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Journal home page:
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Voices of writers: how famous authors confronted the
Holocaust
Shokhista MUKHAMEDOVA
Uzbekistan State World Languages University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received April 2024
Received in revised form
10 May 2024
Accepted 25 May 2024
Available online
25 June 2024
The article explores how some of the world's most famous
writers have responded to the Holocaust through their work.
The author examines the different approaches taken by writers
from different countries and backgrounds and looks at how
their experiences and perspectives have shaped their responses
to this historical event. The article highlights the role that
literature has played in shaping public understanding of the
Holocaust and also discusses the voices of writers that are
essential to our understanding of the Holocaust and its legacy.
By exploring the different ways in which writers have
responded to this historical event, we can gain insight into the
complex and often difficult process of grappling with trauma,
memory, and history.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss1
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
Holocaust,
trauma,
memory,
antisemitism,
repression,
opposite voices.
Xolokost fenomeni jahonning mashhur yozuvchilari
nigohida
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
Xolokost,
travma,
xotira,
antisemitizm,
repressiya,
qarama-qarshi ovozlar.
Maqolada jahon adabiyotining eng mashhur va yirik
namoyondalari Xolokost tarixiy voqeasi qanday munosabat
bildirgani va o‘z asarlarini buni qanday bo‘yoqda aks ettirilgani
o‘rganiladi. Muallif maqolada turli mamlakatlardan kelib
chiqqan yozuvchilarning turlicha qarashlari va g‘oyalarga
yondashuvlarini o‘rganib chiqadi va ularning tajribalarini ushbu
tarixiy voqeaga javoblarini shakllantirish usullarini ko‘rib
chiqadi. Shuningdek, maqola Xolokost fenomeni haqida
jamoatchilik tushunchasini shakllantirishda adabiyotning roli
ta’kidlangan, Xolokost va uning merosini tushunishimiz uc
hun
1
Teacher, Uzbekistan State World Languages University. E-mail: obidjonova993@gmail.com
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
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Зарубежная лингвистика
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Special Issue
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tarixiy travma va xotira bilan kurashishning murakkab va
ko‘pincha qiyin jarayonida zarur bo‘lgan yozuvchilarning
munosabati haqida tushunchaga ega bo‘lishimiz dolzarb
ekanligini muhokama ostiga olinadi.
Голоса писателей: как известные авторы относились к
Холокосту
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
Холокост,
травма,
память,
антисемитизм,
репрессии,
противоположные голоса.
В статье исследуется, как известных писателей мира
отреагировали на Холокост своим творчеством. Автор
рассматривает
различные
подходы,
используемые
писателями из разных стран и с разным происхождением, и
рассматривает то, как их опыт и перспективы
сформировали их реакцию на это историческое событие. В
статье подчеркивается роль, которую литература сыграла
в формировании общественного понимания Холокоста, а
также
обсуждаются
голоса
писателей,
которые
необходимы для нашего понимания Холокоста и его
наследия. Исследуя различные способы, которыми
писатели отреагировали на это историческое событие, мы
можем получить представление о сложном и зачастую
трудном процессе борьбы с травмой, памятью и историей.
INTRODUCTION
From the early times up to modern-day literature that includes including itself
written works of fiction, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value,
encountered a lot of changes, and witnessed a great number of talents but literature did
not stop developing despite the historical, social and political alterations. The current
article is devoted to how literature has reacted to a destroying ideology of fascism and
world-
famous authors’ point of view on side
-taking. Moreover, the phenomena of the
Holocaust
together with
Fascism
are under consideration by the researcher. The deeds of
that time still make people flinch from the horrors. Fascism is a form of radical
authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in Europe early in the 20
th
century,
characterized by one-party totalitarian regimes run by charismatic dictators, glorification
of violence, and racist ideology [4].
The word
fascism
derives from
"fasces,"
which is an ax
that has been closely wound with sticks. A political mindset and widespread movement
known as fascism emerged in the years following the First and Second World Wars.
Fascism, which emerged between the First and Second World Wars, is the mentality of
giving total interest in economic, social, and military authority to a dominant race. The
concepts of Socialism, Capitalism, and Democracy were essentially denied by fascism. It is
a dictatorship system preferring the method of terrorism and police surveillance.
