European International Journal of Philological Sciences
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
15-17
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
12 April 2025
ACCEPTED
08 May 2025
PUBLISHED
10 June 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue 06 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Similarities and
Differences Between the
Terminal and The Terminal
Absolute
Isamutdinov Azizbek
Senior Lecturer, Department of Oriental Languages, Oriental University,
Uzbekistan
Abstract
: This article focuses on the analysis of two
important syntactic components in Arabic grammar
—
maf‘ul bihi (direct object) and maf‘ul mutlaq (absolute
object). It begins by explaining the lexical and
terminological definitions of both types, their syntactic
roles in a sentence, and their function in enhancing
meaning. Maf‘ul bihi refers to the noun that directly
receives the action of the verb, acting as its immediate
obje
ct. In contrast, maf‘ul mutlaq is derived from the
same root as the verb and serves to emphasize, explain,
or quantify the action itself. The article outlines their
similarities, such as both appearing in the accusative
case (nasb), having a direct grammatical link to the verb,
and contributing to the clarity of the sentence.
However, key differences are also thoroughly discussed:
maf‘ul bihi typically refers to an external object, while
maf‘ul mutlaq is often a verbal noun (masdar) derived
from the verb itself. The article includes examples of
both usages, highlights their practical roles in
communication, and provides guidance for language
learners and educators on how to approach them in
teaching and translation. Written in an analytical style,
the article serves as a valuable resource for Arabic
language learners, translators, and linguists, offering
both theoretical insights and practical knowledge
necessary for deep syntactic understanding and
interpretation of Arabic texts.
Keywords:
maf’ul bihi, maf'ul mutlaq, Ar
abic grammar,
genitive case, syntax, masdar, Arabic complement,
syntactic analysis, teaching Arabic.
Introduction:
The fact that the maf'ul bihi is called the
European International Journal of Philological Sciences
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European International Journal of Philological Sciences
impersonal complement in many books has led to
some incomprehensible situations. For example,
N.Ibrohimov and M.Yusupov gave the maf'ul bihi the
term impersonal compliment. However, they also
mentioned that there are verbs that control two words
in the accusative case after themselves, the first of
which is impersonal, and the second is an impersonal
complement, and they gave the following sentence as
an example:
ًاباتك ًادمحم ىطعأ
–
Give Muhammad a book.
(mz) .
M
.Nosirova also cited the term mafʼul bihī as an
indirect complement.
V.N.Yushmanov, explaining this issue in more detail,
says: “The accusative case indicates the transfer of the
action to a close object, that is, it is the direct
complement of a transitive verb. For example:
ًاملق ذخ
–
Take the pen.
Then it indicates the transfer of the action to a distant
object, that is, it is the complement in the sense of the
accusative case of departure. For example:
ًاملق ينطعأ
–
Give me a pen”
.
B.M.Grande also brings the present participle under
the subject of accusative case, stating that the object
to which the action is directly transferred is usually
expressed by accusative case , giving the example of
ًلجر يقل
–
He met a man.
To clarify the above opinions of the Uzbek and Russian
Arab scholars, let us get acquainted with the
definitions of the mafʻul bihi and the remaining mafʻuls
and some of his thoughts on this subject by one of the
modern Arab grammarians, Mustafa Ghalayyini: “The
word mafʻul bihi means what
ever the action of the
performer takes place on, regardless of whether the
action is participial or not. For this reason, the form of
the verb is in a clear ratio. For example:
ملقلا تيرب
–
I
sharpened the pen;
ملقلا تيرب ام
–
I did not sharpen the
pen.
If the verb requires more than one mafʻul bihi in a
sentence, the mafʻul bihi comes one after the other.
For example:
ًامهرد ريقفلا تيطعأ
–
I gave a dirham to a poor man.
ًاعقاو رملاا تننظ
–
I thought that it was over (happened).
يلج رملاا ًاديعس تملعأ
ًا
–
I told Said that the matter is clear
”
.
As can be seen from the last information, a verb can
form a compound verb in a sentence. In such cases,
one of the compound verbs corresponds to a modal
complement in the Uzbek language. Therefore, it is
more appropriate to call a compound verb a
“complement” rather than calling it a modal
complement. However, if we approach the issue more
deeply, it is not enough to simply consider the maful
bihi as a “complementary”. Because it is clear from the
last example that the process of translating examples of
the rules of the maful bihi into the Uzbek language
shows that the issue is even broader.
In order to clearly illustrate the characteristics of the
maful bihi, we consider it appropriate to bring out the
aspects of the other mafuls that are similar to it and that
can be confused with it, and to highlight the aspects that
serve to show the subtle differences between them.
–
The second of the mafuls is the maful mutlaq.
The similar aspects of the maful mutlaq to the maful
bihi:
–
The maful mutlaq also comes in the form of a
derivation, like the maful bihi;
–
Since it is a secondary part, it comes after the
main parts.
