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ECONOMY, MARKET AND ECONOMIC POLICY
Ziyodova Rayhona Jasur kizi
Student of Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service
+998933114501
Burkhonov Bekzod Saydazim ugli
Student of master's degree in Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service
+998946271771
Abstract:
This article fully covers the minimum limits of state intervention in the economy, the
need for state management of the economy, the typology and concept of economic policy, and
the classification of types of economic policy.
Keywords:
classical economics, market economy, economic policy, typology of economic
policy, concept and classification of types of economic policy.
The economic policy of the state expresses and embodies the goals, objectives, and interests of
the country, state, and people. In Uzbekistan economic politics main purpose society develop for
social - economic conditions
create and economic - social to goals appropriate social
repetition working release process The economy is
stability all of factors to the effect
related : natural , state , historical , national , but many in terms of country economy
inheritance to be in the past , in the country there is was economic situation : economy
and of the market condition , goods and services for demand and offer , economic activity and
one row to the shortcomings has was
previously acceptance done decisions : decision
acceptance to do legal designated order lack of goals
pyramid clear formed , to them
achieve for responsible
institutions reinforcement , acceptance done decisions execution
control to do and the results evaluation . Economic politics of the state internal and external
policy with , as well as the state ideology and military policy with directly each other
Economic
politics the government political their views done increases , therefore for
political parties and actions take going economic to politics noticeable effect
to show
able . Budget formation , economic decisions acceptance in doing state population various layers
social their opinion into account to take forced . Because , social protests sometimes in the
country planned and done increasing state economic of the policy separately of elements to the
effect effect to do possible .
Economic politics is
the economy management in the field of the state targeted
measures
system . Economic politics create process economic development status and
prospects analysis to do based on his/her goals from determining begins . Home purpose -
society maximum to the well-being achievement , society free development , external and
internal security and legal order provide . People farm of conduct main to the method
turned market economy last
one how many in the centuries one row serious changes
from the head Economy manifestation to be market forms for basis goods public working
release methods current to grow that 's it
and large machined working to release go
with related
it has been and this of the method development product per unit expendable
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956
expenses sharp reduce opportunity gave . The decline in the cost of production, along with an
increase in the incomes of the population, led to a sharp expansion of market turnover. The
economic processes that took place in the 18th-19th centuries created a qualitatively new
situation in society, laid the foundation for another relationship of socio-economic processes: the
relationship between market and state mechanisms. At a certain stage of the development of the
economic system, the need arose to strengthen supporting and corrective measures by the state.
The decisive lesson for the entire market system was the world economic crisis of 1929-1933.
The result of this lesson was the conclusion that it was necessary to raise the role of state
participation to a new qualitative level, to find a more effective version of the relationship
between two socio-economic phenomena (market and state). In the conditions of the rapid
development of the market, government measures had to go beyond the framework of non-
interference, neutral actions of the state in the role of a "night watchman". The economy began to
need a more complex set of government measures. The phenomenon of "economic policy"
appeared. The first tentative steps in the field of economic policy were taken at the end of the
19th century. An example of this is Germany, which was ahead of many countries in this regard.
On the initiative of Otto von Bismarck, laws were adopted, on the basis of which a new area
appeared - social insurance. In particular, in 1883 the law established sickness insurance, in 1884
accident insurance, and finally, in 1889, disability insurance for industrial workers and their
pension benefits. The first attempts to implement economic policy were associated with the
strategy of "point impact". In such conditions, customs, agrarian, industrial and social forms of
policy were considered as relatively independent directions. Later, at the beginning of the 20th
century, this fragmented approach was replaced by a variant of an integrated, interrelated
approach. Economic policy acquired a more comprehensive general economic character. The
Second World War, with its political, social and economic problems, had a significant impact on
the formation of general economic policy. State intervention in economic processes began to
acquire not only regional, but also general economic, and a little later international character.
