Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная
лингвистика
и
лингводидактика
–
Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Use of archaisms, neologisms, historicisms in the political
lexicon
Shakhnoza ISMATOVA
Karshi State University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received April 2024
Received in revised form
10 May 2024
Accepted 25 May 2024
Available online
25 June 2024
This article presents an analysis of the semantic
classification of political vocabulary. The authors of the article
explore various aspects and approaches to the categorization of
terms used in political discourse.
2181-3701
/©
2024 in Science LLC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss1
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
strategy,
political,
meaning,
semantics,
archaisms,
neologisms,
historicisms
.
Siyosiy leksikada arxaizmlar, neologizmlar, istorizmlarning
qo‘llanilishi
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar
:
strategiya,
siyosiy,
ma
’
no,
semantika,
arxaizmlar,
neologizmlar,
istorizmlar.
Ushbu maqolada siyosiy lug'atning semantik tasnifi tahlili
keltirilgan. Maqola mualliflari siyosiy nutqda ishlatiladigan
atamalarni
turkumlashtirishning
turli
jihatlari
va
yondashuvlarini o'rganadilar.
1
Doctoral student, Karshi State University
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
443
Использование архаизмов, неологизмов, историзмов
в политическом лексиконе
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
стратегия,
политический,
смысл,
семантика,
архаизмы,
неологизмы, историзмы.
В данной статье представлен анализ семантической
классификации политической лексики. Авторы статьи
исследуют различные аспекты и подходы к категоризации
терминов, используемых в политическом дискурсе.
Political discourse can include formal discussions or informal discourse
discussions about politics among listeners and family members (Liebes and Ribak, 1991).
Political speech is essentially an expression of the whole complex of relations between an
individual and society, and therefore this phenomenon is essentially functionally aimed
at forming a certain part of the worldview or world image among the receivers. Using
political discourse as a cornerstone, it is possible to understand how cultural values are
modeled in different language communities, how social order is promoted, and which
elements of the linguistic picture of the world remain outside the speakers' conscious
discourse strategies. Each language forms a conceptual image of the world that is unique
to its society. A political text contains extralinguistic information (a world image) and
symbolic information (a world image represented by a symbol, or a denomination).
Political speech not only has a meaning related to reality but also has an important
"connection" subjectively associated with a certain group or groups of people. Different
subjects of communication appear in speech in different ways: communicative forms
create their content [1,50]. The analysis of important data of political speech is a
communicative-nominative analysis: who communicates and how he communicates.
Political discourse is presented in faces. The face merges with the text, but at the same
time it is the text itself. Mixing this "layer" or content creates new content. As a result, the
author concludes that the same text spoken by different people "separates" into different
texts: they are decoded, structured, classified, and ordered differently by the audience.
They provide a different picture of social interaction [1, 51]. According to I.F. Ukhvanova-
Shmygova, semantic-basic research of political speech can provide important material
about modern speech in general, and about political speech in particular. At this stage of
society's development, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of political speech,
as well as to determine the historical and national-specific features of political speech,
and the continuity or discontinuity of certain styles, types, and forms. [1, 51] A political
text is a product of the conflict of different interests and strategies, resulting in ideas,
voluntary actions, and discourses of political subjects. [1.70]. A political text is verbalized
political activity in all its forms: both signified/symbolic (normative and accumulative
activities) and unsigned (performative texts). This concept covers the subject scope and
style features of political activity carried out in and through language. Political discourse
is a set of political discourses of society: power discourse, counter-discourse, and public
rhetoric that strengthens or destabilizes the existing system of social relations [2,35]. The
modern study of the speeches of political leaders is expressed in two ways:
1. Speech analysis;
2. Semiotic analysis.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
444
Discourse analysis (the broadest research paradigm) and semiotic analysis
(a narrower approach, because it does not take into account the socio-historical
conditions that are the object of analysis, performs tasks, but focuses only on the
symbolic nature of speech) [2,164].
According to Sheygal E.I., the most characteristic of all types of communicative
actions for "political" speech is the deliberate action of "persuasion" manifested in
various ethnic-specific methods. These ethno-cultural styles are created as a result of a
complex interaction of two types of stereotypes: linguistic related to the semantic
advantages of the language and related to behavioral norms and value criteria
established in society. Persuasion is effective if it is implemented based on principles that
reflect established behaviors and attitudes in the community [2, 33]. Therefore, when
interpreting political speech as a whole, one should not be limited to purely linguistic
moments, otherwise, the essence and purpose of political speech will be overlooked.
Understanding political discourse involves knowing the background, the expectations of
the author and the audience, the hidden intentions, the plot patterns, and the favorite
logical transitions that exist in a given period. Political speech forms an important part of
our communication and involves high-level arguments to defend an opinion, justify or
refute an opinion, or gain the approval of an audience. Political speech often uses lexical
and stylistic tools, which is explained by their great argumentative potential, great
imagery, because these texts are intended for public speech and immediately attract the
attention of the listener, affect his emotions. intended for. We classified the political
lexicon semantically into archaisms, neologisms, historicisms, resurrected words. First,
we will consider archaisms in political speech.
