Vol. 4 No. 02 (2024): Volume - IV Issue - II

Photographs, thermograms and radiographs are modern, intensively and rationally developing directions in the diagnostic process, especially in combination with computer methods of analysis. Their use has distinctive features. This increases the accuracy and reliability of the assessment of the condition of the teeth.

More than a century ago, a link was discovered between oral infections, tooth extraction and cardiovascular diseases (infectious endocarditis), and by the middle of the 20th century, the practice of routine prescribing antibiotics for the prevention of endocarditis before invasive dental procedures appeared Since 1950, the theory of infection development associated with infection of the alveolar bone system, The etiological role was also expanded to several other anatomical areas not related to the oral cavity.

The results of a clinical study evaluating the periodontal tissue index and functional vacuum testing indicate the effectiveness of low-intensity laser therapy in the combined treatment of chronic generalized catarrhal gingivitis. The use of this treatment method led to a faster reduction of inflammatory changes in the periodontal ligament and minimal discomfort for the patient compared with the control group in which a low-intensity laser was not included in the combined treatment plan.

I recently saw a child who, at the age of 1 year and 4 months, had already had several teeth removed. Unfortunately, the number of such children is growing, - 88.4% of children aged 5-7 years living in Uzbekistan suffer from caries.

Appearance is one of the main concerns of people seeking orthodontic treatment. The face is the part of the body that makes the most impression in terms of physical attractiveness. People with maxillofacial abnormalities are particularly susceptible to negative reactions from others, which can lead to a decrease in self-confidence and low self-esteem.

Surgeons, radiologists and pathologists have been improving the classification of tumors and tumor-like formations of the maxillofacial region over the years in order to develop unified treatment protocols. The classification of tumors by origin and histological criteria is accepted all over the world.

According to scanning electron microscopy, mechanical tests of Filtek Ultimate composite material samples for compression and bending with an increase in polymerization temperature showed an increase in the level of structuring and a decrease in defects in the material, which had a positive effect on the mechanical properties of the material.

Currently, not only is the mortality rate of patients with odontogenic sepsis high, but early diagnosis of progressive odontogenic inflammatory process remains difficult. In many ways, the insufficient effectiveness of modern sepsis therapy is due to the premature prognosis of the development of multiple organ failure in conditions of exacerbation of concomitant pathology, exacerbating local and general clinical manifestations of infection. Multiorgan insufficiency is the main cause of death in patients with surgical sepsis of any etiology.

If a general practitioner has already cured and removed a diseased tooth that the dental surgeon considered unsuitable for prosthetics, prosthetics are usually followed by oral care.

Optimization of clinical practice among students is an urgent problem of the modern educational process. Clinical practice is an integral and essential part of the training of dentists.

The main task of pediatric dentistry is to provide conditions for the harmonious growth and development of the child. Anomalies of the temporomandibular joint are formed gradually.

The significance of the study Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the marginal periodontium is a complex and urgent problem of modern dentistry, acquiring not only medical but also social significance.

This article analyzes the legal aspects of interaction between the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Oliy Majlis based on the articles of the new edition of the Constitution. Also, based on the position and role of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the system of state power, theoretical and scientific opinions and considerations regarding the status of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to the principle of distribution of powers have been studied, and its tasks based on the constitution are shown. It is known that the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a legislative body with the power to establish and determine, and its closest partner in this activity is the government, which is also manifested in the practice of foreign countries. The Cabinet of Ministers, in carrying out the current execution and issuance of orders, determines the need for regulation in society by law, develops this bill and submits it to parliament. The article provides statistical data on the government's activities in this direction and the results of a comparative analysis. The article also mentions procedures for cooperation between the government and parliamentary chambers in foreign countries.

This article explores task-based approaches to university-level writing instruction, acknowledging the shift from traditional methods to prioritize meaningful communication. The introduction establishes the importance of tasks, defined as activities promoting meaningful language use in Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT). Challenges in implementation, such as task design and assessment, are discussed, alongside insights from a research on difficulties faced by Uzbek students. Proposed lesson plans provide practical applications, emphasizing linguistic development, communicative competence, and critical thinking skills. Global perspectives, citing influential scholars, enrich the discussion, and the article concludes with a focus on addressing specific challenges in Uzbekistan. This comprehensive overview offers insights into task-based language teaching's applicability and relevance, providing valuable guidance for educators globally and addressing the unique needs of Uzbek students.

