EIJMRMS ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
114
RESEARCH OF MANIFESTATION OF THE ORAL MUCOSA IN COVID-19
Jalolov Sharifjon
Samarkand State Medical University Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Chaqqonov Faxriddin Xusanovich
Samarkand State Medical University Samarkand, Uzbekistan
AB O U T ART I CL E
Key words:
COVID-19, oral manifestations, oral
mucosa.
Received:
20.06.2024
Accepted
: 25.06.2024
Published
: 30.06.2024
Abstract:
The oral cavity is one of the main gates
for coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2); the oral cavity also
suffers greatly from this infection, because it is
one of the most vulnerable places. In addition,
since the salivary glands can serve as a reservoir
for viruses and support their release into the
external environment, it was concluded that
saliva, as a component of oral fluid, can play an
important role in the spread of coronavirus
infection. This is mainly due to the ACE-2 receptor,
which have a high level of expression in the
keratinized surface epithelial cells of the oral
mucosa, especially in the epithelial cells of the
dorsal part of the tongue, tonsils, vocal cords,
salivary glands and sinuses, due to which the virus
replicates in and causes both oral lesions and oral
symptoms mouth After entering the cell, the virus
delays the response of the immune system,
allowing the infection to progress, and it becomes
much more difficult to fight it. Accordingly, due to
the relatively high level of COVID-19-associated
complications, timely diagnosis of clinical forms,
including high-risk patients with prognosis their
clinical course and the selection of drug treatment
appropriate to the severity of the clinical course
remain quite complex and controversial issues. It
was emphasized that in some cases oral
symptoms may be the initial or only sign of
disease, and dentists should take this into account
when performing a thorough clinical examination
of the oral cavity.
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
https://doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-04-06-18
Pages: 114-125
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
115
INTRODUCTION
To date, a new strain of COVID-19 has been identified - omicron, which was first identified in South
Africa in November 2021, according to WHO, and has been associated with an increase in regional
infections. This strain contains more than 30 mutations in the spike protein, which contributed to
increased transmissibility compared to previous variants (alpha, beta, gamma, delta), which is
confirmed by detection in more than 30 countries of the world and reduced susceptibility to
neutralizing antibodies, including therapeutic monoclonal antibodies [5]. Given the ongoing trend of
strain modification, COVID-19 represents an unprecedented, serious medical and social problem for all
of humanity that is far from being solved.
Given the continuing trend of strain modification, COVID-19 represents an unprecedented medical and
social problem for everyone, which is far from being resolved [3.4].
To date, it has been established that age over 65 years [10], male gender [3], cardiovascular disease [3],
diabetes mellitus [7], obesity [3], chronic obstructive bronchitis [7], smoking, lack of oral hygiene [3],
tumor disease [11], liver disease [6], opportunistic infections, stress [5], immunosuppression, vasculitis
and hyperinflammatory response caused by COVID-19 are predisposing factors for the occurrence of
oral lesions in patients in this category [11]. COVID-19 causes a range of oral manifestations, ranging
from dry mouth to opportunistic infections. It was emphasized that in some cases oral symptoms may
be the initial or only sign of disease, and dentists should take this into account when performing a
thorough clinical examination of the oral cavity. Oral ulcers caused by stress may be on the rise among
patients due to pandemic-related fears. Also, older age and higher severity of COVID-19 disease are
associated with severe damage to the oral cavity [1,2,7]. Moreover, the oral mucosa is very intensively
supplied with blood, has a relatively large surface area and is a convenient entry point for penetration
and infections into the div, and also serves as a site of colonization and infection by potentially
pathogenic microorganisms in the event of infection and weakening of natural immunity. The div's
defenses are determined by general and local factors. Local protection is provided by the integrity of
the oral mucosa, the microbicidal properties of saliva and lymphoid tissue. The integrity of the oral
mucosa is the best physiological barrier to infection. The protective factors of saliva are determined not
only by its mechanical properties, but also depend on the biological compounds dissolved in it, which
can cause lysis of foreign cells. These substances include lysozyme, which has a bactericidal effect. In
addition, saliva contains polymorphonuclear neutrophils, which have high bactericidal activity. Finally,
secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), contained in saliva, is a powerful factor of local protection.
