EXCRETION OF THE MICROLEMENT MANGANESE

D Khayrullaev; B Tulyaganov; R Tulyaganov

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Volume 5, Issue 10: Special Issue
(EJAR)

ISSN: 2181-2020

MPHAPP

THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL
CONFERENCE

“

MODERN PHARMACEUTICS: ACTUAL

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

”

TASHKENT, OCTOBER 17, 2025

in-academy.uz

EXCRETION OF THE MICROLEMENT MANGANESE

Khayrullaev D.

Tulyaganov B.S.

Tulyaganov R.T.

Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Tashkent city, Republic of Uzbekistan

e-mail: xdiyorbekfarm@gmail.com

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17342299

Relevance.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient for cellular activity, acting as a cofactor

for enzymes such as arginase and glutamine synthetase. These metalloproteins enable manganese to
play a key role in various bodily functions, including development, digestion, reproduction,
antioxidant protection, energy production, immune response, and regulation of nerve activity.

Although manganese deficiency is rare, excessive exposure can lead to manganese toxicity. The

metal tends to accumulate in the liver, pancreas, bones, kidneys, and, especially, the brain, which is
the primary target of toxicity. Symptoms of manganese toxicity include liver cirrhosis, polycythemia,
hypermanganese dystonia, and Parkinson's disease-like symptoms. Due to its neurotoxicity,
manganese has become a serious environmental problem. The molecular mechanisms of its toxicity
include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum
stress, autophagy dysregulation, and apoptosis.

Purpose of the study:

This review examines the elimination of the trace element manganese

(Mn) from the human div. Mn functions in the div as an important coenzyme and has pronounced
antioxidant properties. It also contributes to energy production and the regulation of nervous system
function.

Materials and methods:

Analysis of scientific articles on Mn in international databases of

scientific publications (Pubmed, Google Scholar).

Results:

On average, 2.3 to 8.8 mg of Mn is absorbed daily. However, men require only 2.3

mg/day, while women require 1.8 mg/day. Excess Mn must be excreted. The turnover of ingested Mn
is relatively rapid, with an average lag of 10 days. Most of the excess Mn is conjugated with bile by
the liver and excreted in the feces. The liver plays a critical role in this process, as it is reported to be
the main source of endogenous Mn losses in the intestine. Rats fed a Mn-containing diet absorbed
approximately 8% of ingested Mn, and then 37% of the absorbed Mn was excreted through
endogenous hepatobiliary Mn elimination. Therefore, individuals with liver problems are at higher
risk of Mn intoxication. In addition to primary fecal hepatobiliary elimination, manganese excretion
in urine, milk, and sweat has also been reported, but in very limited quantities. However, the ratio of
excretion via different routes may change under certain circumstances. For example, when using a
manganese hexameric dendrimer as an MRI contrast agent, renal manganese clearance significantly
increased, equaling or exceeding the amount eliminated via the hepatobiliary route.

Conclusions:

Manganese is an essential trace element that acts as a cofactor for various

enzymes. Despite its importance, excess manganese can be dangerous. The div absorbs much more
Mn than it requires, requiring an effective elimination mechanism. The primary route of excretion of
excess manganese is through the liver, via bile, and then in the feces. This process occurs relatively
quickly. Because the liver plays a critical role in manganese excretion, people with liver disease are
at increased risk of manganese toxicity. Excess manganese accumulates in various organs,
particularly the brain, making it a primary target. Despite existing knowledge, the mechanisms of
manganese homeostasis are not fully understood. Further research is needed to better understand how

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