Literature

The article talks about the history of the study of the «Alpomish» epic. Also, the versions of this saga recorded from various folk traditions, their common and unique aspects were studied. The version of this epic recorded by the son of Fazil Yuldosh, a famous epic poet and representative of Bulungur epic school, which is the most perfect and artistically perfect copy, therefore, this copy is the basis of many studies on the epic. Opinions have been expressed. The article also analyzes the research of the famous Russian scientist V.M. Zhirmunsky on this poem. The work carried
out on the “Alpomish” poem was investigated in three directions. In the first stage, information is given about the process of recording the epic from the folk dances, when, from which dance, by whom it was recorded, if the recorded copy was published, by whom was it prepared for publication, if it was not published, in which treasure is the manuscript kept.

Today, along with other areas of linguistics, the field of terminology plays an important role in the development of linguistics. A number of theoretical and practical terms in this area is growing from year to year.

Through this article, we can see how our ancient epics were formed, and the contribution of our ancestors who were interested in music in reaching us. As a result of the high service of our Bakhshis, we will know that our epics have arrived more polished. We understand that there is every possibility for the art of bakshiki to be appreciated and improved even today. We can see that our sagas became more attractive by word of mouth based on the tradition of teacher-disciple.

The article analyzes the contribution to the development of spiritual culture of the educator Mahmudhoja Behbudi, who was one of the outstanding leaders of the national revival movement that emerged in Turkestan in the XX century, who played an important role in awakening the public consciousness of the Uzbek people at that time. Possessing a broad outlook and deep knowledge, he has always opposed conservatism and ignorance and in his works called for the correct understanding and interpretation of the Islamic religion. His goal was to enlighten the people and bring them to the level of highly developed peoples of the world, to build an advanced society in all respects, a state based on the unshakable principles of humanism and democracy. In the legacy of Mahmudhoja Behbudi, attention is paid to highlighting the issues of science, morality, the influence of art on the spiritual culture of youth, on the understanding of national identity. In satya, the modern meaning of Behbudi's work is investigated.

Maqolada Erkin Vohidovning badiiy so‘zni idrok etish hamda uning ma’no qirralari va qatlamlarini o‘rganish borasidagi izlanishlari tahlilga tortilgan. So‘zlarning ma’no munosabatlari, tarjimalardagi tafovutlar, mumtoz so‘zning o‘ziga xos jihatlari o‘rganilgan.

Subjects of the inquiry: “Asos-ul-baloga” by Makhmud Zamakhshari
Aim of the inquiry: to investigate “Asos-ul-baloga” by the side of soursc studies. To show the role of the work in Arabic lexicography, its influence on next Arabic dictionaries.
Methods of the inquiry: Dcscriptional, statistical and historical-comparative methods have been used in the work.
The results achieved and their novelty: It’s the first time that “Asos-ul-baloga” was studied from the point of view of source study. It was determined the manuscript and cditional copies that were kept in the world fonds. “Asos-ul-baloga” was carried on constitutive analyses. The sources which were based on “Asos-ul-baloga” were found and they analysed.
Practical value: This work will help to new scientific search studying the scientific legacy of Makhmud Zamakhshari and to analyse his lexicography. The dissertation will be the main source of educational programms for Literary Sourse Studies and Manuscript Studies, the history of Arabic lexicography in Higher Educational Institutions, preparing lectures on it special courses for students.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: 13 articles were published on the results.
Sphere of usage: sourse studies, Arabic sourse studies, manuscript studies, linguisty, the history of Arabic linguisty, Arabic lexicography.

Reasearch objects: Khamza’s archive in the State Literature museum named after Alisher Navoiy on Academy of Science of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the poet’s manuscripts in fund of the institute of Oriental studies named after Abu Raykhan Bcruniy on Academy of Science of the Republic of Uzbekistan and in Kakand Literature museum named after Gafur Gulom.
Purpose of work: Implementation of textual-comparative analysis of the manuscript “Devony Nikhoniy” and collection “Ethnic poems for ethnic songs”, and solving theoretical-methodological problems of study of Khamza’s poetry
Method of research: historical-comparative
Research results and their novelty:
The problem of sources of Khamza’s poetry and its textual analysis is investigated as an object of investigation for the first time;
Theoretical-methodological principles of study of Khamza’s poetry are defined on basis of the analysis of investigations on poet’s oeuvre;
On basis of textual analysis of poems in “Devony Nikhoniy” texts of lyric works of poet were restored in accordance with the original; As a result of comparative analysis of the original and edited versions of poems on social-political theme from “Ethnic poems for ethnic songs” collection there were defined textual differences, and made theoretical generalizations.
Practical meaning: the materials of research can be used in higher educational institutions, especially, in practical lessons on subjects like “Uzbek literature in the period of National revive”, “Uzbek literature” at philological faculties, in creation of manuals and tutorials for bachelors and masters on subjects like “Textual study”, “History of literary source study and textual study”, “Stages of development of Uzbek written text”.
Results of use: According to results of research there were given scientific lectures and 10 scientific articles were published.
Field of use: literary criticism, literary source study and textual study.

