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INGLIZ TILI FE’LLARIDA PREDMETLIK VA BELGI-XUSUSIYAT
MA’NOLARINING MORFOLOGIK USUL ASOSIDA FARQLANISHI
Shirinova Nilufar Djabbarovna
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Jamoat xavfsizligi
universiteti Tillarni o‘rganish kafedrasi dotsenti, filol.f.n.
Annotatsiya
: Mazkur maqolada ingliz tili fe’llarida predmetlik va belgi
-xususiyat
ma’nolarining
morfologik usul asosida
farqlanishi masalasi tahlil etilgan bo‘lib,
tugal
va notugal shakllar tahlilga tortilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
predmetlik
ma’nosi,
belgi-
xususiyat ma’no
si, morfologik usul, tugal
va notugal shakllar, infinitiv, gerundiy, sifatdosh 1, sifatdosh 2, inparallel darajalanish,
interparallel darajalanish.
Fe’llarning leksik-derivatsion tizimda attributiv va substantiv ma’nolarni
farqlashga alohida ixtisoslashmaganligiga qaramay, morfologik sath mazkur diskret
semantikani ifodalash uchun keng imkoniyatlar eshigini ochadi: ingliz tilida fe’llarning
grammatik sinflari PM va BXMni inparallel darajalab farqlashda faol ishtirok etadi.
Tahlilni dastlab fe’l shakllaridan boshlasak. Ingliz tilida “dinamik harakat”ni
bildiruvchi mazkur birliklar: finite forms (tugallangan, tugal shakllar) va the non-finite
forms (tugallanmagan, notugal shakllar)ga bo‘linadi. Notugal shakllarning o‘zi o‘z
ichida yana: infinitive (infinitiv), gerund (gerundiy), participle I (sifatdosh 1),
participle II (sifatdosh 2))larga ajratiladi.
O‘z-o‘zidan Finite forms (Tugal shakllar) ish-harakatning (resp. kuchaytirma
belgi-xususiyat ma’nosining) tugallanganligi, kuchli predikatsiyaning namunasi bo‘la
olishi – shaxs, son, zamon, nisbat, mayl, aspekt kabilar haqida (
Reena reached home
after 7 p.m.; Henry likes to read adventure novels
1
.
), o‘zidan tashqarida bo‘lsa-da,
“ovoz chiqargan manba” (A.Forobiy) haqida muayyan ma’lumotlar bera olishi bilan
PMdan BXMga qarab rivojlanadigan darajalanish sirasining bosh nuqtasini egallaydi.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НАУКА И ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ИДЕИ В МИРЕ
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Odatda gap tarkibida predikativ yoki hol, ba’zan esa aniqlovchi vazifalarida
kela oladigan, notugal ish-harakat ko‘rsatkichi bo‘lgani bilan ravishlar yoki
ravishdoshlar kabi “dinamik jarayon” attributi (tarzi, sifati, belgisi) sifatida
gavdalanadigan Participle II (Sifatdosh 2) (
spoken, drunk, driven, played, cracked
) esa
BXMning tugal shakl/kesimlik shaklidan keyingi eng kuchli a’zosiga aylanadi.
Sifatdoshlar ustida ko‘plab tadqiqotlar olib borgan olimlar, jumladan, taniqli germanist
Ana Elvira Ojanguren Lopezning o‘rganishlariga tayangan holda ayta olamizki,
sifatdoshlarning bu turi qadimdan kuchli sifatlovchi sifatida til tizimidan muhim o‘rin
egallab kelmoqda.
Ingliz tilidagi sifatdoshning yana bir turi – Participle I (Sifatdosh 1) bo‘lib, u
ham PM va BXM ma’nolarini farqlab darajalash munosabatida alohida orin tutadi.
Binobarin, mazkur birliklar shakli jihatdan gerundiyga yaqin tursa-da, ma’nosi va
vazifalari jihatdan sifat, ravish, fe’llarga yaqin turishi, sintaktik imkoniyatlari asosan
(sifatlovchi) aniqlovchi (
Who is this crying boy?