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
116
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Study of morphological changes in the oral mucosa and taste sensitivity in patients with COVID-19 of
varying severity. To draw the attention of doctors to oral manifestations in patients who have had
COVID-19, with the aim of an etiopathogenetic approach to the treatment of pathologies of the oral
mucosa.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
There were 105 patients under observation (a total of 254 patients), of whom 62 were men and 43
women, aged from 18 to 55 years (average age 41.6±4.7 years). 149 patients were excluded from the
study, since 3 of them were under 18 years of age, and 7 were over 55 years of age, 15 were smokers,
30 were severely obese, 1 patient was pregnant, 87 patients had concomitant diseases, 6 refused to
provide consent to fill out the questionnaire . All patients had a positive polymerase chain reaction test
result for COVID-19. The study design was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. This survey
contains the following demographic information: gender, age, weight, height, education level and
general health. The questionnaire was divided into two parts:
1) The first part includes the results of an oral hygiene assessment obtained by a group of dentists.
The second part contains data on the severity of COVID-19, which was obtained through a telephone
call
All patients underwent a daily visual examination of the oral cavity, registration and assessment of the
characteristics of the clinical course of the disease, the severity of temperature, and symptoms of
intoxication.
RESEARCH RESULTS
During the examination, changes in the oral mucosa were noted in 91 patients (86.6%) (see Table 3.1),
which is consistent with literature data.
It is noteworthy that 13 (12.4%) patients had bleeding symptoms on the buccal mucosa, with no burden
of history of this disease. In addition, pinpoint hemorrhages were observed in the mucosa of the lips
and cheeks. Cyanosis of the lips was also noted. The color of the oral mucosa varied from normal pale
pink to cyanotic, due to the appearance of various levels of vascular patterns on the inner mucosal
surface of the lips.
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
117
Pigmentation in the gingival attachments of the upper and lower jaws was observed in 45 patients
(42.8%) and in 5 patients (4.7%) in the hard palate. In addition, lentigines (brown spots caused by
melanin accumulation) were raised on the mucosal surfaces of the upper and lower lips in 13 (12.3%)
patients.
Mycological culture analysis was performed in all patients and was positive in 6.6% (n = 7 ). Other
mucosal symptoms included aphthous stomatitis in 10.5% (n = 11) and mucositis in 5.7% (n = 6); 8.5%
of patients (n = 7) complained of glossalgia, consisting of a burning sensation on the tongue or
throughout the oral mucosa.
In addition, the most common manifestation of changes in the mucosa of the tongue was angulus of the
mouth, consisting of inflammation of the corners of the mouth, characterized by the formation of
fissures, crusts, and redness on the mucosa in this area, which was present in 26 (24.7%) patients.
Of particular note was transient U-shaped papillitis seen in 15 patients (14.3%), and edema of the
tongue was seen in 8 patients (7.6%). Inflammatory disease of the tongue characterized by glossitis
with localized alopecia was noted in 5 patients (4.7%).
Plaques on the tongue mucosa were found in 90 patients (85.7%), varying in color from white to light
cinnamon and brown. At the same time, the plaques were easily removed by abrasion, and the papillae
were evenly expressed on the entire tongue surface.
Changes in the oral mucosa in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (n=105)
Types of change
n (%)
Changes in the oral mucosa
91 (86.6)
Plaque of the mucous membrane of the
tongue
90 (85.7)
Parageusia
64 (60.9)
Pigmentation in the area of gum
attachment to the upper and lower jaw
45 (42.8)
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
118
Angular cheilitis
26 (24.7)
U-shaped papillitis
15 (14.3)
Hemorrhagic manifestations on the
buccal mucosa
13 (12.4)
Lentigo
13 (12.4)
Aphthous stomatitis
11 (10.5)
Glossalgia
7 (8.5)
Swelling of the tongue
8 (7.6)
Oral candidiasis
7 (6.6)
Mucositis
6 (5.7)
Pigmentation of the hard palate
5 (4.7)
Glossitis with focal depapilation
5 (4.7)
Dysfunction of the olfactory organ
Parosmia
85 (81)
Anosmia
11 (10.5)
A perversion of taste sensitivity, i.e., parageisia, in which the sense of taste appeared without a
corresponding stimulus, was present in 60.9% of patients (n = 64) and was often combined with a
distorted sense of smell complaint (parosmia) in 81% of patients (n = 85) after 5 days of observation.
In addition, 10.5% (n=11) of patients had a lack of odor perception - anosmia.
According to the results of the initial oral status questionnaire, COVID -19 was severe in 84 patients
(80%) and mild in 21 patients (20%).