Goals of economic policy According to KR McConnell and SL Brue, the goals of economic
policy are: 1) Economic growth of the national economy; 2) Full employment; 3) Economic
efficiency; 4) Stability of price levels, fight against inflation or deflation; 5) Economic freedom;
6) Fair distribution of income; 7) Economic security (social guarantees); 8) Balanced foreign
trade balance. Market - a set of processes and procedures that ensure the exchange of individual
goods and services between buyers (consumers) and sellers (suppliers). Markets can take various
forms. One of the main criteria for a market is the free movement of participants, which ensures
the existence of competition. The greater the number of independent participants, the higher the
competitiveness of the market. A market with one major seller and several buyers is called a
monopoly. A market with one major buyer and several sellers is a monopsony. These are the
limits of imperfect competition. According to C. R. McConnell and S. L. Brew, a market is an
institution, a mechanism that brings together buyers and sellers of certain goods and services.
Markets themselves can take many forms.
Market - a category of the commodity economy, a set of economic relations based on regular
exchange transactions between producers of goods (services) and consumers. Exchange is
usually carried out voluntarily in the form of a commodity for money (trade) or an equivalent
exchange of goods for goods (barter). Exchange takes place in a competitive environment, with
free access to the market for both producers and consumers. In economic sociology, the market,
in addition to the main economic aspects, is characterized by structural connections , institutional
forms, hierarchies, and cultural structures. Market failures are situations in which the market
cannot ensure the efficient use of resources. These include: - monopoly; - externalities; - public
interest; - imperfect (asymmetric) information. Monopoly (Greek μόνος "one" + πωλέω "to sell")
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- the exercise of control over the market value and the price of the offer and, if possible, the
maximization of profit by influencing the volume and price of the offer, either by special law,
copyright, patent, trademark, or by the creation of an artificial monopoly by the state. State
intervention eliminates the problem of market failures (fiascos). In the case of a situational
monopoly (competitors cannot acquire factors of production), the state, based on antitrust
legislation, can isolate the monopolist's concentrated production capacity, preventing mergers.
With a natural monopoly (entry into a competitive market leads to the loss of economies of scale
and increased costs, or it is technically difficult to eliminate the monopoly), the state regulates
entry into the market and the allocation of resources, regulates market prices, and also directly
participates in production in the form of state and municipal enterprises, monopolizing the
relevant activity. Externalities (externalia) are costs or benefits of market transactions that are
not reflected in prices. Externalities (factors) are costs or benefits of market transactions that are
not reflected in prices. These effects are manifested as a result of the production or consumption
of goods. There are private, external and public costs and benefits. Externalities can be favorable
- positive externalities or external benefits, and unfavorable - negative externalities or external
costs. An example of a negative externality is environmental pollution as a result of the activities
of an enterprise. An example of a positive externality is the restoration of a historic building that
houses a company's office. According to the direction of the effect, externalities can be divided
into the following forms: production, consumer and mixed. An example of a negative production
externality is the operation of a chemical plant that discharges waste into a river, as a result of
which fish caught by a fishing company may die. An example of a positive production
externality is the pollination of saffron flowers by bees, which benefits both beekeepers and
saffron growers. An example of a negative consumer externality is the harmful emissions of a
factory into the atmosphere that affect the surrounding population. An example of a positive
consumer externality is a company repairing a road to its factory if the road is also used by local
residents. According to the nature of the impact on the object: technological (results of economic
activity not covered by market processes) and monetary (result of changes in the prices of factors
of production). Public good or social benefit - goods that are consumed jointly by all citizens,
regardless of their payment. Public goods, unlike private ones (which are available for
consumption and benefit only the owner), are almost impossible to organize their trade:
individuals enjoy the effects of public goods, but avoid paying for them. There are not so many
pure social benefits, often there are mixed benefits that include features of both private and
public interests. Almost pure social benefits: - a lighthouse that guides sailors at night, its light
shines for everyone - the internal and external security of a legal state is provided to everyone on
its territory. Overloaded public goods: - public transport - roads - a library - parking lots In
microeconomics, information asymmetry is an uneven distribution of information between the
parties to a contract. In the case of asymmetric information distribution, one of the parties knows
more than the other about the subject of the contract, its conclusions or actions during its
execution. The state can also play a role in eliminating information asymmetry: - introducing
mandatory certification based on technical regulations; - using licensing; - forcing companies to
publish financial statements; - requiring banks to disclose information about the full cost of a
loan; - introducing mandatory liability insurance, etc. The Decree of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan dated 12.01.2019 No. 12022 “On measures to radically improve the
system of implementing state policy in the field of economic development” states: - “In recent
years, targeted measures have been taken to reduce the role and participation of the state in the
economy of the republic, widely introduce market principles and mechanisms in the management
of economic sectors, as well as to increase the well-being and living standards of the
population.” Minimum limits of state intervention in the economy (mandatory tasks): 1.
