Vol. 4 No. 01 (2024): Volume - IV Issue - I

X-ray examinations were used to analyze compliance with the basic requirements of clinical guidelines for modeling pin inlays on the root surface. For this purpose, the X-ray assessment of CBCT studies of maxillary and mandibular teeth and the conclusions of the forensic medical examination were analyzed. The results of the forensic medical examination in cases related to the poor-quality manufacture of this type of prosthesis in the period from 2013 to 2022 were analyzed. The results showed that in 10% of lawsuits related to non-removable prostheses, there were claims about the quality of the prosthesis. This share has not decreased over the past 10 years, and the lawsuits concerned the quality of manufacture of root canal tabs. At the same time, errors and complications when using tabs in root canals were identified in 50% of cases, and in 50% of cases they were associated not with poor-quality materials or imperfect treatment techniques, but with incorrect dental technique. An X-ray assessment of the quality of the formation of root canal inlays by dentists showed very low compliance with clinical recommendations. Compliance with clinical guidelines is very low. The correct residual wall thickness of the root canal was determined only in the following cases, the correct residual wall thickness of the root canal was determined only in 37% of cases. The recommended ratio of the tab pin length (2/3 of the root length) was determined only in 2% of cases. Compliance with the ratio of crown and root length for restored teeth was required only in 2% of all studied cases. The ratio of crown height to inlay pin length was 1:2 or 1:3 in only 2% of cases.

Considering this as a starting point, the article examines the relationship between communicative and pragmatic relations and their types in Uzbek language. In addition, pragmatic problems and relationships between communicants are studied. For this, in the article it is classified, and examples are given related the pragmatic meanings of the communicative units of speech - the verb, the interrogative and the imperative.

Word combinations, often referred to as collocations or phraseology, play a crucial role in translation, particularly in achieving natural and idiomatic target language expressions. Advanced understanding of word combinations is essential for translators to produce high-quality translations.

At the present stage of development of methods of teaching foreign languages, the competence-based approach is becoming increasingly important. This is due to a change in the priority approach in the educational process - from a receptive-reproductive method of teaching to a personality-oriented, developmental, cognitive-activity orientation.

Oral translation, also known as interpretation, is a demanding profession that requires a combination of language skills, training, and specific qualifications. The requirements for oral translation can vary depending on the type of interpretation, the industry, and the specific job, but here are some common requirements.

Word combinations, often referred to as collocations or phraseology, play a crucial role in translation, particularly in achieving natural and idiomatic target language expressions. Advanced understanding of word combinations is essential for translators to produce high-quality translations.

When we analyzed exoticisms in English and Uzbek from a morphological point of view, we saw that only words belonging to the noun group can be exotic words, so we can say with confidence that exotic regardless of which language the lexicon is in, the largest index belongs to the noun group. In accordance with our above opinion, in the process of analysis, we analyzed the exotic units belonging to the noun group.

There are many exoticisms in the Uzbek language as well. Work on their study and systematization has been carried out before and is being actively carried out today.

The exotic lexicon of any language is the historical and contemporary interaction of the speakers of this language with representatives of other countries and languages in various spheres of society: social, economic, cultural, educational, sports and many other spheres. It is created as a result, in ancient times, which regions were occupied by another people and created conditions for spreading their language and lexical exchange. comes into our mother tongue directly or through a second language. When studying the structural features of the exotic lexicon in our language, it is necessary to study it in connection with the history of this language and the historical life experiences of its users.

The article depicts reading strategies as before, during and after by describing the techniques which can be helpful in order to implement above mentioned reading strategies. Moreover, 5 types of writing, which are essential for using the BDA reading strategies, are given in this article.

In this article is said  how to use interactive methods in order to improve students’ oral speech and by using modern pedagogical and technological methods, and by the way introducing leading styles of teaching, teach growing generations, the system of speaking easily in these languages can be developed fully.

The modern socio-economic development of society indicates the need to modernize the systems of cosmetic care for the population.

Periodontal diseases are one of the most difficult and common problems in modern dentistry, the importance of solving which is beyond doubt.

Timely prevention of periodontal diseases is necessary to prevent periodontal depletion (the musculoskeletal complex surrounding the teeth), leading to atrophy of the bone tissue of the alveolar process.

An amine test, a qualitative and quantitative indicator of the intestinal microbiota in the contents of periodontal pockets of 67 patients with periodontal diseases, measurement of "key cells" and comparative analysis with obesity showed that the violation of the oral microbiota was more pronounced in obese patients. This is a prerequisite for a more severe course of the disease and a decrease in the effectiveness of treatment. The results of the amine test and the identification of key cells are useful for the diagnosis of oral diseases.