The article is devoted to analysis of the phenomena of grammatical interference underlying typical errors that arise in the Russian speech of native Uzbek speakers. The most important discrepancies in case functions in the Russian and Uzbek languages that generate interference are highlighted. Differences in the verbal system are touched upon as well. The analysis of the phenomena is carried out from the perspective of functional grammar.

Without a deep study of the history of the text of classical works of art, it is impossible to talk about the progress of the science of textology. Because the concept of text history is one of the basic theoretical foundations of textual studies. "The history of the text includes all the processes from the investigation of the genealogy of the manuscript sources to the study of the worldview and ideas of the author and the scribe who copied the source, from the realization of the author's creative intention in the creation of the work to the study of its interrelated aspects with other literary monuments that are related to its creation to one degree or another" [6 ,9], it becomes more clear how important it is to study this scientific problem.

In this article, we will consider the communication units in Tahir Malik's novel "Shaitanat". We try to study the character of people of different social status through their conversations.

 This article examines the time-space, inter-character harmony, and similarities in the development of events between Sa’dikhan Mavlavikhon’s son Eshonjanov’s pentology “Decline” and Abdulla Qadiri’s novel “Bygone Days”.

The article discusses the life and career of Siddiqi Ajzi, an enlightened writer and educator who lived and worked in the second half of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century, which was extremely difficult and controversial for the peoples of Turkestan. Comments on the selflessness, perseverance and hard work of this writer in the development of the enlightenment of our people, the development of social consciousness. The article also comments on almost all the work done in the nearly one hundred years since Siddiqi-Ajzi's death to study the writer's life and work. Their strengths and weaknesses are analyzed. Siddiqui-Ajzi was one of the most active representatives of the social, cultural, intellectual and national revival movement in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.

Ushbu maqolada gapning mazmuniga katta ta’sir o‘tkazadigan bog‘lovchilarning pragmatik ma’nosi va vazifalari o‘rganilgan. Bog‘lovchilarning nutq
vaziyatida lokutiv, illokutiv, perlokutiv aktlarni yuzaga keltirishi izohlangan. Bo‘lovchining aynan biriktiruv bog‘lovchisi bo‘yicha mulohaza yuritilgan.

Tilning frazeologik fondi xalq madaniyati va mentalitetining qimmatli ma’lumotlar manbayi sanaladi. Frazeologizmlarda muayyan xalqning miflari, udumlari, rivoyatlari, taomillari, urf-odatlari, ma’naviyati, axloqi va h.k. haqidagi tasavvurlari mujassamlashgan bo’ladi. Tilning ijtimoiy hodisa ekanligi eng qulay va faol kommunikatsiya vositasi sifatida, jamiyat a’zolari o‘rtsasidagi mavjud aloqalarni tartibga solish va uni
rivojlantirishga ham xizmat qilishi kerak. Tilning tadqiq etilishi bevosita uning jonli hayot bilan bog‘liqlikda
amalga oshirilgandagina qimmati va ahamiyati ortib boradi. Xuddi shu nuqtai nazardan yozma adabiyotdan avval ham xalq og‘zaki ijodi mavjud bo‘lgan va bugungi kungacha yetib kelgan. Xalq og‘zaki ijodining xuddi shunday namunalaridan biri sifatida maqolning o‘ziga xos o‘rni va ahamiyati mavjud. Maqollarda avlod-ajdodlarning hayotiy tajribalari, jamiyatga munosabati, tarixi, ruhiy holati, etik va estetik tuyg‘ulari, ijobiy fazilatlari mujassamlashgan. Asrlar mobaynida xalq orasida sayqallanib, ixcham va sodda poetik shaklga kelgan. Xalq og‘zaki ijodi namunasi sifatida maqollar mavzu jihatdan nihoyatda boy

Maqolada Sharq me’moriy asarlari badiiy tahlil jarayonining liboslarga ko‘chirilishi tasvirlangan. Sharq arxitekturasidagi jozibadorlik latif ayollar libosini yaratishda asos sifatida olinishi ta’riflangan.

This article discusses the category of species and the ability of the verb to characterize how the action develops in time (referring to the moment of speech). In Russian, the category of species is one of the main grammatical categories of the verb. It expresses the way the action takes place in time, regardless of the moment of speech. Perfect verbs denote an action that has a limit, a result. In this case, the action is considered as a single whole, not divided into separate stages. Imperfect verbs denote an action that has no limit. In this case, the action is considered as a process with a beginning, continuation and end.

This article describes the methods of teaching English to preschool children, and now English is becoming a world language. Therefore, it should be started from preschool age.
The article provides information about this.

