and the
Information Society, we can assert that the Information Age is a period in which
the role of information has become central to everyday human activity. In
addition to telecommunications tools, mass communication devices (such as
telephones, fax machines, and mobile phones) have gained prominence.
In an information society, educational and moral factors become dominant
through the use of information tools. “An information society is one in which
knowledge and information take a leading role in productive forces, production
relations, and capital growth” [2]. Another definition states: “An information
society is a society in which sufficient conditions have been created for the
preparation, processing, storage, and dissemination of information, playing a
primary role in socio-economic development” [3].
As the foundations of the information society—recognized as the third
wave of civilization—continue to form, ensuring the dominance of national
values guarantees stable development. Conversely, an information society that
does not rely on national values gradually loses its ethical foundations under the
influence of mass culture, which is a destructive phenomenon. Scholar Rahmon
Qo‘chqor highlights this issue: “In today’s so-called ‘Information World’ or
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‘Information Society,’ the more mass media disseminates information about an
event (regardless of whether it occurred in the past or just yesterday), the more
obscure the true reality of that event becomes” [4].
The state's information policy is defined as “a unique type of human activity
related to the collection, processing, and dissemination of information, which
reflects the interests of the state and civil society while ensuring creative and
constructive communication between them and their representatives” [5].
The objects of state information policy include print media—newspapers,
magazines, and books—electronic media such as television, radio, and the
Internet, as well as communication tools like telephones and pagers.
“Information policy can be viewed as a tool of political influence and a means of
achieving political goals: through information, the subjects of information policy
can influence people's consciousness, psychology, morality, and activities within
the framework of state, civil society, and personal interests” [6].
In the struggle for human minds and hearts, the concept of information
policy is generally interpreted as the means by which various institutional actors
(such as the state, governmental bodies, or individual organizations) interact
with existing information flows and resources in accordance with their
perspectives and interests [7].
We believe that information policy is an activity aimed at ensuring the
stability of national interests through information resources and countering
factors that threaten national security while coordinating relations between
government institutions and members of society.
Key aspects of globalization include the impact of information, information
warfare, ideological and cultural expansion by hegemonic states, and the
intensified promotion of lifestyle differences between Western societies, which
possess economic dominance, and Eastern nations striving for progress. As a
result, globalization is increasingly seen as an era of struggle for human
consciousness and emotions.
Today, information tools have become a strategic means of achieving
dominance over people. Scholars now define "information influence" as the
process of transmitting, processing, creating, and receiving information for the
purpose of targeting human consciousness and emotions using specific
information weapons [8].
Indeed, effective information influence involves creating and disseminating
targeted information to shape human behavior, identity, morality, and
psychology, as well as to influence the spiritual and psychological environment
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of society and steer public opinion in either a positive or negative direction. The
historical development of humanity has led to the emergence of highly effective
methods of information influence. As information has taken a leading role, it has
also generated information conflicts, which have become a subject of academic
research.
According to A. Erkayev: “The emergence of mass communication tools—
radio, cinema (and later television, the Internet, and others)—along with mass-
produced cultural products such as comics, entertainment works, and vinyl
records (later replaced by video and audio discs), has led to the standardization
of both material and cultural products. Cultural and spiritual goods have become
consumer commodities, losing their local, regional, and national characteristics”
[9].
In the field of information conflicts, Russian expert and Doctor of Technical
Sciences S. P. Rastorguev defines information warfare as “a targeted information
impact in the material sphere, conducted openly or covertly, to achieve a
particular advantage through information systems” [10].
He argues that one side gains the upper hand when the opposing side is
preoccupied with mitigating the inflicted damage. Rastorguev asserts that, in its
nature and characteristics, information warfare is no different from
conventional warfare. The aggressor targets all of the adversary's management
systems with information influence, subjugating them and achieving victory
[11].
According to Rastorguev, there are also effective ways to organize defense
against information attacks, including reducing the scale of existing threats,
gradually eliminating "unnecessary information," and maintaining strict control
over one's own management system. The scholar emphasizes that the strategy
of using information weapons must always be forward-looking. He considers
this an extremely important but often misunderstood aspect in scientific
discourse, as it defines the advancing nature of information weapons and helps
assess the capabilities of any strong opponent.
Thus, it can be concluded that the amount of targeted information
transmitted from one state to another serves as a measure of information
aggression.