Tumours in the oral cavity and oropharynx differ in presentation and prognosis and the detection of spread of tumour from one subsite to another is essential for the T-staging. This article reviews the anatomy and describes the pattern of spread of different cancers arising in the oral cavity and oropharynx; the imaging findings on computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are also described. Brief mention is made on the role of newer imaging modalities such as [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography, perfusion studies and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

A large amount of data has been accumulated in the literature on the features of the structure of the tooth crown in various ethnic groups and its variability in the process of evolution.

In this article, one of the only ways to implement the physical education system of our country is gymnastics training. Fitness training helps to solve the main tasks of improving the health of the human body, shapes the stature of young people, increases physical performance, and helps them to grow mentally and deeply.

In other words, computer graphics in this article refers to the use of computers in graphic design and images. Below is information about several types of graphical methods and types of this area.

This article provides scientific information about the study of lexical-grammatical transformations in literary translation based on the novel "The Fault in Our Stars" by John Green.

This article is devoted to the consideration of the need to use vocalizations in the process of teaching vocal technique in higher education. The importance of vocal exercises in the development of the voice of experienced performers and pedagogues-musicians, as well as in solving a number of problems of musicology, was determined. The use of vocalizers, if they are chosen correctly, has been found to expand the technical and artistic capabilities of higher education students in vocal lessons. Practical recommendations on how to choose and use vocal exercises, including how to perform vocalizations, were given.

This article examines innovative trends in the art of opera performance and scientific theoretical features of the opera text. Also, using the experience of musicology, opinions were given about the methods of scientific analysis to study the theatrical and musical processes in the singer's work.

This article presents a comparative analysis of feminine terms in Uzbek and English literature. The aim of the study is to explore the similarities and differences in the representation of women in these two literary traditions. The analysis focuses on the portrayal of female characters, their roles, and the language used to describe them. Through a close examination of selected literary works, the article examines the linguistic choices made by authors in both cultures when referring to women. It investigates the cultural and social factors that shape these choices and their implications for the perception of femininity. The findings of this study reveal that while there are shared themes and concepts across Uzbek and English literature, there are also distinct differences in the portrayal of women. These differences are influenced by cultural norms, historical contexts, and the specific literary traditions of each language. The article concludes with a discussion on the significance of these findings and their implications for understanding gender roles and representation in literature. It also suggests avenues for further research in this area, highlighting the need for cross-cultural studies and a deeper understanding of the complexities of gender representation in different literary contexts.

This article reflects the implementation of reforms in the social sphere in our country, ensuring human interests, its importance in building the state and society, the principles of national progress.

This research explores the potential of palm oil marketing as a catalyst for socioeconomic transformation in the South South States of Nigeria. Focusing on sustainable marketing practices, the study aims to investigate how the palm oil industry can contribute to poverty alleviation and the empowerment of women. By examining the interplay of market dynamics, environmental sustainability, and inclusive business models, the research aims to provide actionable insights for policymakers, entrepreneurs, and stakeholders committed to fostering positive change in the region.

This article examines the national-cultural and universal characteristics of English and Uzbek proverbs in both languages and their role in people's lives. In this article, the conclusions of famous writers and scientists in their work on proverbs and the role and importance of proverbs in human life are mentioned. When we compared proverbs in different languages, we found differences and similarities between them.

This research project focuses on the development of entrepreneurship textbooks tailored to support the vision of Universitas Jambi (UNJA) and enhance creativity among Civics Study students. The objective is to inspire innovators by integrating entrepreneurial principles into the Civics curriculum, providing students with practical knowledge and skills to foster creativity. The study employs a comprehensive approach, combining curriculum analysis, textbook development, and program implementation. Through this initiative, the research aims to contribute to UNJA's vision of producing socially responsible entrepreneurs capable of driving positive change in their communities.

This comparative study delves into the nuanced realm of customer perception within the two-wheeler industry, focusing on the contrasting dynamics of Honda and Royal Enfield brands. "Revving Opinions" explores the multifaceted factors influencing customer perspectives, encompassing aspects such as brand image, product quality, customer service, and overall satisfaction. Through a comprehensive analysis, this research aims to unravel the distinctive characteristics that shape customer perceptions and preferences in the context of these two prominent two-wheeler brands.