It focuses on ethnicity and the superiority of the Arian race, claiming all others as inferior
types. This ideology isn’t limited to one culture alone, it is also used to categorize
censorship and oppression. Fascism had a terrible impact on Europe, mostly Germany,
Italy and Spain. It was the Holocaust initiated by Nazi Germany that was the most
significant event of the previous century, as the removal of unwanted ethnic groups
become the main aim of the super groups [1].
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After the end of World War I, fascism rose out of relative obscurity into
international prominence, with fascist regimes forming most notably in Italy, Germany,
and Japan, the three of which would be allied in World War II. The loss of Germany
during WWI ignited the flame of hatred for Jews, and they are blamed for this. The
Spartacus League and their riot in Berlin against the current regime weakened the inner
policy and lead to the biggest lost in the war. Among that league majority of members
were Jews. The roads come again to blame Jews as a single source of evil for the Aryan
race and no matter what it was Jews must vanish from the earth for the prosperity of the
super race.
Literature has played a powerful role in reflecting on the Holocaust and its impact
on the world. By representing the experiences of those who lived through the Holocaust,
as well as those who were affected by it in other ways, literature has helped to preserve
the memory of this tragic event and to ensure that its lessons are not forgotten. The
Holocaust was one of the world’s darkest hours –
a mass murder of Jewish nation
conducted in the shadows of the Second World War. The German government, controlled
by the brutal Nazi Party and its leader Adolf Hitler, killed between five and six million
Jews who lived in Europe. These were not the only victims, however. They were
murdered because of Germany’s fanatical racial policies. It did not matter their age –
millions were infants and children. It did not matter their social status or educational
background
–
they were doctors and lawyers, laborers and tradesmen. It mattered only
that they were considered “enemies of the state”, a threat to the “purity” of the German
race and the greatness of the German empire. “In addition to Jews and Gypsies, they were
Poles, Jehovah’s Witnesses, the mentally disabled, the physically handicapped, political
opponents, homosexuals, and others deemed “unworthy of life.” Remembering the
Holocaust is essential for all generations.” [1].
People have hated each other for thousands of years. But why exactly during WWII
it come to the pick point, an answer is indifference to the world and ignorance of people
towards other nations. Jewish people similar to other oppressed people could not act and
remain strong against the force and repression by the Nazi regime.
METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
Despite the pain, despite the horror, history never forgets, so literature is the
major means of its reflection.
Many critics and scholars have worked on Holocaust theory, exploring the
historical, cultural, and ethical dimensions of the Holocaust and its legacy. Here are a few
examples Langer is a prominent Holocaust scholar and the author of "Holocaust
Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory." His work focuses on the testimonies of survivors
and how memory and trauma are transmitted across generations. Another prominent
researcher Dominick LaCapra, a literary critic and historian has written extensively on
the Holocaust and its cultural representation. His work emphasizes the importance of
understanding the Holocaust as a historical event that has ongoing significance for our
understanding of ethics and political violence. Cathy Caruth is a literary critic and trauma
theorist who has written about how traumatic events are represented in literature and
culture. Her work on the Holocaust emphasizes how trauma disrupts language and
representation, and the role that literature can play in addressing and processing this
disruption. Geoffrey Hartman is a literary critic and Holocaust survivor who has written
extensively about the Holocaust and its cultural representation. His work explores how
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literature can bear witness to traumatic events and the ethical responsibilities of writers
and readers in confronting the legacy of the Holocaust. Berel Lang’s contribution as a
philosopher and cultural critic is massive and he has written extensively on the
Holocaust and its impact on Western culture. His work emphasizes the importance of
memory and commemoration in confronting the legacy of the Holocaust, and how
cultural representation can shape our understanding of history and ethics. These are just
a few examples of the many critics and scholars who have worked on Holocaust theory,
each bringing their perspectives and insights to the ongoing project of grappling with the
complexities and significance of this historical event.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
The depiction of the events of the Holocaust through fiction, drama, and poetry
became common among writers all over the world. Some literature about the Holocaust
is written as historical fiction that closely follows actual events, adding only imaginary
dialogue that is consistent with those events. “Other writing is much more removed from
the actual course of events and uses allegory and other a-historical literary devices to get
its point across.” Literature also reflects the Holocaust by exploring the broader
historical, social, and cultural context in which the Holocaust took place. Many works of
Holocaust literature explore issues such as antisemitism, nationalism, and the politics of
identity that contributed to the rise of fascism and the genocide of European Jews [6].
