Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Cross-cultural similarities and differences of linguistic
perspectives on the description of tragic moments in
Uzbek and English languages
Makhliyo MIRZAYEVA
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received April 2024
Received in revised form
10 May 2024
Accepted 25 May 2024
Available online
25 June 2024
This article analyzes the presentation of tragic scenes in
Uzbek and English using the example of the works “Othello” by
William Shakespeare and “Mirzo Ulugbek” by Maksud
Shaykhzoda, reflecting differences in cultural and historical
periods. Both texts share a tragic ending, which makes it
possible to explore cross-cultural aspects of the interpretation
of tragedy. The article highlights how culture and language
interact in literary contexts to shape unique representations of
tradition, daily life, and worldview. Linguistic, sociolinguistic,
and cultural competencies required for a deep understanding of
language within its cultural context are also discussed.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss1
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
tragic scenes,
contrast,
analogy (similarity),
cultural awareness,
linguistic competence,
sociolinguistic competence,
perspective.
O‘
zbek va ingliz tillarida fojiali sahnalarni tasvirlashda
lingvistik qarashlarning madaniyatlararo
o‘
xshash va
farqli jihatlari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
fojiaviy sahnalar,
ziddiyat,
o
‘
xshashlik,
madaniy ogohlik,
lingvistik kompetensiya,
ijtimoiy-lingvistik
kompetensiya,
dunyoqarash.
Ushbu maqolada, ingliz va
o‘
zbek adabiyotida yaratilgan ikki
o‘
z davrining taniqli fojiaviy asarlari Uilliam Shekspirning
“Otello” va Maqsud Shayxzodaning “Mirzo Ulug‘bek” da mavjud
fojiali sahnalar asosida ikki til tasviriy nuqtayi nazarining
o‘
zaro
o‘
xshash va farqli jihatlarini
o‘
rganishga e
’
tibor qaratiladi.
Adabiyot tarixidan ma
’
lumki, ushbu asarlar ikki turli davrlarda
yaratilga, ammo ularni
o‘
zaro bo
g‘
lovchi asos bu ularning
qay
g‘
uli yakuni va asar bosh qahramonlarining ayanchli
o‘
limi
hisoblanadi. Shuni aytish mumkinki, xalqlarning turmush-tarzi,
1
Scientific researcher, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages. E-mail: mahliyogayratovna29@gmail.com.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
385
an
’
analari, aholining kundalik hayoti va dunyoqarashini
tarvirlash nuqtayi nazaridan til va madaniyat atamalari bir-
biriga chambarchas bo
g‘
liq. Dalillarga k
o‘
ra, davlatning tarixi,
madaniyati va milliy urf-odatlarini yetarli darajadan bilmasdan,
kishilar shu makon tilini mukammal darajada
o‘
ziniki
qilolmaydilar. Shuning uchun, balki tilshunoslikda bir qancha
lingvistik, sotsio-lingvistik va madaniy kompetentsiyalar ya
’
ni
yondashuvlar mavjud.
Межкультурные сходства и различия лингвистических
подходов в описание трагических сцен на узбекском и
английском языках
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
трагические сцены,
контраст,
аналогия (сходство),
культурологическое
сознание,
лингвистическая
компетентность,
социолингвистическая
компетентность,
перспектива.
В данной статье анализируется представление
трагических сцен на узбекском и английском языках на
примере произведений «Отелло» Уильяма Шекспира и
«Мирзо Улугбек» Максуда Шайхзоды, отражающих
различия культурных и исторических периодов. Оба текста
объединяет трагическая концовка, что позволяет
исследовать кросс
-
культурные аспекты интерпретации
трагедии. Статья подчеркивает, как культура и язык
взаимодействуют в литературном контексте, формируя
уникальные представления традиций, повседневной
жизни
и
мировоззрения.
Также
обсуждаются
лингвистическая, социолингвистическая и культурная
компетенции, необходимые для глубокого понимания
языка на фоне его культурного контекста.
INTRODUCTION
The same scenes but different characters, various feelings, and emotions by two
popular authors. There are a lot of tragedies and sorrowful scenes in different literary
works of the world, but by conducting a research on these two works is giving another
chance to work hard and find out untouched features of them. The main aim of this study
and research is to find similar and different worldviews of the writers by analyzing in
detail emphasizing on the lexical units meaning sorrow and grief. Studies show that there
is a great relationship between two works, particularly in betrayal or treachery scenes
which connects these two works closely.