This research delves into sustainable energy sources for education by evaluating the bio-battery potential of soybeans and coconut water. Titled "Sustainable Sparks," the study explores the comparative effectiveness of soybeans and coconut water in generating electrical power for educational purposes. Through a comprehensive analysis, encompassing biochemical processes, electrical output, and environmental sustainability, this research aims to provide insights into the viability of these bio-based energy solutions in powering educational devices.

In this article, measures aimed at consolidating the financial sources and organizational-legal basis of social protection of the country's population, existing problems and proposals and explanations aimed at solving them have been developed.

This article considers that the study of dental anxiety in relation to demographic indicators before patients visit the dentist is necessary for the study. This study examined demographic indicators (age, gender) and dental visiting habits of patients using a questionnaire method.

The purpose of this study was to determine how dental anxiety, demographic factors, and the nature of dental visits are interrelated. This cross-sectional study involved 100 patients who independently completed a questionnaire that included a modified indicator of dental anxiety (MDAS). In addition, demographic information was collected. According to regression analysis (p<05), anxiety about dental problems leads to improper dental treatment. According to the latest analysis, children between the ages of 9 and 15 and those who have never seen a professional dentist are more likely to experience dental anxiety. Boys are more likely than girls to experience anxiety about their teeth. With age, anxiety about teeth decreases. Poor oral hygiene is caused by high dental anxiety, and dental anxiety is increased in people who have never visited a dentist. The results of this study have implications for oral health and can be applied in healthcare programs to improve the effectiveness of care.

Of the 200 examined wisdom teeth, 50% were buried. There are more wisdom teeth in the lower jaw than in the upper jaw. Wisdom teeth are located more medially in the lower jaw and more distally in the upper jaw. To prevent the development of inflammatory processes during the eruption of wisdom teeth, it is optimal to remove the molars of wisdom at the stage of crown formation, if at least one of the morphological parameters is discordant.

Today, in modern economic conditions, dairy farming is characterized by several problems. In order to solve the food problem, to create an added value chain and to replace imports, it is necessary to improve the business environment in the industry by economic entities, as well as by the state, and to further improve the existing system of organizational and economic relations in this regard. will be done. In the article, there are opinions and comments about the further promotion of small business activities in the livestock industry, how important it is for the population and producers, and the proposals that need to be implemented in this regard are also mentioned.

Mythology refers to a collection of traditional stories, beliefs, and narratives that are typically rooted in a specific culture, religion, or society. These stories often involve gods, supernatural beings, heroes, and legendary events and are used to explain the origins of the world, natural phenomena, human behavior, and societal customs. Mythologies can vary significantly from one culture or civilization to another and are an integral part of the cultural heritage and identity of a group of people.

This article describes the methods of chemical bleaching and contraindications to bleaching.

This article examines the effect of three methods of home whitening - peroxides, photosensitive particles and enzymes - on the durability of tooth enamel. The properties of the corresponding active substances, the mechanisms of their action and the effect on the structural and functional properties of tooth enamel are compared.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases are the main group of diseases most commonly found in the maxillofacial region. The relevance of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious and inflammatory lesions (IVP) remains high. The treatment of patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region at the present stage is a complex and unresolved problem both in the Republic of Uzbekistan and around the world.

Titanium is one of the most promising structural materials used for the manufacture of implants in orthopedics and dentistry. This material is characterized by low density, low modulus of elasticity, good formability, hardness close to that of tooth enamel, biocompatibility with biological tissues and corrosion resistance in biological media.

Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin and mucous membranes, infrequently affecting nails and hair, typical elements of which are papules. The incidence of CRPS in the Russian Federation among people aged 18 years and older is on average 12.7 cases per year per 100,000 of the corresponding population.

The use of mini-implants is an integral part of the orthodontist's practice. Skeletal attachment minimizes the dependence of the quality of treatment on the patient, allows you to control treatment at each stage and predict more accurately. The key to the successful use of mini-implants in orthodontic practice lies in proper planning.