Other works examine the ethical and moral implications of the Holocaust, and challenge
readers to grapple with the difficult questions raised by this dark chapter in human
history. However, as the full scope of the Holocaust became better understood in the
decades that followed, many writers began to address the event in their work. Some, like
Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi, wrote firsthand accounts of their experiences in
concentration camps, while others, like Art Spiegelman and Jonathan Safran Foer, used
fiction and graphic novels to explore the legacy of the Holocaust. Yet not all authors feel
the same sympathy for the holocaust phenomenon. Naturally, it may be affected by the
fact that they supported the policy run by Nazi regime. The article is to reveal the world-
famous authors’ reaction towards fascism and its destructive ideology
. It is important to
note that supporting the Holocaust is a morally reprehensible position, and there is no
justification for it. However, several writers and intellectuals expressed support for
fascist ideologies and played a role in the rise of Nazism in the years leading up to World
War II. The idea that big authors of the previous century as Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Louis-
Ferdinand Céline, Wyndham Lewis, or Nobel Prize winner Knut Hamsun could openly
tolerate a government that publicly burnt books or tortured and executed people for
expressing an opinion is profoundly perplexing. However, T.S. Eliot has been accused of
having fascist sympathies. W.B. Yeats supported the Irish Blueshirts (ACA members who
wore blue shirts to imitate the European fascist movements that had chosen colored
shirts as their uniforms). Even if these allegations are untrue or overstated, the question
of how a foreign journalist with a conscience could not be actively evaluating a
government whose trademarks were brutality, censorship and suppression. Such matters
seem to have been of little concern to English novelist
Tarka the Otter
, written by
Henry
Williamson
(1895
–
1977), won the Hawthornden Prize in 1928. He only saw what he
wanted to see in Germany under Hitler. Williamson, who was surrounded by the natural
world, found great romantic appeal in this mysterious past. He recognized Hitler as a
leader who shared these ideals completely and whose Hitler Youth program was
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motivating the next generation. The naturalist and novelist embraced the regime
wholeheartedly from the minute he arrived, soaking up its propaganda and never
challenging its assertions. He was drawn to the Führer's vision in particular.
(“an
improved version of Lenin’s”),
“based on every man owning, in a trustee
-to-trustee-nation
sense, his own bit of land and fulfilling himself in living a natural life.”
[2]. It would be
easier to feel more sympathy for Williamson if, after the war, he had admitted that he had
been wrong. But in 1969 when interviewed by Roy Plomley on Desert Island Discs, he
said merely that he had not then been wise enough to know that
“a man of tremendous
artistic feeling should never be in charge of a nation.”
The nearest he came to
acknowledging a Nazi crime was when he remarked that Hitler had been a perfectionist
“and once you begin to force perfectionism on other people you become the devil.”
Another prominent writer, the proud Norwegians,
Knut Hamsun
(1859
–
1952),
was in terms both of literary achievement and devotion to Nazi Germany in a different
league. The author was Nobel laureate who is known for his influential contributions to
modernist literature. While Hamsun did not directly address the Holocaust in his work,
his political views and actions during World War II have been the subject of controversy
and criticism. His books, with their focus on the individual ego and their spontaneous
style, had a profound impact on European writing. When Hamsun won the Nobel Prize in
1920
for Growth of the Soil
,
Thomas Mann
commented that it had never been awarded to
a worthier recipient. Thomas Mann (1875
–
1955) himself published the novella,
Mario
and the Magician
(1929) where he openly criticizes fascism, a choice which later became
one of the grounds for his exile to Switzerland following Hitler's rise to power. The
magician, Cipolla, is analogous to the fascist dictators of the era with their fiery speeches
and rhetoric. The story was especially timely, considering the tensions in Europe when it
was written. Stalin had just seized power in Russia, Mussolini was urging Italians to
recapture the glory of the Roman Empire, and Hitler with his rhetoric was quickly gaining
steam in Germany. The end of the story represents Mann's changing political views; he
moved from staunch support of the Kaiser during his early life to a belief in progressive,
democratic values in Europe and a desire to rid the continent of fascist influences.
