History

The article analyzes and summarizes the theoretical views on the term text history, which is the basis of textual studies except that, the alternative method of study is discussed.The author justifies the need to develop an integrated system of text history research. Based on the views of the great poet and thinker Alisher Navoi, was defined the scientific criteria on which this system is based. It has been scientifically proven that the study of the history of the text has been used in the study of the history of hadith texts and that the highly effective method of interaction has been applied to the process of bibliography and scientific research of literary monuments. It was concluded that one of the main conditions for achieving scientific accuracy, textual perfection in the study of the history of the text of works of art is the use of the method of contrast.

The article talks about the history of the tourism industry and the emergence of the first tourist organizations. It is stated that the definition and classification of tourism is presented in many literature and normative documents.Also, the role of the tourism sector in the economic development of the countries was considered through the analysis of statistical data.

Nowadays, attention to the legacy of the Jadids is steadily increasing. In this regard, our President has also initiated the establishment of the Jadids Museum to preserve their heritage and enhance awareness of their contributions. This article highlights the efforts of great enlighteners in the development of our nation, their large-scale reforms aimed at fundamentally changing people’s way of life and worldview through science, as well as improving literacy among the population. Furthermore, the article discusses ongoing reforms that take into account the ideas of the Jadids and the efforts made to educate young people with an active civic stance. Additionally, it provides information on the history of the Jadid movement, its social and political significance, and its role in educating the younger generation. In this context, scientific and analytical data on students’ attitudes toward the Jadids are also presented.

This publication is devoted to the preparation and implementation in the period from 1711 to 1730 the first state anti-corruption program in Russia. The prerequisites for the formation of corrupt behavior in the Moscow centralized state are revealed, the factors that influenced the growth of official abuses in the conditions of the formation of the Russian Empire are characterized. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the state anti-corruption program imple­mented during the reign of Peter I. In this regard, the most important normative acts of anti-corruption legislation are characterized, and the history of the formation of the supervisory state structures of the Russian Empire — the fiscal and prosecutor’s offices — is revealed.

This article reflects the historical processes of the "struggle against basmachism" by the Soviet authorities in Turkestan, the activities of the RVS, its members, Inamdjan Khidiraliev, and other compatriots.

The aim of research is to study the history of relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the United Nations (UN) in 1991-2017.
The scientific novelty of the research work is follows:
There has been illustrated the dynamics of political, social, commercial and economic relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan with international organizations;
There has been shown the problems of reforming of the UN and Uzbekistan’s suggestions to developing the organization, such as increasing the number of permanent members of Security Council of the UN and giving more power to General Secretary of the UN;
The positive aspects of the transformation of the relations between Uzbekistan and the UN justified the deficiencies in the implemented joint programs and projects and suggested ways of their solution;
There have been disclosed problems of the Central Asian region and priorities of cooperation between Uzbekistan and the UN, as well as, the issues to provide sustainable development and peace in the region.
There has been substantiated the relations of Uzbekistan with the UN and its specialised institutions, particularly, in the field of science, education, culture and tourism.

This article was adopted for the development of the industry along with the reforms carried out in our country in 2017-2022 in terms of training qualified personnel in the field of communications. As a result of decisions and resolutions adopted by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Cabinet of Ministers, attention is focused on the history of advancing the work on training specialists in the system to a new level.

The introduction shows the actuality of the research and goals tasks, methodological and theoretical bases. Also it includes archive and literature sources, scientific and practical importance of the work.
The first chapter entitled «Musical culture of Karakalpakstan in 1925-1941 years» states the main moment of musical art. In the musical life there were themes; land water problem, collectivization, industrialization, company «Topilis» (struggle). The musical repertoire of theatrical troupe «Tan nuri» which existed in the state theatre in 1927-1941 years is analyzed.
In the dissertation the historical importance of gramophone record of Karakalpak melody recorded in Moscow in 1936 years is pointed out.
There also mentions that S. Majitov, K. Avezov, the cultural workers, were repressed in the thirties.
The second chapter entitled «Musical culture or Karakalpakstan in 1941-1950 years» describes in decade of musical life of Karakalpakstan. The war time atmosphere, epoch colour were described in the works of musical culture. The creative portraits of G. I. Komponeytsa, A. Kondorshtilov, B. Shaffrannikov, Zh. Shamuratov and there are created as well.
In conclusion results of research and inferences are given. A practical recommendation is offered according to the historical experience and study of the History of Musical Culture of the people of Karakalpakstan in 1925-1950.
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The aim of the research work consists of discovering the culture of the Bronze and early Iron Ages and the history of social-economical and political relations in Khorezm oasis.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
the oasis’ historical geography belonging to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages (Aryonam Vayjo and Khorezm, territorial boundaries of Kanga and Turan, territorial location boundaries of sak-massaget tribes), social-economical relations and management issues (system of societies, kin, tribe, union of tribes, military democracy, economy and production) were discovered;
there were discovered the reasons of uneven social-economical and cultural development of the ancient tribes and chronologically late appearance of statehood in Khorezm oasis in comparison with in the southern regions of Central Asia;
the peculiarities of interrelations of the ancient tribes and changes of historical processes, the influence of external migrations on ethnic history, cultural development and its development factors were determined;
approaches, ideas, opinions about the ancient history of Khorezm were observed and some scientific views and theories which had been turned into tradition in the subject of history for many years («irrigation-state», conception «slavery state») were analyzed and it was proved on the basis of new scientific data that this theory and conception do not suit to the historical reality.