Surgical intervention is inevitable when the demineralization of the hard tissues of the tooth has reached an irreversible stage and caries cannot be prevented, or when caries has already formed and bacteria have gained access to deeper layers of tooth tissues.

Advantages of using Smartburs® II for deep cavity formation When forming deep cavities, it is important to maintain a healthy dentin layer at the bottom of the cavity in order to avoid opening the pulp chamber Smartburs® II is the only rotary instrument capable of distinguishing pathological and healthy dentin. Unlike conventional carbide, diamond or ceramic bores, it cuts the same way, regardless of whether the dentin is diseased or healthy, which is a serious problem when creating deep cavities.

The microbial composition of the oral cavity was determined in 25 patients with moderate periodontitis using splinting fixed prostheses and 25 control patients using similar prostheses using a set of hygienic measures: rinses, medicinal pastes with herbal extracts and hygienic tablets for cleaning removable prostheses. A study has been conducted.

In addition, there are thermoplastics. This is a relatively young trend in Russia, but it has been successfully used in Europe and the USA for a long time and is finding more and more supporters in our country. Thermoplastics are more homogeneous, durable and elastic than acrylic plastics. Their strength is five to ten times higher. Thermoplastics make it possible to produce partial or complete removable dentures that are firmly fixed in the patient's oral cavity.

Due to its special properties, zirconium dioxide is today the material of choice for prosthetics on implants. In practice, the conditions for prosthetics are not always ideal. When teeth are manufactured at the level of the implant platform using an individual milling cutter, there is no need for special equipment or additional costs for the manufacture of additional expensive crowns. This clinical case shows that the use of individually milled zirconium dioxide abutments and ceramic veneers has many undeniable advantages in screw-fixed restorations.

The process of enamel maturation and caries development in prematurely erupted premolars is analyzed. The effectiveness of the use of mineralizing rinses during the period of enamel maturation in prematurely erupted premolars was evaluated.

Dental treatment as a result of injury is not as common as carious lesions. However, in such cases, a comprehensive and qualified approach to solving the problem is very important. Injuries due to mechanical trauma most often occur in the front teeth of the oral cavity - according to various sources, about 80% [1]. Timely dental treatment and long-term management after injury can significantly reduce the risk of post-traumatic complications such as pulp necrosis, root resorption and dental ankylosis. Child and adolescent psychology is designed in such a way that patients with traumatic dental injuries are referred to a pediatric dentist for consultation more often than to an adult [3, 4].

Characterization of epileptiform activity in children with cerebral palsy without seizures will help to determine the risk of epilepsy development, identify criteria and frequency of idiopathic forms of epilepsy. Such research methods included the use of the GMFCS motor function assessment; the presence of epileptiform activity is comorbid with the severity of motor status, but its onset does not affect the severity of cognitive epilepsy. Epilepsy has a benign course.

The characterization of epileptiform activity in children with cerebral palsy without epileptic seizures is useful for determining the risk of developing epilepsy and identifying criteria and frequency of idiopathic epilepsy. The assessment of motor functions according to GMFCS was used as a method for such studies; the presence or absence of epileptiform activity is comorbid with the severity of motor status, but its presence does not affect the severity of cognitive impairment; epilepsy is benign. Epilepsy has a benign course.

This study explores the potential of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a sustainable alternative to traditional transportation fuels in Nigeria. With growing concerns about environmental pollution and energy security, the adoption of cleaner and more efficient fuel sources is imperative. LPG, a versatile and readily available energy resource, offers significant advantages in terms of reduced emissions, lower operational costs, and enhanced energy security. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, policy frameworks, and case studies, this paper assesses the feasibility and implications of transitioning to LPG for transportation in Nigeria. Key considerations include infrastructure development, regulatory frameworks, market dynamics, and socio-economic impacts. The findings contribute to ongoing discussions on sustainable energy transitions and inform strategies for promoting LPG adoption in the transportation sector, thereby driving environmental sustainability and energy resilience in Nigeria.

This study examines the impact of the Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (G.E.S.S.) on food crop farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria, with a focus on enhancing agricultural growth. Through a comprehensive evaluation, various dimensions of the G.E.S.S. initiative are analyzed, including its effectiveness, challenges faced, and the overall influence on the agricultural landscape. Data is gathered through surveys, interviews, and statistical analysis, offering insights into the scheme's contribution to the growth of food crop farming in the region. The findings provide a nuanced understanding of the scheme's role in agricultural development, shedding light on both its successes and areas for improvement.