Ensuring a legal framework and a social environment that contribute to the effective functioning
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958
of a market economy (setting the "rules" of the game). Creating generally favorable conditions
for the restoration of private capital, concentrating the state's efforts on the development of labor,
tax, social, monetary, customs legislation. The state controls economic activity and, based on
legislation, acts as an arbitrator in resolving problems arising between various subjects of market
relations. 2. The state undertakes the development of such areas as national defense, maintaining
public order, building various communication networks, the education system, healthcare,
science, environmental protection, etc., and such goods are usually financed from the state
budget. 3. Taking into account externalities: eliminating negative externalities, encouraging
positive externalities. 4. Negative externalities include environmental pollution. This problem
can be solved by transferring externalities to the internal costs of the company, as a fee for
polluting the natural environment by introducing fines for excessive pollution of nature.
Maximum limits of state intervention ( permissible, but optional):
Protection of competition and formation of an efficient market environment. Society is deprived
of monopolies: since their prices are much higher and the volume of production is much lower
than in perfect competition, therefore, antitrust laws are introduced. Antitrust legislation includes:
trust formation, collusion, price discrimination (selling the same product to different buyers at
different prices), purchase of shares of competing corporations, if this leads to a weakening of
competition, the formation of interchangeable directors, unfair forms of competition, etc.
Regulation of natural monopolies. The reason for the formation of natural monopolies is the
effect of scale (electricity, railways, housing and communal services, water supply, gas supply,
postal services, heat supply, etc.), but if the state issues a license for a certain activity to a firm,
the state must control prices, volumes, quality of the offered goods or services.
Formation of an effective market environment. In economically developed countries, small
business is a very large layer of small owners, which to a certain extent determines the level of
socio-economic and political development of the country. Small business, unlike big business, is
significantly dependent on the economic situation, therefore, it is necessary to equalize the
opportunities of large and small enterprises through state intervention.
The state is interested in supporting small business as a guarantee of stability. It is envisaged to
create favorable conditions for small business activities by introducing tax incentives or
subsidies for small and medium-sized businesses, establishing a regulatory framework for its
registration, licensing, information support, targeted programs, etc. Ensuring full employment of
labor resources. The state creates and improves mechanisms for targeted regulation of vocational
training and employment of the population. This is determined by the acceleration of scientific
and technological progress, deep structural changes in the economy, rapidly changing
requirements for the quality of labor resources. The market mechanism does not adapt the
structure of labor supply to changing demand for it in a timely manner. In this regard, in
developed countries, the state conducts a state policy in the field of employment, adopts
programs aimed at stimulating employment growth, increasing job opportunities, training and
retraining personnel, encouraging the recruitment of labor, and social insurance of
unemployment. An important role in solving the problem of unemployment is played by state
services to support the recruitment of labor. The main tasks of the employment service are:
studying the labor market situation and providing information about it, assisting in finding a job,
directing and retraining the unemployed to a profession, paying unemployment benefits,
registering the unemployed and vacancies, and testing persons seeking employment.
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Anti-inflationary policy, achieving an inflation rate of 2 - 3% per year. Anti-inflationary policy
can be of two types: adaptive and active. Active anti-inflationary policy is aimed at eliminating
the causes that lead to inflation. Active policy can use monetary and monetary instruments. The
first: control over the emission of money, current control of the state of the money supply
through open market operations and reserve policy, preventing the financing of emission for the
state budget, stopping the exchange of money, carrying out monetary reforms by the type of
confiscation. Non-monetary instruments against demand inflation include: reducing government
spending, increasing taxes, reducing the state budget deficit, transitioning to a tight monetary
policy, stabilizing the exchange rate by screening it. Monetary instruments against inflation
include: limiting factor incomes and prices, combating monopolies in the economy.
In an economic crisis, in order to get out of the economic crisis, it is necessary to reduce taxes
(business reduces costs and has the opportunity to increase investments and, accordingly, the
volume of products produced) and increase government spending to create jobs at state-owned
enterprises, pay unemployment benefits, etc.