The aim of the research is to reveal the historical and philosophical essence of Sufism, its place in Islamic culture and civilization, as well as ideas on the formation of high spirituality and religious and moral features of the individual, on this basis to develop the methods of effective application of positive experiences of Sufi teachings.
The scientific novelty of the research:
from the modem ethical and philosophical point of view the concepts of tasawwuf and tarikat arc revealed on the example of life, activity and works of famous Sufis, as well as the moral ideality of Sufis, the motivational effectiveness of Sufi concepts and the creative and humanistic essence of Sufi doctrine arc substantiated;
the moral and creative character of Sufism in the system of national values is defined, as well as the pedagogical and psychological determinants of shaping the perfect person on the basis of the Sufi traditions of the Uzbek people are designed;
the socio-moral, spiritual and organizational methods for the education of youth in the skills of altruism, philanthropy and humanism on the examples of known Sufis arc developed, the need for philosophical and scientific research of strict discipline, the stages of education in the master-student relationship in the formation of a perfect person, philosophical thinking and characteristics of Sufi methods of cognition arc substantiated;
scientific conclusions about progressivism of classical Sufism, features of the Sufi worldview enriched by new principles of the world science, in particular, synergetic;
historical approaches to the merits of the Central Asian Sufi poets and scientists, as well as the historical and philosophical definitions of the present state of the forms of Sufism - tariqat - have been explored.

The Silk Road spanned the birthplaces of Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian and Chinese civilisations, and the settlements of people of different nationalities and colours. By seeking common ground while preserving differences, being open and tolerant, different civilisations painted together a magnificent chapter of human civilisation's prosperity. The ancient Silk Road has become a model of civilizational exchange, mutual appreciation and coexistence in human history, and is of great historical value

The aim of the research work to reveal the rolr end peculiarity of Sogd confederation in the history of Uzbek national state formation of the early Middle Ages.
The scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
The formation of Sogd confederation situated in Zarafshan and Kashkadarya valleys was enabled in the combination of economic (coining, financial obligation to the central government), political (rccogntion of Samarkand Sogd as a central government), military (the factors of uniting the forces against outer enemy), religious (zoroastrism, bhuddism, monism, Christianity) factors;
In the management of Sogd confederation central, local (sogdian), tasks of turkish titles (economical, financial, social, political and religious) and their inter-subjective differentiating features arc showed;
The factors of historical-administrative division of the subjects of the confederation (natural boaders as mountains, rivers, chancis, desert, usefulness of political union) and degree of their relation with Samarkand - the centre of the state was revealed with facts;
The ethnical belonging of the ruling family of central Sogd government and its relative autonomy from The Turk Qaghanatc revealed political (marriage relations, diplomatic relations) and economical (coining, economical significance) features.
It was proved that Kabudon ahd Ishtikhon properties of Sogdian confederation were separate independent administrative units and these dominions were not for some time under the reign of Ustrishona.

The scientific concept of the article is that the national literary-aesthetic thinking is of primary criterion in evaluating a writer’s work and the essence of literature is determined by the artistic interpretation of the national spirit. The best examples of folk literature in the world, regardless of the language in which it is written, is on the agenda as a question number one to be analyzed scientifically in terms of the expression of the national spirit. Abdulla Kadiri’s novel “Days Gone By” has been analyzed in twentiethcentury Uzbek literature as a work that can meet this criterion.

According to the author, the national spirit is reflected in the novel “Days Gone By” on the basis of the following three principles: 1) the interpretation of specific customs, traditions, values, dreams and aspirations of the nation, embodying the spirit of the nation; 2) an expression of the nation’s potential to look at itself in a critical spirit; 3) poetic depiction of fixed beliefs inherent in national personalities in the play. In turn, the first of these principles embodies the morals of the nation, the second - the will, and the third - the beliefs, and this trinity forms the national spirit as a whole.

At the end of the article, the research results are theoretically summarized.

This article describes the fate of women who were under investigation, trial and prisoners in the Kashkadarya region as part of the "Cotton Case" of the repressions of theSoviet authorities in the 80s of the twentieth century. The memory of the victims of repressions, the fate of women who suffered as a result of the repressions of the "Cotton business", is for the first time supposed to be covered through archival sources.

This article lists the most urgent aspects that should be emphasized in the education of young people in our society today, when radicalism and extremism are taking root, in particular, ideological immunity, enlightenment against ignorance, understanding of the essence of education, work, culture among younger generation, development of legal awareness and culture in young people have been studied.

For studying the general history of Central Asia in the pre-Islamic period, in particular the history of its moral views, ancient Persian writings, the historical and geographical works of the Greek historians Herodotus and Strabo, the sacred book of the Zoroastrian religion, the Avesta, and a number of other sources are of great importance.

