Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika –
Зарубежная лингвистика и
лингводидактика – Foreign
Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/foreign-linguistics
Specificity of XX century American realistic fiction
Orzigul GANIEVA
1
Bukhara State University
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received August 2024
Received in revised form
10 August 2024
Accepted 25 September 2024
Available online
15 October 2024
Literary trends as realism and naturalism have played a
significant role in the development of XX century American
Literature. While realists described events based on the
observation and reflection of the details of the daily events, the
advancements in science, especially Darwin’s teachings,
introduced new ideas and perspectives in literature, which led to
emergence of naturalism in XX century American naturalism.
The following paper discusses factors that led to American
realism and naturalism, representatives that significantly
contributed to the development of the literature.
2181-3701/© 2024 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-3701-vol2-iss5-pp216-219
This is an open-access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru
Keywords:
realism,
naturalism,
XX century,
American Literature,
writer,
society,
person,
traditions,
trend.
XX asr amerika realistik fantastikasining o'ziga xosligi
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
realizm,
naturalizm,
XX asr,
Amerika adabiyoti,
yozuvchi,
jamiyat,
shaxs,
an'analar,
tendensiya.
Adabiy tendensiyalar realizm va naturalizm sifatida XX asr
Amerika adabiyotining rivojlanishida muhim rol o'ynadi.
Realistlar voqealarni kundalik voqealar tafsilotlarini kuzatish va
aks ettirish asosida tasvirlagan bo'lsa, ilm-fandagi yutuqlar,
ayniqsa Darvin ta'limoti adabiyotda yangi g'oyalar va
istiqbollarni kiritdi, bu esa naturalism, ya’ni XX asrda Amerika
naturalizmi paydo bo'lishiga olib keldi. Ushbu maqolada Amerika
realizmi va naturalizmiga olib kelgan omillar, adabiyot rivojiga
sezilarli hissa qo'shgan vakillar muhokama qilinadi.
1
PhD, Associate Professor, Bukhara State University.
E-mail: o.x.ganieva@buxdu.uz
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
217
Специфика американской реалистической фантастики
XX века
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
реализм,
натурализм,
XX век,
американская литература,
писатель,
общество,
личность,
традиции,
направление.
Такие литературные течения, как реализм и натурализм,
сыграли значительную роль в развитии американской
литературы XX века. В то время как реалисты описывали
события, основываясь на наблюдении и отражении деталей
повседневных событий, достижения науки, особенно
учения Дарвина, привнесли новые идеи и перспективы в
литературу, что привело к появлению натурализма в
американском
натурализме
XX
века.
В
статье
рассматриваются факторы, которые привели к появлению
американского реализма и натурализма, представителей,
внесших значительный вклад в развитие литературы.
In American literature, the traditions of realism began in the last quarter of the 19th
century and slowly developed, with realistic tendencies in prose continuing till 20th
century. Although in the 20th century, literary trends such as naturalism, regionalism,
critical realism, psychological realism, modernism were prioritized at certain stages, the
literature of the nation in general became in the course of realism. While realism refers to
describe life as it is, it is not an exaggeration to say that naturalism is a movement that aims
cover all the details in the work.
Literary critic E.Werlock compares realism to the art of painting, naturalism to
photography [3; 361]. In his view, the realist chooses details with extreme care to depict
real life in a model of creation, while the naturalist, like the photographer, describes all
existing details in his focus. This aspect also ensures the artistic coloring of naturalistic
works.
The feeling of concern about American literature and its attitude towards the people
of the country was evident in the prose works and the traditions of realism, which peaked
in the last two decades of the 19th century, have become dominant. At first, realistic works
were based on the observation and reflection of the details of the events of everyday life.
American writers were influenced by the development of realism in Europe and Britain;
the works of representatives such as J. Eliot (English literature), I. Turgenev (Russian
literature), H. Ibsen (Norwegian literature) with its distinct nature have become a source
of inspiration, but a writer, U. D. Howells, has spent his whole talents as well as opportunity
to make realism play a part in the development of the country's literature. While the writer
expressed his thoughts in his scientific speeches about the lifestyles and behaviors,
language and cultural features of characters in different layers of society, he supported the
fact that in order to take realism a leading place in the democratic country’s literature,
many authors’ examples of creative work have to see the world’s face and take a strong
place in it. As the vast literature of the United States continues to expand uniting
representatives of different nations, D. Howells inspired writers of different races,
religions, classes who were writing in a realistic direction, to create works that enhance
the people's sense of mutual sympathy.
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
218
In the 20th century, having acted both as a literary advisor and a patron, D. Howells
also stated his ideas in his scientific articles on the developing prose of the literature of the
nation. The literature of America, influenced by England and the overall significance of
European literary traditions, saw the development of the short story—a genre derived
from the smaller genres of narrative within the historical context. The prominent
representatives of the historical era, the role of American storytelling in the advancement
of Italian, Spanish, French, and English novelists, the uniqueness of 20th-century stories,
the contribution of writers like H. James, S. O. Jewett, G. Maupassant, I. Turgenev, and
others to the genre’s elevation, as well as the harmonious aspects between novella and
short story, and the advantages of small narrative genres in realizing artistic intentions,
have enriched the perfection of literary works in the national literature with numerous
valuable ideas. Particularly, he gave the following definition to the story “
it is a form which
I have great pleasure in as a reader, and pride in as an American. If we have not excelled all
other moderns in it, we have certainly excelled in it; possibly because we are in the period of
our literary development which corresponds to that of other peoples when the short story
pre-eminently flourished among them
” [4; 424]. The 20th-century American realistic stories
reached a pinnacle in the nation’s literary esteem, making it one of the crucial genres for
gaining fame in the global literary arena. The literary patterns initiated by U.D. Howells
continued in the works of prominent authors such as Sh. Anderson, O. Henry, H. James, S.