MATERIALS
The objective of this research is to identify the similarities and differences between
two tragic scenes described by two different authors in two well-known works. A variety
of research tools were employed during this investigation, including both primary and
secondary sources. These sources included scientific articles, research works, and books
pertaining to the subject matter. As Neelam Farid notes, As is well known, literature
authentically captures the essence of human nature, emotions, and sentiments. In
Shakespearean plays, protagonists are depicted as having a fundamental flaw in their
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
386
nature, which ultimately leads to their downfall. In accordance with the conventional
definition of tragedy, the virtuous hero meets a tragic end [7: 698]. It is commonly
believed that the author has created a number of professional scenes with the intention
of making the moments of tragedy more meaningful and realistic. A fundamental aspect
of the craft of dramatist is the ability to persuade an audience to believe and inhabit the
world of the play. From the perspective of modern linguistics, it is crucial to highlight the
significance of language in identifying and analyzing the harmony of spiritual and cultural
values, the way of thinking of a nation, and their attitudes towards the surrounding
people and events. The most effective methodology for conducting this research is to
learn and investigate two languages through the analysis of two plays. The tragedies of
"Othello" and "Mirzo Ulugbek" are particularly relevant, as they exemplify the themes of
death and sorrow.
METHODS
The primary methodologies employed in this research include conceptual and
component analysis, in addition to linguistic and cultural competencies. If conceptual
analysis is a viable philosophical approach, then there should be some indication of what is
occurring in the mind of the researcher when the hypothetical case method is employed.
This indication should clarify how, in theory, the method can produce prior knowledge of
necessary truths. In this type of analysis, research is delivered through personal
hypotheses based on previous knowledge and experience, as well as the material under
consideration ("Othello, Mirzo Ulugbek" tragedies). First, the subject topic is observed in
detail, and then scientific materials related to the topic are collected and analyzed using
comparison and contrast. In addition, another investigation method is component analysis.
The analysis of words using organized sets of semantic characteristics, designated as
"present," "absent," or "indifferent with reference to feature," is known as
complementarity analysis (also known as feature analysis or contrast analysis) [2: 1]. In
this manner, the compositionality principle is contravened by the approach. The
relationship between this analysis and this research work is that there are some
comparable moments in character description and the embodiment of scenes in the works.
The authors' attitudes, people's behavior, and word views can be readily distinguished.
Linguistic and cultural competencies are of paramount importance in this type of research.
Linguistic competence, as defined by linguists such as Noam Chomsky, is not an evaluative
phrase. Rather, it refers to the capacity for natural language comprehension, which enables
an individual to associate sounds with meanings. As Chomsky states in Aspects of the
Theory of Syntax (1965), "We thus make a fundamental distinction between competence
(the speaker-hearer's knowledge of their language) and performance (the actual use of
language in concrete situations)." This is to be distinguished from performance, which is
the actual use of language in concrete situations.
DISCUSSIONS
Although the time when these two plays were written by the authors differs from
each other taking into account that “Othello” was acted in 1604 in front of the King James
I in London and became popular [6: 64], Maksud Shaykhzoda completed this great task
by creating an unrepeatable image of Asian King and scientist (astronomer) “Mirzo
Ulugbek” in 1960, the fan and audience of these famous plays are still watch them by full
of emotions and tears. “It was getting dark, in the yard of Ota Murod, it was fall and leaves
covered the ground. There are some flowers, but the weather was cloudy. There were
different sounds. Ota Murod says looking at the sky: Scene 5, Extract 5 [4: 238, 247]
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
387
Eh, qovog
‘
in shuncha slogan, badburush falak.
Xo
‘
mrayadi, Xo
‘
ja Ahror kabi beo
‘
xshov!
Ha, ne kerak bol bermasang, meva bermasang,
Shu yetmasmi, hali menga do
‘
q ham urasan.
Jala quymay, o
‘
tib ketsa shu bulut, yorab!
Daladagi mehnatimiz nobus bo
‘
lmagay!...
Ota Murod is one of the farmers in this land and loyal to Mirzo Ulug
‘
bek. After
completing this speech, he walks around the yard and opens the gate. There were Mirzo
Ulugbek, his lovely wife Firuza, Sakkokiy and two soldiers. It was the time that the King
was going to leave Samarkand, royal palace, and he mentioned that he was not the ruler
of this land anymore. The people around Ulugbek were the most loyal ones for them and
they stayed for breathing from motherlands
’
air for the last time. But, unfortunately, the
enemies did not allow them even this. It was the last time the King had a warm
conversation with his friends and love [4:253]. They set a trap and showed their violence
one more. It was Abbos, the son of Sayid Obid, who was considered a radical, religious
member of the palace and exiled from Samarkand forever tried to take a revenge for his
dad. He shouted at the King by showing a court`s opinion that Ulugbek was a gulty for the
death of Sayid Obid. It is the last but most effective scene of the play which makes any
readers or the audience to cry. Even in such situation, Mirzo Ulugbek made a will about
his books and tables of stars for his friends. The loyalty and love of his friends expressed
in words but the readers feel it by their deep heart. It was the scene of the death of an
innocent father who died because of traitors and unreliable successors. The following
words used by different episodes in the death scene [4:245,246].
