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THE EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF TOURISM
Umarova Makhliyo
"Silk Road" International University of
Tourism and Cultural Heritage
ORCID: 0009-0002-3134-0852
Urinova Maftuna
Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service
ORCID: 0009-0005-1218-8797
Abstract.
This article analyzes the development of the tourism industry, starting from the
earliest times, in stages. For this purpose, the most developed points of the world in ancient times
were studied, like Mesopotamia, the Nile and Indus valleys, China, ancient Greece and Rome. The
historical state of tourism in each of these countries was studied and compared. In addition,
factors that directly and indirectly influenced the development of tourism in ancient times were
studied. Key innovations that have made a significant contribution to the development of tourism
and society were also considered a relevant topic.
Keywords:
tourism, pre-modern tourism, Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, tourism
manager, Surplus food production, discretionary time and discretionary income, leisure class,
resorts, Dark Ages, Middle Ages, early modern tourism, contemporary tourism.
TURIZMNING RIVOJLANISHI VA UNING BOSQICHLARI
Umarova Mahliyo Yaxshiboy qizi
“Ipak yo‘li” turizm va madaniy meros xalqaro universiteti
O‘rinova Maftuna Yaxshiboy qizi
Samarqand iqtisodiyot va servis instituti
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada turizm industriyasining rivojlanishi eng qadimgi davrlardan
boshlab, bosqichma-bosqich tahlil qilinadi. Shu maqsadda Mesopotamiya, Nil va Hind vodiylari,
Xitoy, Qadimgi Yunoniston va Rim kabi qadimgi davrlarda dunyoning eng rivojlangan nuqtalari
o'rganilgan. Bu mamlakatlarning har birida turizmning tarixiy holati o
‘rganildi va qiyoslandi.
Bundan tashqari, qadimgi davrlarda turizmning rivojlanishiga bevosita va bilvosita ta’sir
ko‘rsatgan omillar o‘rganildi. Turizm va jamiyat rivojiga katta hissa qo‘shgan asosiy yangiliklar
ham dolzarb mavzu sifatida ko‘rildi.
Kalit
so‘zlar:
turizm, premodern turizm, Uyg‘onish davri, sanoat inqilobi, turizm menejeri,
ortiqcha oziq-
ovqat ishlab chiqarish, ixtiyoriy vaqt va ixtiyoriy daromad, bo‘sh vaqt sinfi,
kurortlar, qorong‘u asrlar, o‘rta asrlar, erta zamonaviy turizm, zamonaviy tu
rizm.
UO
‘
K: 379.85
XI SON - NOYABR, 2024
344-348
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ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ И РОСТ ТУРИЗМА
Умарова Махлиё
Международный университет туризма и
культурного наследия «Шелковый путь»
Уринова Мафтуна
Самаркандский институт экономики и сервиса
Аннотация
.
В данной статье анализируется развитие туристической отрасли,
начиная с древнейших времен, поэтапно. Для этого были изучены наиболее развитые
точки мира в древности, такие как Месопотамия, долины Нила и Инда, Китай, Древняя
Греция и Рим. Было изучено и сравнено историческое состояние туризма в каждой из
этих стран. Кроме того, были изучены факторы, которые прямо и косвенно влияли на
развитие туризма в древности. Также были рассмотрены актуальные темы ключевых
инноваций, которые внесли значительный вклад в развитие туризма и общества.
Ключевые слова:
туризм, досовременный туризм, Ренессанс, промышленная
революция, менеджер по туризму, избыточное производство продовольствия,
дискреционное время и дискреционный доход, праздный класс, курорты, Темные века,
Средние
века, ранний современный туризм, современный туризм.
Introduction.
The following article outlines premodern tourism, which is defined for the purposes of
this textbook as the period prior to approximately AD 1500. Its purpose is to show that while
premodern tourism had its own distinctive character, there are also many similarities with
modern tourism. Recognition of these timeless impulses and characteristics is valuable to the
tourism manager, as they are factors that must be taken into consideration in any
contemporary or future situation involving tourism. Moreover, modern tourism would not have
been possible without the pre cedents of Mesopotamia, the Nile and Indus valleys, China,
ancient Greece and Rome, the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages. The
‘Early modern tourism
(1500
–1950)’ section considers the early modern era, which links the premodern to the
contemporary period through the influence of the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution.