Hemingway recommended Hamsun’s novels to Scott Fitzgerald, anticipating the likes of
Kafka, Joyce, and Sartre, the Norwegian was regarded by many leading writers as the
progenitor of modern literature.
The Nazis despised any hint of modernism but Hamsun, who was born into a
peasant family and grew up in the harsh beauty of the Arctic Circle, won their admiration
for his Nordic reverence for Nature and
“the Blut und Boden” (The Blood and soil)
themes
which express Nazi Germany's ideal of a "racially" defined national div ("blood") united
with a settlement area ("soil"), this slogan of Nazi’s emerged particularly in Hamsun’s
later novels. Even more important from the Nazi point of view was the fact that this
world-renowned writer was so utterly and so publicly dedicated to their cause. An added
bonus was that his profound love of all things German was matched by an equally deep
hatred of all things English. Hamsun bitterly denounced the British as arrogant
hypocrites bent on world domination through treachery and murder. Hitler, on the other
hand, was a crusader, a reformer ready to forge a
“great Germanic world community”
in
which Norway would play a key role [5]. Despite his empathy for Germany
–
“I am... a
Norwegian and a German”
he once telegraphed to the Nordic Society
–
he spent
surprisingly little time in the country. After the war, Hamsun was tried for treason and
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found guilty, although he was ultimately spared a prison sentence due to his age and
declining health. In the years that followed, he continued to defend his actions and
beliefs, and refused to disavow his support for the Nazi party. Hamsun's relationship to
the Holocaust and his association with fascist ideologies have been a subject of ongoing
debate and controversy. While some have argued that his political views should not
overshadow his contributions to literature, others have criticized him for his role in
supporting Nazi ideology and his failure to speak out against the atrocities of the
Holocaust.
Another modernist figure
Ezra Pound (1885
–
1972)
, an American poet and
intellectual who played a controversial role in 20th-century literature and politics.
Although he did not directly address the Holocaust in his work, Pound was known for his
support of fascist and anti-Semitic ideologies, and his public statements and writings
were often deeply controversial. During the 1930s, Pound expressed support for Benito
Mussolini and fascism in Italy, and he later expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler and the
Nazi party. Pound was an active propagandist for the fascist cause during World War II,
broadcasting anti-Semitic and anti-American messages from Italy to the United States.
After the war, Pound was arrested by American forces and charged with treason. He was
found mentally unfit to stand trial and was subsequently confined to hospital in
Washington, D.C. for more than a decade. During this time, Pound continued to express
anti-Semitic and anti-American views, and he was widely criticized for his association
with fascist ideologies and his failure to acknowledge the atrocities of the Holocaust. It is
important to note that while Pound's political views were deeply controversial and his
role in promoting fascist ideology is widely condemned, his work as a poet continues to
be studied and appreciated for its contributions to modernist literature.
Among those writers who expressed less apathy towards the Holocaust was
T.S. Eliot
(1888
–
1965) a British poet and intellectual who lived through World War II,
but there is little evidence to suggest that he directly addressed the Holocaust in his
work. However, Eliot was known for his controversial views on race and ethnicity, and
his private correspondence included some anti-Semitic statements. In a 1933 letter [3] to
his friend John Quinn, Eliot wrote that he had "no sympathy" for Jews and expressed
support for the idea of a "homogeneous society" based on racial and cultural unity. These
statements have been criticized as evidence of Eliot's anti-Semitic views, although some
scholars argue that they should be understood in the context of his broader concerns
about cultural identity and national unity. Despite his controversial views on race and
ethnicity, Eliot's work as a poet is widely respected and celebrated for its contributions to
modernist literature. Eliot's poem "The Waste Land," which was published in 1922, is
often cited as one of the most important works of 20th-century literature, and his other
works continue to be studied and appreciated by scholars and readers around the world.
Nevertheless, it is vital to note that the vast majority of writers and intellectuals were
opposed to fascism and the Holocaust, and many used their work to bear witness to the
horrors of the Holocaust and to advocate for tolerance, justice, and human rights. Moreover,
several popular writers requested the “what
-
if theory” to mass readers, the possible picture
of the world if destructing ideology wins was presented in satirical and anti-utopian way.