Abbos
Ulugbek
Firuza
Qasos, xun -revenge
G
‘
amga g
‘
arq bo
‘
lmoq
(drowning in grief)
Niqobdor-masked, kushanda-
wrecker
O
‘
ch olmoq-take revenge
Nomardlar,ablahlar-unnamed,
scoundrels
Yirtqich sotqinlar-wild traitors
Oqpadar-father murderer,
bevafo dunyo-unfaithful world
Qonli xanjar-bloody dagger
Badkirdorlik-mischief,
badbaxt-miserable
The words presented in this table do not only express the emotional state of the
heroes in the scene of death, but also show the lexical richness of the Uzbek language and
how the author use them properly in this process. Even birds, the weather, and all
creatures tried to inform about the upcoming tragedy. Coming to U. Shakespeare, known
as a king of playwrights, the readers can receive other feelings and emotions. As one of
Shakespeare`s eminent works, Othello has been extensively analyzed and interpreted,
and the style, and sequence of the events is kept skillfully. The last scene, the death of
Desdemona, was summarized and depicted professionally, below in the table, lexical
units show the emotional position of the characters [5:237, 238, 244]
Othello
Desdemona
Emilia
Gratiano
Shed of blood
Have mercy on me
More an angel
Strange truth-
unbelievable
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
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Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
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1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
388
Betray-cheat on
Guiltiness
Blacker devil
Mortal to him- make
him die
Confess a crime
Feel fear, swear
Dost belie-slander
Perjured-liar
Handkerchief,
Pernicious-malicious
The words listed on this table express the whole character of episodes in the given
scene. The link between phrases and emotions are totally precise, Desdemona lies about
losing her handkerchief and this makes her husband more suspicious, even murderer of
his lovely wife. This scene illustrates how people in this community tend to listen others`
opinions even this is about their private life. The main characters of this play: Othello and
Desdemona lived a deep love but different lies, enemies, and distractions made them die
tragically at the end of the work. Comparing these two tragic scenes, it must be said that
Firuza (the wife of Mirzo Ulugbek cannot kill herself for her husband because of religious
or cultural points of view. But, still, some more research is required to analyze the exact
religious status of the characters in Othello.
CONCLUSION
In the fields of comparative linguistics and literature, there are numerous
methodologies for the analysis of literary works and the conduct of research. These
include, but are not limited to, approaches based on conceptual, compositional, linguistic,
and cultural features. In the field of comparative literature, it is of the utmost importance
to pay close attention to the linguistic features and cultural viewpoints of the works
under analysis. The authors' professionalism and experience are evident in the success of
their works. As the fundamental purpose of this research, it is important to note that the
English and Uzbek languages and cultures exhibit several similarities and distinctive
images of life standards, customs, and behaviors. In the East, it was demonstrated that
the characters are imbued with a plethora of emotions and feelings, which take
precedence over the realistic features of the situation. In contrast, Western authors
express their perspectives in a more realistic and accessible manner, even incorporating
more slang, curses, and jargon. Nevertheless, regarding the sequence of events and their
contextual relevance, both languages exhibit comparable abilities. However, English is
more adept at expressing these relationships in a fluid and natural manner.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my profound gratitude and respect for those who have
graciously shared their invaluable insights and experiences in the field of science. The
individual whom I most closely follow in this field is my scientific advisor. She
consistently shares her extensive experience and knowledge in conducting research, as
well as constructive advice and feedback on my work. Her guidance has been invaluable,
providing me with the motivation and energy to persevere. Their approach to scientific
inquiry and their perspectives on the subject matter have been instrumental in guiding
me in the appropriate direction. The insights they shared about my initial draft of this
article were invaluable in helping me achieve a successful outcome. The authors of the
scientific materials I utilized for my research were highly supportive of conducting the
work in a useful and meaningful manner for the reader. Finally, I would like to express
my sincerest gratitude to all those who participated in this research, both directly and
indirectly, for their invaluable contributions. The quality of the resulting work would be
significantly diminished in the absence of your contributions.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
389
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