However, the maful mutlaq is distinguished by the
following specific features:
–
The infinitive of a verb (the name of the action)
can sometimes be used in a sentence to strengthen the
meaning conveyed by this verb. The infinitive in this
function is called the “absolute infinitive” and comes at
the end of the sentence in an indefinite manner. For
example
ًابرز َّصللا اوبرز
–
They hit the thief hard.
(Therefore, the absolute infinitive is expressed by the
infinitive. In the infinitive, this condition is not made)
–
The absolute infinitive can be followed by a
corresponding determiner. This determiner, of course,
is fully consistent with the infinitive. For example
كحض
ًاديدش ًاكحض بلاتلا
–
The student laughed hard. (Although it
is similar to the infinitive in this respect, the fact that the
absolute infinitive is expressed by the infinitive is its first
distinguishing feature, while the fact that the verb is not
required to be transitive for the absolute infinitive is its
second distinguishing feature).
–
Sometimes the infinitive can come with its
unadjusted determiner. For example:
بيرغلا دورت ىندورت
–
He drove me away like a stranger. (The transitive verb
can also have an unadjusted determiner, but the
transitive verb in the sentence above belongs to the
class of verbs that require a single transitive verb. For
this reason, we cannot translate the second word in the
accusative case as the transitive verb of this verb).
The verb can be dropped in pronunciation and replaced
by an infinitive in the absolute position. For example:
ًةعاط و ًاعمس
–
I hear and I obey.
In pronunciation, the infinitive that comes in place of
the omitted verb cannot be used in the dual and plural.
The same situation occurs in the Maful bih. In Arabic
grammar books, these rules are given under the names
“igʻra” and “tahzir”.
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European International Journal of Philological Sciences
Tahzir is the omission of verbs meaning warning and its
result is that the noun comes in the accusative case. In
this case, the omitted verbs can mean “be careful”,
“stay away”, “keep”, or “preserve”. Also, the warning
can be expressed with words like
“
كايا
”,
that is,
“
preserve
”.
For example,
بذكلا و كايا
- avoid lying. In this
sentence, the noun comes in the accusative case
because one of the verbs above is omitted.
M. Ghalayyini also mentions that in a sentence that
expresses a warning, the thing being threatened or the
name of the person being warned may be omitted.
The issue of “igra” is also studied in the context of the
mafʻul bihi.
Igra is the occurrence of a noun in the accusative case
as a result of the omission of verbs that express an
incitement to do something. In this case, verbs such as
“do”, “demand”, and “save” are also omitted. For
example,
داهتجلا
–
act hard.
When the information related to both rules mentioned
above is compared and studied, it becomes clear that
the noun in the accusative case mentioned in the
mafʻul absolute only expresses an action, and the
meaning of the sentence is derived by saying that
action in the imperative mood or the present-future
tense. In the rules of Iqra and Tahzir, the noun in the
accusative case does not always express the action,
and the meaning of the sentence does not come out
precisely by expressing itself in the imperative mood or
the present-future tense.
Below, we will consider the aspects of the absolute
imperative that should be avoided from being
misunderstood as the absolute imperative.
These are:
1) A noun formed from the name of an action. For
example,
ملس تملس ،ًاملك كتملك
ًا
2) An action noun with the same base in its formation
can take its place. For example,
ًاتابن ضرلا نم مكتبنأ اللهو
(Noah: 17)
3) The weapon used in the execution of the action can
take the place of the absolute imperative. For example,
ًاطوص َّصللا تبرذ
4) A demonstrative pronoun that refers to the infinitive
that comes in the function of the absolute imperative
can take the place of the absolute imperative. For
example,
لوق للد تلق
In the above examples, the words that come in place
of the absolute perfective are in the noun category, so
there is a high probability that they will be understood
as the absolute perfective. Therefore, it is necessary to
take into account that such substitutes also come in
place of the absolute perfect. In this case, it is
necessary to know how many of the transitive verbs in
the sentence belong to the category of verbs that
require the presence of the absolute perfective.
The definite article and the definite article are two
important elements of the Arabic syntax, which play a
special role in clarifying and strengthening the content
of the action in the structure of the sentence. This article
analyzes in depth the lexical and terminological
meanings, the function of the sentence, as well as the
similarities and differences of these two grammatical
units. Both definite articles are similar in that they are in
the genitive case, are directly related to the verb, and
have the function of completing the meaning of the
sentence. However, their main difference is that the
definite article is the direct object of the verb, while the
definite article expresses or strengthens the action
itself.
Based on the analysis, it can be said that although these
two concepts are grammatically related, their functional
orientation is different. Th
e definite article is the verb’s
“what?” or “who?”, while the absolute imperative is
more of a verb-
defining aspect, such as “how?” or “how
much?” For Arabic learners, understanding the
difference between these two concepts is important for
correct sentence construction and translation.
Therefore, studying this topic in depth is one of the
important steps in mastering Arabic syntax.
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