The aim of the research work is to provide scientific justification of the formation factors of the storytelling genre, the principles of development, the problems of chronological systematization, stylistic peculiarities, time and hero psychology in the 20th century within the framework of the Turkish genre.
The scientific novelty of the research work:
the principles of the origin, formation and development of the storytelling genre in Turkish literature are based on the historical and literary process in the genre;
the Turkish storytelling genre of the twentieth century has been chronologically divided into periods and accordingly provides proofs for the formal and the meaning importance of the genre;
the influence of French literature on the Turkish story and its realistic images were identified;
the matter of traditionalism and innovation has been proven in the 20th-40th of the 20th century stories;
the reflection of the periodic image and the peculiarity of psychological analysis in modem stories are evident in the variety of methods.

The aim of the research is to reveal the significance of the correspondence conducted between the political agency of the Russian emperor and the emirate of Bukhara as a source to study the history of the relations of Russia-Bukhara.
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
the activities of chancelleries of the political agency of the Russian emperor and the emirate of Bukhara, the processes of the conduct of the intergovernmental correspondence (arrangement of letters, the translation and confirmation order) are scrutinized on the basis of the facts;
the paleographic (manuscript material, fonts writing style and tool) and diplomatic (formulary) peculiarities are revealed;
almost fifty varieties of the factory made papers and their difference (size, in which machinery it was produced, thickness, color, storage and conditions, the existence of filigran and the stamp) are identified;
the stamps of the clerks of the Russian political agency having oriental form and meaning, sphragistic classification of the signatures and the stamps (the diameter of the stamp, geometrical shape and writings) are conducted;
it was proven that the correspondence had a significant role in the study of the activities of the Russian scientific societies in the emirate of Bukhara, the Russian education system and the scholarships launched by the emirate for the students of the Turkistan schools.

The great Azerbaijani poet Sheikh Nizami Ganjavi started a unique poetic phenomenon in world literature - khamsalik. Although it was written in Persian, it is known that the great poet's "Panj Ganj" reflects the Turkish thought and the Turkish spirit. The great Uzbek thinker Hazrat Alisher Navoi brought the poetic tradition started by Nizami Ganjavi to a high stage of development with his "Khamsa". According to Professor Almaz Ulviy, the author of remarkable scientific studies on Azerbaijani-Uzbek literary relations, Alisher Navoi did not limit himself to the consistent continuation of Nizami's traditions, but also raised the level of development of Turkish literature. After all, the respect for his great predecessor, the recognition of his unique services in the development of poetic thinking is clearly felt in every epic of Hazrat Alisher Navoi's "Khamsa". This is also confirmed by the fact that separate chapters of "Khamsa" epics are dedicated to him.

This article describes the changes taking place in Uzbekistan. New Uzbekistan, the Third Renaissance will be discussed. Also, information is given about Islamic civilization and the Center of Islamic Civilization, its goals and tasks, and its structure

 This article analyzes the works of the Chinese writer Lao She “Catcountry”. The author examines the factors that cause the degradation of Chinese culture and its figurative interpretation through a work of art.The novel satirically describes the current events in the city of cats. Lao She shows the negative circumstances in Chinese culture, spirituality, and enlightenment. The article says that the novel is also significant from a modern point of view.

This article examines the differing attitudes toward marriage contracts in Turkic and Arab nations. While both share Islamic traditions, Arab societies have modernized the “nikah ” to emphasize mutual consent and gender equity, blending traditional and legal principles and this institute remained solidly. The study highlights how these regions' marriage practices reflect broader cultural and legal dynamics, with recommendations for reintegrating modern marriage contracts to balance personal freedom with cultural traditions in Turkic societies.

The article summarizes the views and interpretations put forward by the administrators of the Russian Empire, military historians,
and advanced Russian intellectuals about the Andizhan uprising of 1898.

Tа’lim tizimini rаqаmlаshtirish odаtiy dаrsliklаrning rаqаmli nusxаsini yarаtish, hujjаtlаr аylаnmаsini rаqаmlаshtirish vа bаrchа mаktаblаrni yuqori tezlikdа Internetgа ulаnishni tа’minlаsh bilаn cheklаnishi mumkin emаs. Bu poydevor hаqidа o‘ylаsh o‘rnigа yangi uy qurilishini devorgа gulqog‘oz yopishtir vа qаndil tаnlаshdаn boshlаsh bilаn bir xildir. Yondаshuvning o‘zi, nimа vа qаndаy o‘qitish o‘zgаrishi kerаk

Tа’lim tizimini rаqаmlаshtirish odаtiy dаrsliklаrning rаqаmli nusxаsini yarаtish, hujjаtlаr аylаnmаsini rаqаmlаshtirish vа bаrchа mаktаblаrni yuqori tezlikdа Internetgа ulаnishni tа’minlаsh bilаn cheklаnishi mumkin emаs. Bu poydevor hаqidа o‘ylаsh o‘rnigа yangi uy qurilishini devorgа gulqog‘oz yopishtir vа qаndil tаnlаshdаn boshlаsh bilаn bir xildir. Yondаshuvning o‘zi, nimа vа qаndаy o‘qitish o‘zgаrishi kerаk