The conditions determining the high prevalence and intensity of major dental diseases against the background of impaired immunological reactivity of organs and tissues of the oral cavity include climatogeographic and social living conditions, the general condition of the body and one of the most common etiological causes threatening both the general health and the oral cavity of the population, - tobacco includes changes in regulatory indicators of immune status caused by smoking Tobacco smoking is an incalculable burden for health authorities and governments in many countries as a socio-economic problem associated with early mortality from smoking-related diseases, disability and economic losses due to absence from the workplace.

In recent years, the ongoing reforms in the field of education have been noticeably felt in Uzbekistan.  The creation of new educational institutions, the opening of modern areas of education and training specialties, as well as correspondence and evening departments, an increase in admission quotas to higher educational institutions are important reforms in this direction.  At the same time, great importance is given to reforms related to the study of foreign languages. 

In the world, dual learning programmes are increasingly offered by higher education institutions. These programmes’ main characteristic and greatest challenge is their integration of academic and vocational learning. So far, this challenge has frequently been stated without specifying its exact nature and consequences for learners. The present study addresses this pedagogical research gap and examines the extent of variation in the degree of integration among dual study programmes. With reference to curriculum theory, the study develops an empirical typology of curricular integration in dual programmes. The data sample consists of 152 programmes at (dual) universities and universities of applied sciences. Data is analysed using hierarchical cluster analysis. Results indicate that the currently prevailing forms of curricular integration should best be differentiated according to five types. The five overlapping types of integration are located on a continuum ranging from parallelism through organisational linking to full curricular integration targeted immediately at students’ personal integration. The analysis confirms that there are problems with complying with integration standards set on the policy level. Above all, the study offers new insights on what marks the diverse integration landscape of dual study programmes. It proves that approaches to integration are more differentiated than previous research has shown.

Today, times are changing rapidly.  It is the youth who will feel this change more than anyone else.  Let the youth be in harmony with the demands of their time.  But at the same time, don't forget your identity.  Let the call of who we are and the descendants of great people always echo in their hearts and encourage them to stay true to themselves.  How can we achieve this?  At the expense of education, education and only education» .

The article discusses the importance of studying immersive technologies at the present stage of education; an analysis of virtual reality is given. A comparison is made between traditional education and education using immersive technologies. The importance of immersive technologies in higher education is revealed, allowing to expand the possibilities of remote interaction between people.

Congenital edentulism in children and adolescents against the background of ectodermal dysplasia is a fairly rare pathology in orthopedic and orthodontic practice. Even less common are clinical cases of oligodontia (congenital absence of six or more teeth) or complete primary edentulism of false and permanent teeth. There are few descriptions of such clinical cases in the domestic and international scientific literature. The issues of fundamental theory and clinical application in the dental treatment of children and adolescents with congenital edentulism and ectodermal dysplasia are reflected in several disparate publications. They are devoted to certain nuances of the problem - issues of terminology, classification and prevalence of the disease, characteristic clinical features, treatment of patients with congenital root defects and issues of their comprehensive rehabilitation. A small number of scientific studies have been published on this topic in the form of dissertations and theses.

It is worth noting that Elinor is a promising direction in orthodontics. Modern orthodontics has developed a convenient way to correct malocclusion using the Elinor device, which is completely invisible when worn on the teeth and does not cause any discomfort to the patient. This facilitates cooperation with the patient and reduces the fear of orthodontic treatment, the need for which is growing every year. This article discusses the possibility of using removable transparent capeliners as an alternative to non-removable bracket systems.

Herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV)) after primary infection in childhood, they persist in the body throughout life and are reactivated under the influence of various exogenous and endogenous triggers. Persistent herpesvirus infection causes pronounced clinical and immunological changes in many somatic and dental diseases. However, few and contradictory studies have studied the effect of herpesvirus infection on the development and clinical course of lichenoid lesions of the oral mucosa (LSO), especially in relation to various types of herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EB) and cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Currently, a wide range of antiviral drugs with antiherpetic activity is being developed. The experience of their clinical use has shown that all drugs have a number of disadvantages. In order to increase the effectiveness of the combined treatment of patients with herpes simplex labialis, a new pharmacological composition based on sialativit plus triazavirin has been developed. The results of the study showed that the use of a new pharmacological composition increased the effectiveness of combined treatment of patients with herpes simplex labialis up to 1.4 times compared with the traditional scheme of combined treatment, which is expressed in contributing to the epithelization of pathological elements.