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
119
Correlation between oral health and severity of COVID-19 (n=105)
Oral health status
Severity of
COVID
-19
R
Severe degree
Lightweight
degree
Bad condition
n
62
1
<0.001
%
73.8%
4.7%
Satisfactory
n
17
17
%
20.2%
80.9%
Good
n
5
3
%
5.9%
14.2%
General
indicator
n (%)
84 (80%)
21 (20%)
Analysis showed that severe COVID-19 was statistically significantly associated with poor oral
hygiene (p < 0.001). Thus, patients with good oral hygiene were found to have a significantly lower
incidence of severe COVID-19. The relationship between the clinical course of the disease and the
initial oral hygiene status at the first and second week of observation was p<0.001.
Analysis of subgroups by severity of COVID-19 showed that patients with good, satisfactory, and poor
initial oral hygiene had a mild course at the first week of observation (79.4%, 17.4%, and 3.2%,
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
120
respectively). Patients with good, satisfactory, and poor initial oral hygiene had a severe course of
9.1%, 25.7%, and 65.2%, respectively, in the first week of observation.
At the second week of observation, deterioration was significantly higher in the group of patients with
poor initial oral hygiene in 73.8% of cases (p<0.001) compared to those with good initial oral hygiene
(5.9%). The deterioration of clinical course in the second week in patients with good initial oral
hygiene was 20.3%, which was significantly lower than in patients with poor initial oral hygiene
(p<0.001). Thus, at the second week of admission, minor progress was observed in 80.9% of patients
with good oral hygiene, 14.4% of those with good oral hygiene, and 4.7% of those with poor oral
hygiene.
Clinical recovery at weeks 4 and 6 of clinical follow-up was significantly greater in COVID-19 patients
with poor baseline oral hygiene (41.2% and 48.4%, respectively) compared to those with good
baseline oral hygiene (8 .9% and 5.3%, respectively) (p<0. 001). A period of rapid recovery (week 2 of
observation) was observed significantly more often in COVID-19 patients with good initial oral
hygiene (85.8%) compared to those with poor baseline oral hygiene (10.4%) (p<0.001).
Clinical recovery in patients with good oral hygiene was observed in 56.8% of cases by the 2-week
clinical observation, compared to 4-week (33.4%) and 6-week (9.8%) observations for this category
of patients.
Secondary Endpoint Study. Relationship between initial oral status and clinical recovery time. **p
<0.001
It is noteworthy that a negative correlation was found between initial oral status and clinical recovery
time for COVID-19 patients (p <0.001, r = -0.614)
Correlation between the initial state of the oral cavity and the period of clinical recovery
(n=105)
Parameter
Clinical recovery period
Initial oral health status
r
-0.614
P
0.001
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
121
N
105
Impact of COVID-19 severity on clinical recovery (n=105)
Secondary study endpoint
Severity of
COVID
-19
R
Severe
degree
Lightweigh
t
degree
Clinical
recovery
period
6 weeks
n
42
2
<0.001
%
50.0%
9.5%
4 weeks
n
35
4
%
41.6%
19.0%
2 weeks
n
7
15
%
8.3%
71.2%
General indicator
n (%)
84 (80%)
21 (20%)
The rate of delayed clinical recovery in the sixth week of clinical follow-up was significantly higher in
the group of severe patients with COVID-19 (50.0%) compared to the group of patients with mild
clinical course (9.5%).
Clinical recovery in the second week of observation was observed 7 times more often in the group of
COVID-19 patients with a clinically mild course (71.2%) compared to the group of patients with a severe
course (8.3%) (p <0.001), when in the fourth week week of observation in the group of COVID-19
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
122
patients with a mild clinical course, clinical recovery was found in 19.0% of cases, and in the group of
patients with a severe course this figure was 41.6% (p <0.001).
CONCLUSION
A high level of damage to the oral mucosa was detected in 91 (86.6%) patients. 13 (12.4%) patients had
hemorrhagic manifestations on the buccal mucosa, and the history of this disease was not burdened.
There were also pinpoint hemorrhages on the mucous membranes of the lips and cheeks, and cyanosis
of the lips. The color of the oral mucosa varied from the usual pale pink tint to cyanotic due to the
appearance of different levels of vascular pattern on the mucous membrane of the inner surface of the
lips. Pigmentation in the area of gum attachment to the upper and lower jaw was found in 45 (42.8%)
patients, in 5 (4.7%) patients pigmentation was observed in the area of the hard palate. Lentigo, a brown
spot resulting from the accumulation of melanin, rising above the surface of the mucous membrane of
the upper and lower lips, was present in 13 (12.3%) patients. Mycological culture analysis was positive
in 7 (6.6%) patients. Other mucosal manifestations were aphthous stomatitis (10.5%) and mucositis
(5.7%). 8.5% of the patient complained of glossalgia, which consists of a burning sensation of the tongue
or the entire oral mucosa. In addition, the most common manifestation of changes in the mucous
membrane of the tongue was pronounced angular cheilitis, consisting of inflammation of the corners of
the mouth, characterized by the formation of cracks, crusts and redness of the mucous membrane of
this area of the mouth in 26 (24.7%) patients. Particular attention was drawn to transient U-shaped
papillitis, detected in 15 (14.3%) patients, while 8 (7.6%) had swelling of the tongue. Inflammatory
disease of the tongue, characterized by glossitis with focal depapilation, was observed in 5 (4.7%).