There are many obsolete words in the vocabulary of the language. What the word
expresses, the development of concepts in life or the emergence of new words to express
them ensures that the content of the vocabulary is updated. Therefore, the phenomenon
of words leaving the daily speech process is a natural phenomenon for living languages.
Words that have fallen out of use or are falling out of use are divided into historical
words and archaisms in linguistics.
These words are different from each other: historical words are used in historical
texts to mean things, events, concepts specific to the past, and history. In the modern
language, there is no need for synonyms for them. For example: executioner, monster, etc.
Archaisms usually have their synonyms in the modern language. Therefore, the
meaning of archaisms does not leave the language and life historical words, but the
things and events they mean are preserved in life, and the original name is replaced by a
new name: lip (lip). , yavuq (near) and others are among them. Below is an excerpt from
the speech of Smail Ospanov (Orinbosar of the governor of Navoi region during the
leadership of Islam Karimov):
Here, the first mistake made about the problem is that we said that we would get
rid of the problem if we collectivize state farms and take them out of state control. In
general, the collective farm was no different from the state economy. The chairman was
sitting there, the secretary of the regional committee was sitting above him, the minister
was sitting on one side, etc. There, the collective farmer had nothing to do with the
collective farm property. This system originated in the 1930s from the property of those
who came with a cart, someone with a donkey, and another with an ox. Therefore, what
they did in the first place, he said, would turn the state farms into collective farms and
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
445
they would not be state property. But the process inside is the same. Remuneration for
labor and attitude to property have not changed. We considered this a reform. But there
were controversies. There were opinions that if we don't make private property, if we
don't increase people's interest, [the industry] will not grow. But these were not taken
into account. The laws did not come out on time. Only in 1995, laws on farmers and farms
were issued. Those were the times, and for some reason, things were done backward.
In the speech above, the words "kolkhoz", "secretary of the district council",
"collective property", "sovkhoz" are archaisms. Although these words are out of use
today, they are used to remember, compare, and give examples of our history and past.
Neologisms. Just as it is natural for words to become obsolete and fall out of use in
languages, it is also natural for new words to enter the language. Otherwise, the language
will not be able to function as the main means of communication in human society, and
the developing society will not be able to meet the requirements of the development of
science and technology.
Since language is inextricably linked with society, it is always in sync with it and
develops together with society. Neologisms are new words created as a result of the
development of science and technology to express new relations, new things, and events,
and define concepts related to the acceleration of production. Neologisms are divided
into lexical and semantic neologisms. Semantic neologisms are the use of a word existing
in the language in a new meaning, while lexical neologism is the expression of a new
concept based on the addition of existing words and morphemes in the language, the
acquisition of words from other languages, and finally, it appears through the lexical-
grammatical tools of different languages. For example, the words community and
organization have existed in the Uzbek language for a long time. Public organizations that
emerged from their merger concept are now widely used.
Lexicon is the most powerful mobile layer of language. The lexicon of any language
is constantly expanded, updated, and enriched. Nowadays, the Uzbek language, like other
languages, is facing an influx of new words. The emergence of new words is closely
related to the growth of the people's consciousness, the development of the cultural,
political and economic life of the people. New words quickly and directly accept the
changes in the life of the people and enter the local language without any difficulties,
therefore the vocabulary of the language is constantly changing.
Below is an excerpt from President Shavkat Mirziyoyev's speech at the plenary
session of the Council of Foreign Investors under the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan.
In this regard, we started to establish a copper cluster.
In its territory, we started to implement projects for the production of copper foil,
electric motors, solar panels, cable-conducting products and other high-value-added
goods.
In addition, we intend to establish a network of production of electric cars.
We invite you, respected investors, to practical cooperation in these directions.
Fifth, special attention is paid to attracting investments in the field of digitalization
in Uzbekistan.
We adopted the Digital Uzbekistan 2030 strategy.
This document envisages the digitization of all important sectors.
We are organizing IT parks in the regions of our country.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika
–
Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика
–
Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Special Issue
–
1 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
446
Residents of such parks are exempt from all taxes and fees.
We understand well that the development of this industry is impossible without
the active participation of foreign investors and technologies
In the speech above, the words copper foil, electric motors, solar panels, cable
conductor, IT parks, and residents of parks are neologisms. Let's pay attention to the
semantics of some of these words:
Resident
–
[lat. residens, residentis sitting, staying in place]
–
1 Diplomatic
representative with a position lower than the ambassador.
2 A citizen of a country permanently residing in another foreign country.
3 A representative of a state intelligence agency working in the territory of another state.
4 Foreign bank, company, firm, etc. permanent employee in another country, performing
this or that work (fully complies with the legislation of the country where he works).
The Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan has established a procedure for
allowing individuals to take out foreign currency in cash to residents. From the
newspaper.
IT-Park is a complex of objects, buildings, and structures designed to ensure the
launch and marketing of promising start-up projects for IT companies, and foreign economic
zones, including integration with scientific and educational organizations. A place where
active and talented people in the field of IT will have a real opportunity to turn their ideas
into real business projects through accounting, legal, marketing, and education.
An electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
An electric car is a vehicle powered by one or more electric motors with a battery pack.
So, it can be seen that neologisms are often found in political speech, because many
neologisms are introduced as a result of technological development and first of all they
are widely spread in politics and then they become popular.
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