The ‘Contemporary tourism (1950 onwards)’ section introd
uces contemporary mass tourism.
Literature review.
A number of local and foreign scholars have conducted research on the history of tourism
and its stages of development.
Tukhliyev's book (2021) "Theory and Practice of Tourism" extensively covers the history
of the development of the tourism industry.
David Weaver and Laura Lawton (2014) explains the stages of tourism development in
their book Tourism Management.
45
Marcello M. Mariani, Wojciech Czakon, Dimitrios Buhalis , and Ourania Vitouladiti (2016)
in their book Tourism Management, Marketing, and Development, studied the factors
influencing tourism in ancient times.
46
Page (2019) also analyzed the history of tourism in his book Tourism Management
Managing for change.
47
45
Tourism m anagement_weaver.pdf
46
Tourism management, marketing and development.pdf
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Research methodology.
For this study, effective methods such as systematic and comparative analysis and expert
evaluation were widely used throughout the research.
Analysis and discussion of results.
Premodern tourism
Mesopotamia, or the ‘land between the rivers’
(situated approximately in modern-day
Iraq), is known as the ‘Cradle of Civilization’ and perhaps the first place to experience tourism.
The factors that gave rise to civilization, and hence to emergent tourism systems, include the
availability of a permanent water supply (the Tigris and Euphrates rivers), rich alluvial soils
(deposited during the annual flooding of these waterways), a warm climate and a central
location between Asia, Africa and Europe, all of which contributed to the development of
agriculture. Hunting and gathering societies were replaced by permanent settlements
cultivating the same plots of land year after year.
Surplus food production was a critical outcome of this process, as it fostered the formation
of wealth and the emergence of a small leisure class of priests, warriors and others that did not
have to worry continually about its day-to-day survival.
The availability of sufficient discretionary time and discretionary income was the most
important factor that enabled members of this leisured elite to engage in tourism. Moreover,
Mesopotamia was the birthplace of many fundamental inventions and innovations that
heralded both the demand and ability to travel for tourism related purposes. These included
the wheel, the wagon, money, the alphabet, domesticated animals such as the horse, and roads.
Early cities (another Mesopotamian creation) such as Ur and Nippur were apparently
overcrowded and uncomfortable at the best of times, and tourism allowed the elite to escape
them whenever possible. Also critical was the imposition of government structure and civil
order over the sur rounding countryside, which provided a foundation for the development of
destination and transit regions.
Egypt. Mesopotamian civilization gradually spread to the Nile Valley (in modern-day
Egypt) and eastward to the Indus Valley (in modern-day Pakistan), where similar physical
environments and factors enabled additional tourism travel. Ancient Egypt provides some of
the earliest and most enduring evidence of pleasure tourism. An inscription, carved into the
side of one of the lesser known pyramids and dated 1244 BC, is among the earliest examples of
tourist graffiti and such sites remain foundational to Egypt’s contemporary tourism industry.
Impulses of civilization emerged in China around the same time as they did in
Mesopotamia. Whether this was coincidental or influenced by the latter region is unclear.
Regardless, it is known that tourism-related travel was well established by 2000 BC and that
four distinct groups were dominant throughout the premodern era.
Tourism in ancient Greece is mostly associated with national festivals such as the Olympic
Games, where residents of the Greek city
–
states gathered every four years to hold religious
ceremonies and compete in athletic events and artistic performances. The participants and
spectators at this festival, estimated to number in the tens of thousands, would have had little
difficulty in meeting the modern criteria for international stayovers. Accordingly, the game site
at Olympia can be considered as one of the oldest specialized, though periodic, tourist resorts,
and one that like the Egyptian pyramids still attracts the attention of. The Games themselves
are one of the first recorded examples of sport and event tourism and the precursor to the
modern Olympics.