Plaque on the mucous membrane of the tongue, the color of which varied from white to light cinnamon
and brown, was diagnosed in 90 (85.7%). The plaque was easily removed by scraping. Papillae of
uniform severity were also noted over the entire surface of the tongue. Perversion of taste sensitivity,
the appearance of taste sensations in the absence of a corresponding stimulus - parageusia - was
determined in 60.9% of patients. Often this symptom was combined with complaints of distorted
perception of odors - parosmia - in 81% of patients. In addition, 10.5% of patients had no perception of
smell - anosmia.
1. A high level of manifestation in the form of damage to the oral mucosa (oral manifestation) indicates
the highest expression of ACE-2 receptors in the oral cavity, which requires special attention in
organizing dental treatment and preventive consultations with patients.
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
123
2. Active treatment of oral diseases and compliance with all clinical recommendations developed by the
European Federation of Periodontology helps prevent the oral-vascular-pulmonary spread of the
COVID-19 virus.
REFERENCE
1.
Абдуллаева П. Р., Ахмедов А. А. СПОСОБ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ИШЕМИЧЕСКИХ СОСТОЯНИЙ
ЗРИТЕЛЬНОГО НЕРВА И СЕТЧАТКИ (ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫЙ ОБЗОР): Medical science //Ethiopi
an
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research.
–
2023.
–
Т. 10. –
№. 09. –
С. 18
-23.
2.
Ризаев Ж. А., Ахмедов А. А. ОСНОВЫ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ
УЗБЕКИСТАН НА ОСНОВЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ОБЩЕЙ ВРАЧЕБНОЙ ПРАКТИКИ //ЖУРНАЛ
СТОМАТОЛОГИИ И КРАНИОФАЦИАЛЬНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ. –
2023.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 3.
3.
Абдуллаева Н. И., Ахмедов А. А. ОСТЕО
-
ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС ПАЦИЕНТОВ С
ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПАРОДОНТА В ПОДРОСТКОВОМ И МОЛОДОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ //TA'LIM VA
RIVOJLANISH TAHLILI ONLAYN ILMIY JURNALI.
–
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№.
11.
–
С. 143
-149.
4.
Ахмедов А. А. Иммунологические аспекты патогенеза гингивита и пародонтита //IQRO. –
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№. 2. –
С. 121
-123.
5.
Ризаев Ж. А., Ахмедов А. А. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF GENERAL MEDICAL PRACTICE
IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN TO
IMPROVE DENTAL CARE //ЖУРНАЛ СТОМАТОЛОГИИ
И КРАНИОФАЦИАЛЬНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ. –
2023.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 3.
6.
Ахмедов А. А., Нарзиева Н. DENTAL PROSTHETICS ON IMPLANTS AND THEIR FEATURES
//American Journal of Pedagogical and Educational Research.
–
2023.
–
Т. 16. –
С. 132
-135.
7.
Astanovich A. D. A. et al. The State of Periodontal Tissues in Athletes Engaged in Cyclic Sports
//Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology.
–
2021.
–
С. 235
-241.
8.
Alimjanovich R. J., Astanovich A. A. СОВЕРШЕНТСВОВАНИЕ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ
ПОМОЩИ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНОГО ПОДХОДА ДЛЯ
УЛУЧШЕНИЕ ЕЕ КАЧЕСТВА //JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE AND PRACTICE. –
2023.
–
Т. 8. –
№.
4.
9.
Yusufboy S., Qobilovna B. Z. STUDYING THE PROPERTIES OF EQUIA VERSUS AMALGAM
//European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 02. –
С. 61
-65.
10.
Shaximardonova E. S., Kobilovna B. Z. RED LICHEN PLANUS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA AND ITS
CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF A PATIENT WITH, ASSOCIATED WITH THE EPSTEIN
—
BARR VIRUS
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
124
//European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 01. –
С. 272
-279.
11.