In the Republic of Uzbekistan, an online survey was conducted among various age groups in order to determine the most frequently consumed drinks (240 respondents). The pH values of 26 drinks were measured using litmus tests and a pH meter. The drinks were determined based on these pH values and distributed into groups of liquids according to their erosion potential. Five drinks - pineapple juice, lemon juice, red wine, white wine and green tea - were used in the enamel resistance test (ERT). The most aggressive liquid for the hard tissues of the teeth was determined. The results of the experiment showed that the drink that has the most aggressive effect on the hard tissues of the tooth is lemon juice, which reduces the resistance of enamel to caries by 3.33 times within three days. Keywords: acidity of beverages, hard tooth tissues, caries resistance Erosion of hard tooth tissues is a gradual loss of enamel and dentin as a result of acid dissolution. The prevalence of dental erosion is high and is steadily increasing among the population [3]. A recent study conducted in Israel [4] showed that the prevalence of erosion is 36.6% in the 15-18 age group and 61.9% in the 55-60 age group. One of the main factors contributing to the occurrence of erosions is the frequent consumption of low-pH beverages; consumption of low-pH soft drinks continues to grow, and knowledge of their erosive potential is important for dietary and dental counseling. The drinks consumed contain various acids, including carbonic acid, organic acids from fruits, tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid and tartaric acid [1-3]. In recent years, diets using low-pH foods and beverages (such as lemon and vinegar diets) have become increasingly popular, but not everyone is aware of their harmful effects. More and more people use sweet carbonated or non-carbonated drinks instead of plain water to quench their thirst, which also (but not exclusively) negatively affects the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth.

Poetic translation” is occasionally used instead of “poetry translation” to refer to a text, or producing a text, that functions as a poem in the target language, or which uses poetic language. This roughly equates to “re-creative” translation as explained below, though it shades into “adaptation”/etc. To avoid confusion with the much broader concept of poetry translation, I do not use the term “poetic translation”.

Translation of short stories as a literary work has become a trend lately because the short story provides entertainment and education for the readers. However, the translation process has been complicated because translators must be able to convey the message without changing the purposes of a source language. The preliminary observation discovered numerous errors made by students when they translate Indonesian short stories into English. Thus, this study aims to analyze the types and causes of translation errors in translating the short story.

Today, dental caries remains one of the most important problems of modern dentistry. It affects 80% of the world's population and is of great clinical and social importance. The world dental practice has confirmed that it is possible to change the status quo and keep teeth healthy by introducing methods of prevention of dental diseases. The development and implementation of appropriate preventive measures is now included in the national project "Health" and is one of the priorities of hygienic science and practice. In the modern understanding, dental health is a complex of functional, morphological, clinical and aesthetic criteria for the condition of the maxillary, maxillary and facial systems that ensure emotional, social, psychological and physical well-being of a person, as well as aspects of life such as proper nutrition and the performance of social functions, for example, work and communication activities Dental health is an integral part the normal state of the human body is ensured by knowledge of the basics of personal oral hygiene.

This article presents the works of Uzbek composers in the program of pop symphony orchestra. In addition, the works of pop symphony orchestra and composers of Uzbekistan are widely covered.

In this article, the ways and means of state support for innovative activities in the service sector, the factors for the development of innovative activities, the economic meaning and essence of the use of innovative entrepreneurship in the service sector, various mechanisms and implementation methods of state regulation and support of innovative entrepreneurship are researched. Done.

Anomalies of the upper jaw are very common. According to various authors (1, 5), their prevalence in adults ranges from 28.8 to 37%. As for dental deformities, they are even more common, especially in patients with occlusal abnormalities complicated by dentition defects. According to a number of studies (2), such deformities occur in 67.1-69.4% of patients with partial tooth loss. Various methods of preparation for prosthetics are described in the dental literature (3, 4, 6). However, many problems remain unresolved.

Stamped crowns are used when the crown is completely destroyed and cannot be repaired with fillings, inlays or half-crowns. Stamped crowns consist of two separate parts: an artificial tooth root with a support and a crown (covering structure) above it. However, in cases of abnormal bite, incorrect position of teeth or pathological erosion of teeth, the manufacture and use of such prostheses is fraught with certain difficulties. Therefore, in such cases, before the direct manufacture of a pin tab, crown or bridge prosthesis, it is necessary to carry out appropriate orthopedic (orthodontic) preparation for prosthetics.

This article provides information on the various causes of complications at different stages of orthopedic treatment of patients equipped with non-removable prostheses, starting with classical and original studies. This article provides information on the various causes of complications at different stages of orthopedic treatment of patients equipped with non-removable prostheses. Complexes for which medical and orthopedic guarantees are mandatory are described. A set of mandatory medical and orthopedic protective measures aimed at leveling the adverse effects of medical manipulations in the manufacture and use of metal-ceramic prostheses is described. Favorable methods of maintaining pulp viability and the principle of pulp protection with a minimum number of medical and orthopedic measures are highlighted.In metal-ceramic prosthetics, special attention is paid to the principles of maintaining the viability of the pulp and protecting the pulp with minimal polishing of the hard tissues of the tooth.

One of the most important areas in modern dentistry is geriatric dentistry. To date, a large amount of data on the dental status of the elderly and geriatric population has been published in the literature. It is known that age-related biological changes affect the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth, periodontal tissues and oral mucosa.