O. Jewett, who showcase various stylistic variations within the genre.
The advancements in science, especially Darwin’s teachings, introduced new ideas
and perspectives in literature during the 20th century. This impact led to the emergence
of naturalism in literary works, which was characterized by a vivid portrayal of the
beginning in narrative prose, reflecting the essence of evolutionary and social forces in
American literature. Although realism and naturalism began to develop harmoniously,
however, significantly different aspects could be observed in both trends. In many sources,
naturalism is applied as “scientific realism” (“scientific realism”), its artistic power from
realism is a sharper, more viable fact-based, literary current with a more consistent
approach to the problems of the time [5; 24]. Like realists, naturalists also aim to depict
social problems in literature, but they specifically focus on portraying harsh environments
with all their challenges, unlike the more sympathetic approach of realists. In naturalistic
works, the influence of biology, the environment, and other material forces on the
formation of life was studied thoroughly. In particular, more attention was paid to the
partial interpretation of people belonging to a lower society with less rights and freedoms
in the management of their own life. Naturalism depicted the fate of middle-class
characters whose lives were derailed by their problems on the edge of society, or at the
bottom, as a result of genealogical distortions, harsh environments, lack of money, bad
luck.
The stories portray characters’ inner thoughts and emotions in a realistic way. Each
character faces complex destinies, unique life paths, mistakes, and challenges. These
narratives create a vivid picture of their repeated struggles and triumphs in a
straightforward manner. In the 20th century American literature, the perfection of such
artistic-aesthetic tendencies found its manifestation in the works of many writers like A.
Bierce, T. Dreiser, S. Crane, F. Norris, J. London. Particularly, Frank Norris significantly
contributed to the development of national literature with his more than twenty stories,
such as “A Deal in Wheat”, “San Francisco’s Old Chinatown”, “The Passing of Cock-Eye
Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика
и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics
Issue – 2 № 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701
219
Blacklock” and “A Lost Story”. F. Norris stood out for his insightful exploration of
contemporary issues and profound observations. His stories demonstrated a unique
mastery in incorporating elements like theme, plot, dialogue, dialect, tone, and content,
showcasing his distinctive contribution to literature.
Overall, XX century American realistic literature incorporated short stories, novellas
that depicted real life analyzing social problems of daily events. Literary elements in these
works as theme, plot, dialogue, tone and characters varied form the one into other making
American literature to unique in world literature.
REFERENCES:
1.
Umurov H. Adabiyotshunoslik nazariyasi. – T.: A.Qodiriy nomidagi xalq
merosi nashriyoti, 2004.
2.
Хализев В. Теория литературы. – М.: Высшая школа, 2004. – С.192.
3.
Werlock A.H.P. The Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story. –
The USA: Facts on File, 2000.
4.
Howells W.D. Some anomalies of the short story. / The North American
Review, Vol.173, No. 538, 1901.
5.
Ross D. The American short story. – The USA: North Central Publishing
Company, St. Paul, 1961.
6.
Sadullayev, F. B. "INNER CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN
THE NOVEL “THE WINGS OF THE DOVE” BY HENRY JAMES." Conferencea (2022): 132-
135.
7.
Садуллаев, Феруз Бахтиёрович. "ХХ АСР АҚШ МОДЕРН АДАБИЁТИНИНГ
ТАРИХИЙ ҲАМДА ИЖТИМОИЙ НЕГИЗЛАРИ." SCIENTIFIC REPORTS OF BUKHARA
STATE UNIVERSITY: 171.
8.
Sadullaev, F. B. "DIFFERENT CONNOTATIONS OF ADVERBS (IN THE
EXAMPLES OF “THE PEARL” AND “THE GRAPES OF WRATH”)." Экономика и социум 5-2
(92) (2022): 262-265.
9.
САДУЛЛАЕВ, Феруз. "ҲЕНРИ ЖЕЙМС ИЖОДИДА ИНСОН РУҲИЯТИ
ТАСВИРИНИНГ БАДИИЙ-ЭСТЕТИК ВАЗИФАЛАРИ." Social sciences.
10.
Ganieva O. K. H., Aminova N. B. FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS IN JOHN
STEINBECK'S NOVEL “EAST OF EDEN” //Евразийский журнал академических
исследований. – 2023. – Т. 3. – №. 5 Part 4. – С. 247-249.
11.
Ganiyeva O. K. H., Rajabova Z. T. The Analysis of Loneliness theme in of Mice
and Men //Miasto Przyszłości. – 2023. – Т. 31. – С. 157-159.
12.
Ganieva O. K. H., Aminova N. B. JOHN STEINBECK’S “DISCONTENT” OVER
THE SOCIAL PROBLEMS //Gospodarka i Innowacje. – 2022. – Т. 23. – С. 146-148.
13.
Khayriddinovna G. O. “EAST OF EDEN” РОМАНИДА ҚАҲРАМОНЛАР ХУЛҚ-
АТВОРИГА ЖАМИЯТ ФИКРИНИНГ ТАЪСИРИ //SCIENTIFIC REPORTS OF BUKHARA
STATE UNIVERSITY. – С. 146.