Firstly,
Sinclair Lewis
, (1885
–
1951), American novelist and social critic who is widely
popular with his satirical novels and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930,
the first given to an American. His later novel
It Can't Happen Here
(1935) is a cautionary
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tale about the fragility of democracy, an alarming, eerily timeless look at how fascism
could take hold in America. Written during the Great Depression when America was
largely oblivious to Hitler's aggression, it juxtaposes sharp political satire with the
chillingly realistic rise of a President who becomes a dictator to save the nation from
welfare cheats, rampant promiscuity, crime, and a liberal press. The book is a cautionary
tale about the dangers of fascism and depicts the rise of a demagogue named Buzz
Windrip who is elected President of the United States. Windrip's regime gradually
became more authoritarian, with dissenters silenced and civil liberties curtailed.
The novel is widely regarded as a warning about the dangers of authoritarianism and the
need to protect democracy.
The other perspective fiction can offer is to imagine not alternative facts but
alternative futures, based on shared pasts, are
(1949)
by English
writer
George Orwell
(1903-
1950) presents the author’s vision of postwar fascism,
while another English writer and philosopher
Aldous Huxley
’s (1894–
though being written in 1932 just as European fascism began to consolidate, the
author incorporated American culture into its dystopian vision, in which citizens of the
“World State” pray to long
-
dead gods of technology (“In Ford We Trust”) and entertain
themselves with “Feelies” (a play on “talkies”, the new sound films). Books are
suppressed, but no one wants to read them any more anyway. In the novel, the world is
divided into a caste system of genetically engineered individuals who are conditioned to
be content with their lot in life. The highest caste, Alphas, are the most intelligent and
enjoy the greatest social and political privileges, while the lower castes are given menial
jobs and are kept ignorant through conditioning and propaganda. The novel explores
themes of individuality, free will, and the role of science and technology in society. It also
examines the dangers of a society that highlights happiness and stability, priority over
personal freedom, critical thinking and based on social divisions which also promoted by
fascistic ideology.
As it is obvious that literature is a strong weapon to agitate for and against any
ideology including fascism as well. Thus books presenting any unsafe idea which inflames
resistance to Nazi regime considered to be dangerous and their authors are the enemies
that’s why they like to burn their creative works both fiction and non
-fictions. The
famous American writer of science-fiction
Ray Bradbury
(1920
–
2012) in his
masterpiece
Fahrenheit 451,
published in 1953, is all about censorship. Like, books are
prohibited by the government because books carry history and knowledge and if you
read books and become knowledgeable, then you realize the government is wrong. The
government where characters live in is a dictatorship like fascism. They placed all kinds
of rules that restrict society and blind people by manipulating them into thinking their
lives are awesome, etc. The lived experiences of those who experienced life in fascist
regimes; an experience of how knowledge is attacked by fascists to replace truth with
fascist truth; how to resist fascism; and the emphasis on physical perfection.
The majority of German fiction authors decided to steer clear of Holocaust themes
through the end of the 1980s. German novelists who wrote about the Nazi era up until
the 1970s usually presented both perpetrators and sufferers with a two-dimensional
representation. The play
The Deputy
, written by
Rolf Hochhuth
and released in English
in 1964, makes clear how these events are presented in a largely binary fashion. When
Hochhuth's work first appeared, it sparked a lot of debate because it provided a scathing
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fictional portrayal of Pope Pius XII's moral failure to assist the Jews. The
Investigation,
a
drama by
Peter Weiss
that was released in English in 1964, addressed the issue of the
personal responsibility of the perpetrators heavily but does not probe the depths of Nazi
criminality. From novelists,
Gunther Grass
(1927
–
2015) was arguably the best-known
author just before the 1980s who did write about the Nazi regime but not particularly the
Holocaust. Grass was known for his strong opposition to fascism and totalitarianism, and
he used his writing to explore the complexities of German history and to confront the
legacy of the Holocaust. In his most famous novel,
The Tin Drum
, Grass examines the Nazi
era and its impact on German society through the story of a boy who refuses to grow up.