This article seeks to discover the great triumph of the science of criminal law and to form a single general structure of all these crimes, and on this basis to compile the composition of each crime from the group of four basic features that describe the object, the subject, the objective side, the subject and the subjective side.

Summary The most important and conceptually significant aspects of disclosure of information about medical negligence are considered, It is methodological, organizational and practical in nature. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the general features of the problem are presented, including in the Republic of Belarus, and the prospects for its solution are presented.

If a person is facing charges of an offense that could endanger his reputation or life in general, he must know exactly where the line between prohibition and tolerance runs. Theoretically, this should also apply to the unfair conduct of scientific research. However, the organizations that tried to define this misconduct precisely could not come to a consensus. It should be recognized that a universal definition of unfair behavior in scientific research is impossible in principle. Trying to find an answer will deepen our understanding of the problem.

The study of the characteristics of a person's psychological properties that influence his motivation to maintain his health is important and relevant. A clinical examination of patients, a questionnaire including questions about behavioral habits, self-assessment of the condition of periodontal tissues, and a psychological questionnaire were conducted. Patients with a high level of perfectionism rate their oral cavity condition low due to high demands on themselves, fear of not meeting high internal standards, and the desire to be better than others. They strive for perfection and therefore carefully perform their work, while they may not pay attention to the state of health and oral hygiene.

Media and publishing activities coordination, of the media operating on the premises issues of strengthening the material and technical base and personnel potential remains relevant. 

The oral cavity plays a special role in the perception of undesirable factors of tobacco smoke, and the state of the oral organs is an informative indicator that dynamically reflects and reacts to its effects. This article examines the peculiarities of the influence of tobacco smoke components on the development of major dental diseases of the oral cavity in young people. The specifics of the occurrence and course of the main dental diseases - caries, inflammatory diseases of the ligamentous apparatus of the periodontal and oral mucosa are discussed. It was found that in young smokers, compared with non-smokers, dental caries is more common, mild chronic generalized periodontitis is more often diagnosed, and diseases of the oral mucosa with hyperkeratosis as the main sign are more common. Almost all (98.7%) smokers were diagnosed with cheilitis. Oral hygiene was "unsatisfactory" in the non-smokers group and "poor" in the smokers group.

Today, global research on the impact of smoking on human health and the problem of creating methods necessary for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by this harmful habit are among the main directions for improving public health in Russia and in the world as a whole. Despite the fact that for many years the main harmful effects of tobacco smoke components on human health have been well known, smoking remains one of the most important public health problems in many countries of the world [1]. In many previous studies, scientists have presented a strict relationship between tobacco smoking and various human diseases. Smoking is often the cause of cardiovascular diseases, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system. Not only smokers, but also non-smokers are under the influence of tobacco smoke substances [1]. Inhalation of air contaminated with tobacco smoke, or "secondhand smoke", undoubtedly causes diseases in non-smokers that are characteristic of those who smoke standard medium-strength cigarettes. [This is why quitting smoking is an important medical and social issue.

The problem of forecasting, prevention and treatment of patients with diseases of the temporomandibular joint occupies a leading place in national and international dental programs [Puzin M.N., Vyazmin A.Ya., 2002; Slavicek R., 2006; Manfredini D., 2013; Roshchin E.M., Panteleev V.D., Roshchin A.V., 2014; Schiffman E., 2014]. The results of scientific research indicate a high prevalence of temporomandibular joint dysfunction among the population, reaching 45-80% [Sysolyatin P.G. et al., 2001; Bezrukov V.M., Semkin V.A., Grigoryants L.A., Rabukhina N.A., 2002; Sulimov A.F., Savchenko K.R., Grigorovich E.S., 2004; Khvatova V.A., 2005; Silin A.V., 2006; Bulycheva E.A., 2013; Beatriz Minghelli, 2014). Of these, internal violations account for 70 to 82% (Ivasenko P.I. et al., 2007; Maglione H.O., 2013].

Internal disorders of the temporomandibular joint are pathologic changes resulting from an incorrect relationship between the mandibular head and the articular tubercle, as well as various variants of displacement of the articular disk, its defects and deformities, stretching and rupture of intra-articular ligaments or a combination of these [Ivanov V.A.., 1999; Kupriyanov I.A.,]. Ilyin A.A. and Shkurupiy V.A. (2003), Dergilev A.P., Ilyin A.A., Adonyeva et al. (2010), and Kotiranta U., Suvinen T., and Forssell H. (2014) are cited in the references.

