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INGLIZ TILI FE’LLARIDA PREDMETLIK VA BELGI-XUSUSIYAT
MA’NOLARINING LEKSIK-SEMANTIK USUL ASOSIDA FARQLANISHI
Shirinova Nilufar Djabbarovna
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Jamoat xavfsizligi
universiteti Tillarni o‘rganish kafedrasi dotsenti, filol.f.n.
Annotatsiya
: Mazkur maqolada ingliz tili fe’llarida predmetlik va belgi
-xususiyat
ma’nolarining l
eksik-semantik usul asosida
farqlanishi masalasi tahlil etilgan bo‘lib,
ingliz tilidagi notional,
seminotional,
impersonal verbs tahlilga tortilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
predmetlik
ma’nosi,
belgi-
xususiyat ma’no
si, leksik-semantik usul,
notional verbs, seminotional verbs, impersonal verbs, inparallel darajalanish,
interparallel darajalanish.
Predmetlik (PM) va belgi-xususiyat ma’nolari (BXM)ning farqlanishi
fe’llarda eng yuqori darajaga ko‘tariladi – fe’llar dinamik belgini, holatni ifodalashga
morfologik jihatdan ixtisoslashgan so‘z turkumi ekanligi bilan ajralib turadi.
Fe’llarning ichki lug‘aviy-ma’noviy guruhlarida predmetlik va belgi-xususiyat
ma’nolarini farqlash belgisiga ko‘ra darajalanish siralarini ajratish mumkin emas,
barcha turdagi fe’llar mohiyatan bir turdagi ma’noga – dinamik belgini ifodalashga
ixtisoslashgan. Lekin fe’llarda predmetlikka ishora tamoman boshqa yo‘nalishda:
a) semantik-sintaktik valentlik yo‘nalishida;
b) ixtisoslashgan morfologik shakllar (harakat nomi, sifatdosh, ravishdosh,
kesimlik shakli)ning mavjudligida namoyon bo‘ladi.
Predmetlikka ishoraning valentlik orqali voqelanishi shundan iboratki, o‘zbek
tilida shaxssiz fe’l yo‘q. Istagan fe’l harakatning bajaruvchisi – agens valentligiga ega.
Agens esa, Abu Nasr Forobiy ta’biri bilan aytganda, “ovoz chiqargan manba”, ya’ni
predmetlik (fe’l nimaningdir dinamik belgisini ifodalab kelayotganligi) mohiyatiga
ega. Turkiy fe’llarning bu xususiyati 50-yillardayoq S.N.Ivanov tomonidan mufassal
sharhlangan edi va professor R.Rasulovning o‘zbek tilida agens valentligiga
bag‘ishlangan tadqiqotida atroflicha tahlil etildi. Lekin fe’llarda agens valentligi orqali
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predmetlikka ishora otlarda belgi-xususiyatga ishora, sifatlarda predmetlikka
ishoradan tubdan farq qiladi. Chunki otlarda belgi-xususiyatga ishora predmetlikning
“majmuyi asmo’ va sifot” ekanligi bilan, sifatlarda predmetlikka ishora sifatlar
“turkum ma’nosi”ning “predmet belgisi” ekanligi bilan uzviy bog‘liqdir. Fe’llarda esa
predmetlikka ishora u qadar yorqin emas. Fe’l ifodalaydigan harakat-holatning
tashuvchisi bo‘lgan predmet fe’ldan tashqarida. Shuning uchun u qo‘shimcha vositalar
orqali, chunonchi subyekt agensi (agens valentligi) bilan ifodalanadi va shu orqali
predmetlik ma’nosiga ishora qiladi.
Fe’llarda predmetlik ma’nosiga ishora ulardan tashqarida bo‘lganligi bois
fe’llarning ichki LMGlari ham, predmetlik va belgi-xususiyat ma’nolarining leksik-
derivatsion farqlanish usullari ham darajalanish siralarini berolmaydi – fe’lning
“ichi”da belgi-xususiyat va predmetlik ma’nolari nisbatiga ko‘ra darajalanish xos
emas. O‘zbek tilidagidan farqli ravishda ingliz tilidagi fe’llar o‘z semantikasidan kelib
chiqib, juda kam o‘rinlarda bo‘lsa-da, agens orqali predmetga ishora qilishda betakror
yechimni taklif qiladi: ingliz tilida semantik xarakteristikasiga ko‘ra guruhlanadigan
uch – notional verbs (leksik ma’noli fe’llar), seminotional verbs (yarim ma’noli fe’llar)
va impersonal verbs (shaxssiz fe’llar)ning o‘zi PM va BXMni diskretlash bo‘yicha
darajalanish munosabatlarini o‘rnatishi mumkin.