Ортикова Н. Х., Ризаев Ж. А., Мелибаев Б. А. ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ
СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРИЕМА ПАЦИЕНТОВ ДЕТСКОГО ВОЗРАСТА //EDITOR
COORDINATOR.
–
2021.
–
С. 554.
12.
Ортикова Н. Тенденция эффективности профилактических мероприятий путем
коррекции психологического стресса у детей на стоматологическом приёме //Общество
и инновации. –
2022.
–
Т. 3. –
№. 6. –
С. 181
-189.
13.
Sevinch E., Zarafruz B. ETIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FEATURES INFLAMMATORY PERIODONTAL
DISEASE //European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management
Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 03. –
С. 241
-246.
14.
Yusufboy S., Qobilovna B. Z. SOCIAL AND DENTAL SURVEY OF PATIENTS TECHNOLOGY OF
OLDER AGE GROUPS SUFFERING WITH ACUTE LEUKEMIA //European International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 05. –
С. 352
-356.
15.
Yusufboy S., Qobilovna B. Z. FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF COPD IN ELDERLY PATIENTS
//European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 05. –
С. 363
-368..
16.
Yusufboy S., Qobilovna B. Z. STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE ORAL CAVITY IN ENDOCRINE
DISEASES //European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management
Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 05. –
С. 357
-362.
17.
Yusufboy S., Qobilovna B. Z. SMARTBURS II
–
A REVIEW OF THE ADVANTAGES OF SMART BOR
//European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 02. –
С. 56
-60..
18.
Fakhriddin C., Shokhruh S., Nilufar I. ENDOKANAL PIN-KONSTRUKSIYALARNI ISHLATISHDA
ASORATLAR VA XATOLAR TAHLILI //JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE AND PRACTICE.
–
2022.
–
Т.
7.
–
№. 1.
19.
Shoxrux S., Shoxrux I., Faxriddin C. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ORAL INFECTIONS IN
DENTURE WEARERS //International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education.
–
2022.
–
Т.
14.
–
№. 4.
20.
Xusanovich C. F. COMPLETE REMOVABLE PROSTHESIS SUPPORTED BY IMPLANTS //European
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№.
11.
–
С. 127
-133.
EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES
ISSN: 2750-8587
VOLUME04 ISSUE06
125
21.
Xusanovich C. F. et al. PROSTHETICS A COMPLETE REMOVABLE PROSTHESIS BASED ON
IMPLANTS //European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management
Studies.
–
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№. 11. –
С. 122
-126.
22.
Yusufboy S., Qobilovna B. Z. STUDY THE EFFECT OF HYGIENIC CARE ON THE MICROBIAL
LANDSCAPE OF THE ORAL CAVITY IN PATIENTS USING COMBINED SPLINTING STRUCTURES
WITH MODERATE PERIODONTITIS //European International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 02. –
С. 50
-55.
23.
Khusanovich K. B. R. C. F. TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF DENTAL COMPLIMENTS //Journal of
Modern Educational Achievements.
–
2023.
–
Т. 5. –
№. 5. –
С. 95
-99.
24.
Zarnigor J. MAIN ROLE OF HYGIENIC EDUCATION IN THE SYSTEM PRIMARY PREVENTION OF
DENTAL DISEASES OF PATIENT //European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Management Studies.
–
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№. 11. –
С. 157
-163.
25.
Qizi J. Z. B. METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION OF TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES USING
NEW TECHNOLOGIES //European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and
Management Studies.
–
2023.
–
Т. 3. –
№. 10. –
С. 234
-241.
26.
Sevinch E., Qobilovna B. Z. A STUDY ON THE MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF ORAL ORGAN
TISSUES DURING THE USE OF NON-REMOVABLE ORTHODONTIC STRUCTURES //European
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№.
03.
–
С. 247
-253..
27.
Shaxnoza T., Qobilovna B. Z. COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES
USING LOW-INTENSITY MAGNETIC LASER RADIATION //European International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 02. –
С. 137
-144.
28.
Nigora N., Kobilovna B. Z. EARLY SIGNS AND RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ARTICULAR FORM OF TRANSVERSAL OCCLUSION ANOMALY //European International Journal
of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 02. –
С. 93
-98.
29.
Ulug’bek X., Kobilovna B. Z. STUDY OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL SAMPLES0 //European
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№.
02.
–
С. 115
-119.
30.
Shaxnoza T., Qobilovna B. Z. STUDYING THE PROPERTIES OF AN AESTHETIC ELASTIC DENTURE
//European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies.
–
2024.
–
Т. 4. –
№. 02. –
С. 46
-49.