Internal disorders are considered to be the morphological substrate of dysfunctions of the dentoalveolar system, with a complex and diverse mechanism of development. This includes muscle conditions, temporomandibular joint occlusion, and psychoemotional status, which are all interconnected (Vyazmin A.Y., 1999; BalKüçük B. et al., 2009; Iordanishvili A.K., Soldatova L.N., Ryzhak G.A., 2011).

Currently, there is no consensus on the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease [Vyazmin A.Y., 1999; Tsimbalistov A.V., Lopushanskaya T.A. et al., 2010]. It is important to note that these are subjective evaluations and should be clearly marked as such. Some authors suggest that psychological stress plays a significant role in the development of TMJ pathology [Puzin M.N., Vyazmin A.Y., 2002; Bulycheva E.A., 2010], while others attribute it to articulation disorders [Konnonov V.V. et al, 2004; Khvatova V.A.,]. In 2005, Silin A.V. reported hypertonus of the masticatory muscles. In 2007, Ivasenko P.I. et al. and in 2009, Persin L.S. and Sharov M.N. reported the combined effect of various factors.

One of the main components in the production of building materials is silicon, and an increase in the production of building materials means an increase in the number of workers engaged in their processing. Silicon is a brown powder or gray crystals. It is a part of sandstone, graphite, sand, coal mine waste rock, molded earth and porcelain pieces. Silicon is also one of the main components of dust in many industries, especially porcelain and abrasive. Silicon dioxide is a component of quartz, quartz and other materials. Human inhalation of silicon-containing dust leads to the development of silicosis, which manifests itself in the form of pulmonary fibrosis and increasingly impairs their function.

The paper describes an approach to organizing laboratory workshops on electromagnetism, which consists in using the “Virtual Laboratory”. This approach made it possible to implement part of the educational process in a remote or front-line mode, reduce the costs of implementing laboratory workshops, reduce the risks of expensive equipment being damaged due to unskilled use, and implement new forms of work that are difficult to implement within a traditional laboratory (such as, for example, the introduction and troubleshooting). Practical classes in physics are an integral part of the discipline being studied. A clear and deep understanding of the basic laws of physics and its methods is impossible without working in a physics laboratory, as well as without performing home laboratory work. By conducting laboratory research, students not only confirm the known laws of physics, but also learn to work with physical instruments and master the skills of practical research. Interactive virtual laboratory and practical work is a learning environment that, using computer interactive visualization, allows schoolchildren to simulate a real experiment and conduct educational research. This is an educational environment aimed at ensuring the development of the student’s skills to independently generate new knowledge, formulate ideas, concepts, hypotheses about objects and phenomena, including previously unknown ones, recognize the deficits of their own knowledge and competencies, and plan their development.

The following are unarguably the best tools for translators. They will help you create top-notch work and assist in faster, optimized, high-quality translated material to aid communications satisfactorily.

In the article, the role of the state in developing and strengthening the export potential in Uzbekistan, increasing the competitiveness of its sectors, first of all, in order to ensure macroeconomic stability, regulating national economic sectors, eliminating negative external factors affecting them, encouraging exports, giving incentives in taxation, developing financial and credit mechanisms issues are covered.

In the article, in order to improve the practice of making import payments of importing enterprises at the expense of documented letters of credit of commercial banks in our country, the issues of increasing the volume of non-reimbursable and irrevocable letters of credit to customers with a good credit history are highlighted. As a result of this, firstly, currency funds belonging to importing enterprises are prevented from leaving their economic circulation; secondly, commercial banks will have an important source of income.

Mythology refers to a collection of traditional stories, beliefs, and narratives that are typically rooted in a specific culture, religion, or society. These stories often involve gods, supernatural beings, heroes, and legendary events and are used to explain the origins of the world, natural phenomena, human behavior, and societal customs. Mythologies can vary significantly from one culture or civilization to another and are an integral part of the cultural heritage and identity of a group of people. Origin Stories: Myths often contain creation stories that explain how the world, humanity, or specific aspects of life came into existence. These stories may involve divine beings or cosmic events.

Today, in the developed countries of the world, the methodology and technologies of the monitoring process and international research are being improved in order to make a comparative comparison of the results of the educational process, to regularly analyze the dynamics of the development of students' knowledge and the quality of education. One such international study, Pisa, is one of the most important educational programs in preparing students for international assessment programs. This article discusses the PISA international assessment program and the effectiveness of its use.

The article highlights the essence of directing students to independent education in technical higher educational institutions, formation of students ‘ self-development abilities, creative application of the acquired knowledge.