), hol (
I always sing while cleaning the
house
), predikativ (
Jack is studying now
)ni o‘z ichiga olgani, ya’ni bevosita “dinamik
belgi” va “dinamik belgi belgisi”, “predmet belgisi” kabi “turkum ma’nolar”ni
berishga ixtisoslashganligi bilan ham BXM namoyandasi sifatida aloqaga kirishadi.
Notugal predikativ shakllardan yana biri Infinitive (Infinitiv) fe’llardan hosil
qilinib, otlarga yaqin turishi (resp. otga xos leksik, morfologik va sintaktik valentlikka
ega bo‘lishi) barchaga ma’lum bo‘lib, u ham mazkur masalada o‘ziga xos yechimni
taklif qila oladi: morfologik jihatdan shaxssiz tur sanalgani bilan ular o‘z semantikasida
yashirin PM asosida morfologik jihatdan boy imkoniyatlarga, ya’ni substantiv
birliklarga xos grammatik pozitsiyalar (nisbatan keng muchalanuvchanlikka egalik:
To
believe you was the greatest mistake
– ega;
I’m happy to be here
– to‘ldiruvchi;
I was
too disappointed to continue working
– hol;
I can’t play football
– predikativning bir
qismi, kesim)ga egaligini namoyish qiladi. Shuning uchun biz to‘laqonli ishonch bilan
fe’lning mazkur harakat nomi shaklini PMga o‘sish dinamikasida yuqori sathda
joylashtira olamiz (qarang: III bob….).
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Va nihoyat fe’ldan agglyutinativ, ya’ni qo‘shimcha qo‘shish yo‘li orqali
yasalib,
otlarga yaqin turadigan, leksik-grammatik jihatdan PMni ifodalashga xoslangan
morfologik birlik – Gerund (Gerundiy) mazkur ishda PM va BXM sinkretizmini
farqlashda PMning yorqin indikatori bo‘lib harakatlanadi. Ma’nosi bilan infinitivlarga
juda yaqin turuvchi, ammo morfologik va sintaktik imkoniyatlariga ko‘ra
infinitivlardan ancha boy tizimga ega (gerundiylarning otga xos kelishik, ko‘plik va
artikllarni olishini, shuningdek, gap tizimida cheklanmagan muchalanuvchanlikka
egaligini eslaylik) gerundiylar PM va BXMni gradual ajratish zanjirida oxirgi qutbni
egallaydi.
Yuqorida aytilgan munosabat ko‘rinishini quyidagi chizmada ifodalash
maqsadga muvofiq:
PMga ishoraning o‘sib borishi
Finite forms ~ Participle II ~ Participle I ~ Gerund
BXMga ishoraning o‘sib borishi
1-rasm. Ingliz tili
fe’l
larida PM va BXMni morfologik usulda farqlash inparallel
darajalanish qatori
Ko‘rinadiki, inglizcha fe’llarda PM va BXMni morfologik usulda farqlash
inparallel darajalanish zanjiri o‘zbek tilidagi inparallel variantdan qisman bo‘lsa-da,
farq qiladi: o‘zbek tilida harakat nomi harakat-holatni predmetlik, alohida mavjudlik
sifatida atab, nomlab kelishi sababli otlarga xos grammatik ko‘rsatkichlarni qabul qila
olishi va gapda otga xos vazifalarni bajarishi kuzatilsa, ingliz tilida bu vazifani –
gerundiy maksimal darajada amalga oshira oladi:
1-jadval
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Ingliz tili
fe’l
larida PM va BXMni morfologik usulda farqlash interparallel
darajalanish qatorlari
O‘zb.
Harakat nomi ~ Sifatdosh ~ Ravishdosh ~ Kesimlik shakli
Ing.
Gerund ~ Participle I ~ Participle II ~ Finite forms
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