This article is devoted to investigation of the aspects of science fiction. The investigation is done on science fiction sources and analogy of unrealistic portraying

Milliy urf-odatlarning inson hayotida tutgan o’rni va uning zamonlar osha rivojlanib borishi. Millatga ta’siri. Milliy qadriyatlarning bugungi kundagi o’rni va yoshlarning ushbu qadriyatlarga munosabati.

In this article, discussed the study of dramatic, poetic and prose works created at different times in medieval English literature, which received Amir Timur’s image as a prototype. Each work was studied in a comparative way with existing examples of artistic creation in Uzbek and other Eastern literature. Scientific conclusions were made about the dream hopes that the writers imposed on artistic images relying on the theoretical considerations presented in the studies carried out. The work of Amir Timur "Timur's laws" was taken into the quality of the main object of our analysis, and scientific analysis was carried out on the views of the people of World literary Science on the Timur artistic image, which studied the artistic heritage of Western writers. A comparative study was carried out with the image of the historical figure of Amir Temur, who moved to works of art relying on a number of studies and scientific views of Uzbek literary scholars. Especially in this article, scientific summaries were given on the social environment of that time, the desire of the common people and the conflicts of the ruling layer and church, which were reflected in the main character of the English scolars, which were studied in a comparative way, on mythological elements that moved to the images and events of the fabric of the work.

Hussein Vaiz Kashifi's “Badoye ul-аfkor” is one of the most important sources on the theoretical foundations of poetry. The article examines the scientific and theoretical views on the composition and rhyme of “Badoye ul-аfkor”.

Subject of the research: The direct and mediated translations of short stories of American writers in Uzbek.
Purpose of work: To reveal and depict the methods of recreation and interpretation of literary-stylistic peculiarities in American short stories, also to determine the adequacy of translation by comparing the materials of direct and mediated translations with original.
Method of research: comparative method.
The results achieved and their novelty: The methods of reserving wholeness of form and meaning in translations of American short stories by means of comparing direct and mediated translations were found out; the talent of translators in literary translation was defined; the reflection of the Russian language on the adequacy of translation was determined and equivalent versions were offered.
Practical value: The results of the thesis can be used in training philologists of wide profile, including translators and also in preparation and conducting courses of “The Theory and Practice of Translation”, “Comparative literature and translation studies”, “The practice of Literary Translation”, “Translation skills”, “The History of Translation”.
Degree of embed: The results of the thesis have been introduced into practice of conducting the course of English for bachelors and masters at NamEPI, conducting the course of theory and practice of translation at NamSU. They have been presented at scientific-practical conferences of Professors Staff at the State University of world languages of Uzbekistan (2009, 2010).
Field of application: Literary Criticism, Comparative Literary Criticism and Translation studies.

As historioghraphic metafiction the novel “The Collector” includes such features like mixture of genres of realism, memoir, on the
thematic level focusing on the fascism ideology and theory of Darwin, existentialism and behavior of the psychopath

The article analyzes the philosophical and didactic work of the scientist Yusuf Khass Hadjib Balasaguni, who lived in the X1-XN centuries, "Kutadgu Bilig" ("Blessed knowledge") and the moral and spiritual views contained therein. The first major monument of Turkic written literature, the work "Kutadgu bilig", which is a kind of manifestation of the didactic philosophy of the Turkic peoples, contains detailed information on the advanced socio-political, spiritual and moral issues of its time, history, culture, science, traditions and foundations of the Turkic peoples, lifestyle, values. The themes of this work are very comprehensive and the issues of man in particular, his social essence, thinking, morality are described through artistic images, poetic proverbs and sayings. The modern meaning of the thinker's views on speech and language etiquette is manifested through symbols, signs and symbols and coverage of such issues as man and faith, man and society, man and duty.

Mumtoz qofiya ilmi alohida mustaqil ilm sifatida poetikaning tarkibiy qismi sifatida risolalar tarkibida alohida tadqiq etilgan. Poetikaga oid risolalarning barchasida adabiy tur va janrlar, badiiy san’atlar, aruz vazni kabi ilmlar qatorida qofiya ilmi nazariyasi alohida qismlar ostida taqdim qilingan. Mumtoz adabiyotda qofiyaning bir necha jihatlariga ko‘ra turlari o‘rganilgan. Alohida ta’kidlash kerakki, qofiyaning turli jihatlariga ko‘ra bu turlarining mukammal tarzda qo‘llanishi baytlar takomilini belgilab bergan. Maqolada poetikaga oid risolalarda keltirilgan qofiyaning vazniy, raviy harfining ishtirokiga ko‘ra, qofiya harflarining ishtirokiga ko‘ra, qofiyaning tuzilishiga ko‘ra bir qancha turlarining nazariy asoslari qiyosiy tarzda o‘rganiladi.