The Importance of an Effective Information Policy: Lessons from Developed
Countries
Recognizing that implementing an effective information policy is a crucial
task in our country today, it is essential to explore various approaches and
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choose the most optimal one. Studying the experiences of developed countries
can help improve the efficiency of this process.
Focusing on Germany’s information policy and its achievements, it is
noteworthy that the country’s main television and radio channels operate under
the jurisdiction of federal states. Germany carries out large-scale activities to
protect national interests and enhance its international reputation.
For instance, the "Deutsche Welle" (DW) broadcasting station, established
in 1960, can be considered a direct promoter of the country’s domestic and
foreign policy. "Deutsche Welle" is entirely funded by the federal government.
The station’s primary broadcast region is the African continent, while its main
audiences are in Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, the Near and Middle East,
and Latin America. Interestingly, DW broadcasts very little content to North
American countries. The station justifies this by emphasizing the need to
provide information to regions with strong censorship and limited press
freedom. In contrast, countries where freedom of information and media access
are already well-established, such as Austria, do not require such interventions.
In Austria, the political and media spheres are deeply interconnected. This
situation is characterized by the composition of the country’s political elite and
the limited number of political parties and media outlets. Moreover, it is
required that their social influence does not become disproportionately
dominant.
Most newspapers in Austria strive to cover political forces (political
parties) impartially, ensuring they do not earn the reputation of being mere
"propaganda tools" for any specific political entity. The relationship between
media and political decision-making is becoming increasingly intertwined,
sometimes even merging. Many political party activities are now aimed at
ensuring their outcomes are swiftly and effectively covered by the media. The
increasing professionalism of media engagement is particularly evident in the
preparation and execution of election campaigns, where techniques and
strategies are often borrowed directly from commercial advertising.
Austrian television is currently transitioning from the state-controlled ORF
monopoly to a competitive system with the emergence of private TV channels.
There have been extensive debates regarding the potential privatization of ORF.
At present, the state broadcaster is funded by viewer-paid fees, advertising
revenue, and other legally specified sources of income. ORF is responsible for
ensuring the quality of its programming, which includes the dissemination of
comprehensive information about the country’s political, economic, and cultural
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developments, as well as strengthening Austrians’ democratic and national
identity.
In France, national television and radio broadcasting remained under state
monopoly for a long time. Even after the ORTF (French Radio and Television
Broadcasting Office) was divided into seven independent companies in 1974, the
situation remained largely unchanged. The state monopoly was partially lifted
by the law of July 29, 1982. From that moment, changes in the French television
system were closely linked to political transformations and ideological shifts,
particularly reflecting the balance between the state and the private sector.
In response to the privatization of the TF-1 network by right-wing liberals,
left-wing political forces introduced joint management of the France Télévisions
company to counterbalance TF-1’s growing influence. By the early 1990s, a
unique system emerged in France’s information policy, in which both the public
and private sectors, as well as liberal and authoritarian approaches, coexisted.
Although this system was not necessarily the result of an ideal evolutionary
process, it clearly reflected the government’s consistent oversight of audiovisual
media.
In 1985, the French President signed a decree on the creation of private
television channels, bringing the audiovisual media sector under the
government's indirect but firm control. As a result, throughout all stages of
electronic media development, the French state has systematically regulated
their political, economic, and technological directions.
The Information Policy of the United Kingdom: Key Features
The information policy of the United Kingdom has its own distinct
characteristics. In 1932, BBC radio broadcasts were extended to foreign
countries. Initially, they were only conducted in English and targeted British
Empire countries such as Australia, India, South Africa, West African nations,
and Canada. This service was named the
"BBC Empire Service"
and was
financially supported by the Foreign Office. Its primary goal was to promote the
ideological values of the British way of life among the population.
For its time, this was a highly innovative approach to shortwave
information transmission. Researchers note that the "Empire Service" quickly
managed to attract a wide audience across various countries. In 1938, the
broadcasts were expanded to Arab countries (the
"Arabic Service"
) and Latin
American countries (the
"Latin American Service"
).
In 1988, BBC leadership implemented a new strategy aimed at improving
journalists’ professional skills and ensuring their ability to replace one another
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when necessary. This strategy ultimately envisioned the complete integration of
television and radio broadcasting. At the same time, foreign bureaus were
expanded, and new departments with dedicated correspondents were
established.
Currently, the BBC broadcasts in approximately
60 languages worldwide
,
including in
Central Asia
, where it has regional branches. Notably, the BBC also
conducts
broadcasts in Uzbek
.
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