Bunda qator boshini – borliqdagi biror-bir harakat, holat, jarayonni atab,
nomlab, til tizimida lug‘aviy ma’noga ega bo‘lgan, gap tizimida mustaqil predikativ
munosabatni yaratib, kuchli belgi turi – “dinamik belgi”ni tashiydigan hamda asosan
hozirgi zamon, 3-shaxs shaklida agens (harakat bajaruvchisi) ma’nosini
voqelantiradigan, shunday bo‘lsa-da, barcha a’zolarini shu tendentsiyaga
bo‘ysundiradigan va shu orqali PMga kuchli ishora qiladigan – notional verbs (
to see,
to write
) joylashadi. Bunday birliklar nafaqat ingliz, balki o‘zbek va boshqa tillarga
ham xos bo‘lgan – “harakat bajaruvchisi, subyekt ma’nosini o‘zidan tashqarida”
ifodalash bilan birga tegishli o‘rinlarda o‘z mohiyatida yashirin semantik valentlikni
yuzaga chiqaradi:
She speaks English well. My sister lives in London.
Yana bir bor
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ta’kidlab o‘tamizki, bunday leksik birliklarning barchasi agentlik ma’nosiga
xoslangan.
Siraning keyingi – BXM nisbatan chekingan/PM nisbatan yorqinlashgan
qismini ham semantik, ham grammatik valentligi jihatdan shaxs ma’nosiga kamroq
ishora qiladigan, undan ko‘ra dinamik belgining turli-tuman belgilarini, ya’ni harakat,
jarayonning qay tarzda, qanday shartlar (ixtiyoriylik, majburiyat, tavsiya, imkoniyat va
h.k.) asosida bajarilishini anglatishga ixtisoslashgan aksariyat yarim ma’noli fe’llar
(seminotional verbs):
can, may, should, could, would...
egallaydi. Ko‘rinadiki, bu
turdagi lug‘aviy unsurlar ma’noli fe’llardek yuz foiz agens haqida axborot berish emas,
balki, aksincha, barcha bajaruvchilar uchun umumiy belgi-xususiyat ma’nolarini
yuzaga chiqarishi bilan ajralib turadi.
PMni tobora qorong‘ulashtirib, BXMni yanada oydinlashtiradigan gradual
zanjirimizning oxirgi nuqtasida – “shaxssiz fe’l” nomi bilan to‘la-to‘kis intensiv
attributiv semantikaga ega – impersonal verbs joylashtirishimiz maqsadga muvofiq
bo‘ladi. Zero
rain, snow
kabi bu tip unsurlar muayyan agensga ega emasligi, gap
tarkibida formal ega bilan ishlatilganda ham (
It snows; It lightens
), tabiat, ruhiy faoliyat
va jarayonlarni subyektga ishorasiz holda o‘zgaruvchan belgi ma’nosini ro‘yobga
chiqara oladi.
Demak, ingliz tili fe’llarida PM va BXMni leksik-semantik usulda inparallel
farqlash dinamikasini quyida umumlashtirsa bo‘ladi:
PMga ishoraning o‘sib borishi
notional verbs
~
seminotional verbs
~
impersonal verbs
BXMga ishoraning o‘sib borishi
Takrorlab o‘tish joizki, bu hodisa tamomila xususiy, inparallel xarakterda
bo‘lib, o‘zbek tilida bunday imkoniyatning yo‘qligi, ya’ni shaxssiz fe’llarning yo‘qligi,
istagan fe’l harakatning bajaruvchisi – agens valentligiga egaligi; ingliz tilida esa,
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aksincha, shaxssiz fe’llarning me’yoriyligi – PM va BXMni leksik-semantik yo‘l bilan
farqlashda tillararo interparallel aloqalarini taqdim qilishga imkon bermaydi.
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