The novel is a powerful critique of fascism and its dehumanizing effects, and it explores
themes of guilt, responsibility, and memory. Grass caused controversy when he revealed
that he had served in the Waffen-SS during World War II. The revelation led to
accusations of hypocrisy, as Grass had been a vocal critic of other Germans who had
failed to confront their own complicity in the Nazi regime. Despite the controversy, Grass
continued to use his writing to grapple with the legacy of the Holocaust and to advocate
for tolerance, justice, and human rights. However, they are several couple of writers
being core German openly criticized the terror towards Jews. For instance, the most
notable one was
Heinrich Böll
, who was a German writer who opposed the Nazi regime
and the Holocaust. His novel
The Clown
is a powerful critique of German society in the
postwar period, and his work often deals with themes of social justice, human dignity,
and the importance of memory. Another writer was
Thomas Mann
was a German writer
and Nobel laureate who opposed fascism and Nazism. In his famous speech
An Appeal to
Reason
, he urged Germans to resist the fascist ideology and to uphold the values of
democracy, freedom, and human dignity.
Berthold Brecht
was the other German
playwright, poet, and director who opposed the Nazi regime and the Holocaust. His plays
often dealt with political and social themes and were critical of capitalist and fascist
systems. Among them
Gertrud Kolmar
was a German Jewish poet who was murdered in
Auschwitz during the Holocaust. Her work explores themes of identity, exile, and
persecution and bears witness to the horrors of the Nazi regime. Finally,
Stefan Zweig
,
being an Austrian writer opposed fascism and Nazism and was forced to flee Austria after
the Anschluss. His memoir
The World of Yesterday
is a powerful testament to the decline
of European civilization in the face of fascist aggression. These are just a few examples of
the many German writers who opposed the Holocaust and used their work to challenge
injustice and promote human dignity and freedom. In the 1990s many literary works
were published in German about the Holocaust, both original German works and
translations into German. Some like
The Reader
by
Bernhard Schlink
reached a wide
audience, and were made into films. German language poets have also addressed the
Holocaust. One of the most powerful poems ever written about the murder of the Jews is
Paul Celan
's
Todesfuge,
or
Death Fugue,
with its haunting refrain:
"death is the master in
Germany.”
CONCLUSION
Hence, the reaction of popular writers to the Holocaust has been varied and
complex and has evolved as new information and perspectives on the event have
emerged. In the immediate aftermath of the Holocaust, many writers struggled to find
words to describe the enormity of the tragedy, and some chose to remain silent about it,
while others part vividly promoted their positive attitude towards the Nazi regime and
supported Holocaust as a fair filter for select the super race.
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This article examines the historical, political, and ideological developments of the
fluid and multifaceted phenomenon of fascism. It will provide opportunities for
researchers to consider conceptual issues of fascism, such as the mobilization of culture
in the service of race/nation, the Holocaust, and the reaction of famous names to the
phenomenon. The researcher comes to make several outcomes as below:
–
The phenomena of Fascism and Holocaust occurred in history and left traces on
the world's memory and are worthy to investigation;
–
the spreading of the fascistic ideology has a great influence on the world
prominent writer and naturally, find its reflection on their literal career.
–
literature has the power to accelerate the process of avoiding such misfortune
befallen on the Jewish nation shortly.
–
as the full scope of the Holocaust became better understood in the decades that
followed, many writers began to address the event in their work both negatively and
positively based on their political, and social beliefs.
REFERENCES
1.
Boyanowski B, Fascism, http://departments.kings.edu/history/20c/fascism.html
2.
Boyd J,
Literary Fascists of the 1930s, Great and Small: From Hamsun to Wolfe to
the Creator of a Kid's Book About Otters
, 2018
3.
Eliot, T. S., The Letters of T. S. Eliot Volume 7: 1934
–
1935. Faber & Faber, 2017.
4.
Mosse, G. L.,
Journal of Contemporary History,
Introduction: The Genesis of
Fascism, Sage Publications, Ltd., Vol. 1, No. 1 (1966), pp. 14-26.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/259647
5.
Lang, B., “The Representation of Limits.” Probing the Limits of
Representation:
Nazism and the “Final Solution”. Ed. Saul Friedlander.
Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1992, pp. 300-317.
6.
Shoah Resource Center, the International School for Holocaust Studies,
“Literature On The Holocaust” www.yadvashem.org
7.
McLean T. D., “Holocaust: Remembering the Past; safeguarding the Future”,
Knight Ridder Productions, Inc., 2000. p.2