The article examines the effect of non-removable orthopedic structures on the condition of oral tissues. The problems of modern methods of prosthetics based on implants are highlighted. The most common errors and complications in non-removable prosthetics are analyzed. The assessment of the physical and technical properties of metal-ceramic structures has not yet been sufficiently studied. To prevent chipping of ceramics, contact of antagonistic prostheses is not allowed. Thus, the question of the effect on the clinical and morphological status of non-removable prosthetics in the absence of periodontal tissues remains unresolved.

Thompson first reported on gum retraction methods in 1941, suggesting the use of moistened twine. Currently, both mechanical and chemical and combined methods are used for gum retraction. Mechanical gum retraction involves the use of unpowered retraction threads or rings, silicone caps for gum retraction and special tools such as gum elevators. Hemostatic solutions or gels are used for chemical gum retraction. For complex gum retraction, retraction filaments, impregnation rings and retraction pastes are used.

Aphthous stomatitis is an urgent problem of modern dentistry and an inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa with a long course. It has been established that recurrent aphthous stomatitis occurs against the background of exacerbation of chronic somatic pathology, which worsens the clinical course and reduces the effectiveness of treatment in these patients. Aphthous stomatitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa characterized by the first appearance of aphth in childhood or adolescence, with periodic remissions and frequent exacerbations. According to domestic and foreign authors, aphthous stomatitis affects about 20% of the world's population [1, 2]. Despite numerous studies, the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease have not been fully studied. Provoking factors include immunological and hormonal disorders, genetic predisposition, altered reactivity of the body, sensitization, represented by hypersensitivity to proteinaceous, staphylococcal, streptococcal and E. coli, food allergies, deficiency of vitamins and trace elements, gastrointestinal disorders (celiac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), mechanical damage to the oral mucosa mechanical damage and stress [3-19]. In addition, aphthous stomatitis may be one of the initial manifestations of Behcet's disease [20-25], and it has been established that AS relapses can occur against the background of exacerbation of chronic diseases, worsening the clinical course and reducing the effectiveness of treatment in such patients [26-28]. Therefore, a thorough examination of the patient and consultation with a therapist make it possible to optimize and individualize the approach to the treatment of aphthous stomatitis. The purpose of this study was to study the structure of somatic pathology in patients with aphthous stomatitis.

Epidemiological studies show that only 12% of people have healthy periodontal tissues, 53% have early inflammatory changes in the supporting tissues of the teeth and 23% have destructive changes. Of these, 12% of patients have moderate to severe changes. These figures also apply to patients without orthopedic dental treatment, however, the presence of dentures in the oral cavity contributes to the emergence and development of inflammatory and destructive processes in periodontal tissues due to poor oral hygiene [2]. Most periodontal diseases are inflammatory in nature. Inflammation occurs under the influence of microbial plaque products, but at the same time, the role of local trauma, including iatrogenic causes, should be noted. According to statistics, endodontic lesions are the cause of premature removal of denture crowns in 17% of cases, mechanical destruction of cermet crowns and abutment teeth occurs in 27% of cases, and aesthetic deficiency due to destructive changes in the periodontal ligament occurs in 64% [3]. To date, most non-removable dentures are made using prepared teeth as abutments without bite, which naturally leads to chronic injury and a sharp decrease in hygiene due to the preservation of food residues and dental deposits at the edges of non-removable elements (crowns, linings, etc.).

The main factors leading to the development of localized pathological periodontal pockets are the following. Localized pathological periodontal pockets include. Poor-quality direct restorations, incomplete crowns and lack of contact points. The absence of contact points. Pathological periodontal pockets are mainly localized on the lateral teeth. This is due to the large number of fillings in this part of the jaw. The dentition of the jaw is part of the jawbone. In combination with chronic injury of the gingival tissue, it leads to the formation and deepening of pathological periodontal pockets. This article presents a comprehensive algorithm for the treatment of localized periodontitis. We are talking about periodontitis, in the treatment of which orthopedic factors play an important role.

In this article, you can find information about terms of usage of necessary mechanisms to improve future informatic teachers' skills on creating the integrated apps and didactic conditions, which are improving informatic teachers' skills on creating interactive apps.

This article emphasizes that proper management of work documents plays a crucial role in the operations of institutions and organizations. Issues related to teaching the drafting of work documents are also relevant in organizing documentation processes. The article also explores methodological and orthographic requirements for document texts. Several problematic situations associated with teaching work document skills have been identified.