Early modern tourism.
Europe began to emerge from the Middle Ages in the late 1300s, assisted by the
experience of the Crusades and later by the impact of the great explorations. By 1500 the
Renaissance (literally, the ‘rebirth’) of Europe was well under way, and the world bala
nce of
power was beginning to shift to that continent, marking the modern era and the period of early
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modern tourism. Ironically, tourism in China after 1500 experienced a five-century period of
decline as Ming Dynasty and successive rulers became more China-focused and xenophobic.
The Grand Tour is a major link between the Middle Ages and contemporary tourism. The
term describes the extended travel of young men from the aristocratic classes of the United
Kingdom and other parts of northern Europe to ‘classical’ Europe for educational and cultural
purposes. A prevailing ‘culture of travel’ encouraged such journeys and spawned a distinctive
literature as the literate young participants usually kept diaries of their experiences. It is
therefore possible to recon struct this era in detail. We know, for example, that the classical
Grand Tours first became popular during the mid-sixteenth century, and persisted until the
mid-nineteenth century.
Along with several contemporaries from the mainland of Europe, Thomas Cook is
associated with the emergence of tourism as a modern, large-scale industry, even though it
would take another 150 years for mass tourism to be realized on a global scale. As a Baptist
preacher concerned with the ‘declining morals’ of the English wo
rking class, Cook conceived
the idea of chartering trains at cheap fares to take workers to temperance meetings and bible
camps in the countryside. The first of these excursions, provided as a day trip from Leicester to
Loughborough on 5 July 1841, is sometimes described as the symbolic beginning of the
contemporary era of tourism. Gradually, these excursions expanded in the number of
participants and the variety of destinations offered. At the same time, the reasons for taking
excursions shifted rapidly from spiritual purposes to sightseeing and pleasure. By 1845 Cook
was offering regular tours between Leicester and London.
Contemporary tourism (1950 onwards)
The rapid growth of tourism during the contemporary era of modern mass tourism is
reflected in the global trend of inbound tourist arrival and associated revenues. The statistics
from the 1950s and 1960s are speculative due to the irregular nature of data collection at that
time. But even allowing for a substantial margin of error, an exponential pattern of growth is
readily evident, with inbound stayovers increasing 40-fold between 1950 and 2012, from an
estimated 25 million to about one billion. International tourism receipts have grown even more
dramatically over the same period, from US$2 billion to over US$ one trillion. Interrupted only
by the economic recession of the early 1980s, the terrorist attacks of 2001, the combined effects
of the Iraq War and the SARS epidemic in 2003, and the global financial crisis of 2008 and
beyond.
Conclusion and suggestions.
An analysis of the research conducted shows that the tourism industry has a long history,
and that several direct and indirect factors have influenced it in the past. The emergence of
tourism is especially evident in China, Egypt, Rome, Mesopotamia, Ancient Greece countries.
This was caused by a number of factors. The first of these is the favorable geographical location
of these countries, and the second is the climate that is very suitable for agriculture. Another
reason is the emergence of innovations that lead to the emergence and development of tourism
in these countries.
We can study the history of the development of tourism in three main stages. Premodern
tourism, Early modern tourism, Contemporary tourism. These stages differ from each other in
several characteristics. The first characteristic is the stage of development of society. At each
stage, the development of the population was at a different level. Of course, development
increased from the first to the third stage.
In conclusion, it can be said that as technology developed, people's living conditions began
to improve, which gave them free time to travel. The increase in the number of productions, in
turn, created new jobs.
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References:
David Weaver and Laura Lawton (2014)
“Tourism Management” Fifth edition.
Marcello M. Mariani , Wojciech Czakon, Dimitrios Buhalis , and Ourania Vitouladiti (2016).
“Tourism Management, Marketing and Development”.
Stephen J. Page. (2019) Tourism Management, Managing for change. Sixth edition.
Tuxliyev I.S., Abduhamidov S.A. (2021)
“Turizm nazariya va amaliyot” darslik
.
Tourism m anagement_weaver.pdf
Tourism management, marketing and development.pdf