Monetary policy is aimed at reducing the lending rate and providing the opportunity to increase
business and investment. To do this, reduce the reserve requirement ratio, reduce the refinancing
rate, purchase government securities. In conditions of economic recovery, when the economy
exceeds the potential level (the volume of full utilization of resources: the natural rate of
unemployment, production capacity is loaded to 80-90%), it is necessary to implement a
restrictive policy in order to avoid a return to the economic crisis, therefore, budgetary and tax
and monetary policies are carried out in the opposite direction to those carried out in conditions
of economic crisis.
Minimization of transaction costs, suppression of asymmetric information, state standards.
Transaction costs are not associated with production, but with exchange. These include: prices,
counterparties to economic transactions, costs of concluding business contracts, monitoring their
execution, costs of protecting property rights, costs of negotiations to determine the terms of
exchange, types of contracts and conclusion of transactions, costs of measuring quality,
development of a system of standards, protection of trademarks and trade names, costs of
opportunistic behavior, etc. The state introduces rules of conduct that manufacturers should
follow in their relations with consumers. They include quality standards, weight measurement,
monitoring their compliance, mandatory labeling of products, prohibition of counterfeit food and
medicines, display of net weight and product composition on packaging, responsibility for
compliance with the terms of the contract, etc. The state can mitigate information asymmetry by
controlling the quality of goods and services, disseminating necessary information to consumers,
preventing the spread of misleading advertising, etc.
Social policy. Redistribution of income and material wealth aimed at reducing income
differentiation, providing social guarantees and protecting the needy. This question is addressed
in the relevant chapter, so we will not dwell on this aspect.
State regulation of economic growth. One of the directions of state regulation of the economy is
economic growth. Factors of economic growth: aggregate demand and aggregate supply.
Aggregate demand is determined as follows: consumer spending, gross private domestic
investment, government spending, net exports.
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The implementation of national interests by the state in the world economy: trade policy, state
policy aimed at attracting foreign investment and solving the problem of capital outflow,
migration policy. The immigration policy of the most developed countries introduces
protectionist measures, designed to protect the interests of their population and the national
economy: entry into the country for job seekers is limited to a certain quota per year, candidates
for entry are not granted a residence permit, and immigrants do not recognize the rights of
citizenship for children , work is carried out under a contract.
Regional policy is a system of actions that, by itself and by state-specific methods, implement
the interests of the state in relation to the internal interests of regions and territories. Regional
policy is a targeted action of the state aimed at balancing the conditions for the activities of
regions and their results, increasing the efficiency of the use of common regional resources and
opportunities, and creating conditions for increasing the efficiency of individual regions.
Industrial policy. State regulation in the field of industry structure is carried out with the help of
financial incentives and state investments, which provide preferential conditions for individual
industries. Support is aimed at increasing production efficiency and competitiveness, both within
and between industries, sectors and the economy as a whole, in cases where it is necessary to
develop new industries and types of production that are carriers of scientific and technological
progress, in industries that are in a state of long-term crisis or in industries that are carriers of
scientific and technological progress. At the same time, the state may adopt measures aimed at
changing the industrial structure of excessive concentration of production.
Considering the role of the state in regulating the market economy, it should be noted that: firstly,
without the regulatory role of the state, it is impossible to be effective, based on modern
scientific and technical achievements, a socially oriented market economy; secondly, the forms,
methods, mechanisms of state regulation have remained unchanged for centuries, the main part
of which was listed above; thirdly, the role of the state is changing qualitatively at the stages of
formation, formation of a market economy and in the conditions of the functioning of an existing,
well-organized, regulated economy; fourthly, the scope of state regulation, its specific
mechanisms and forms vary significantly from country to country. They reflect the historical
traditions of the country, national culture, the size of the territories, the specific features of the
geopolitical situation. Thus, the state, which regulates a modern market economy, remains the
guarantor of the stability, acceptability and civility of the market economy. In order to achieve
the goals of economic regulation, the state exerts a strong influence on the market economy. In
general, based on the experience of developing and implementing economic policy in different
countries, it should be concluded that the concept of “economic policy” is broader than the term
“state regulation”. In implementing economic policy, the state acts as an initiator, a key link, but
at the same time it must organize the joint actions of all participants in the economic policy being
carried out. Means of implementing economic policy The implementation of economic policy
involves the use of a set of measures and tools that form the mechanism for the state to influence
the economy. Classification of economic policy methods The entire set of measures of influence
for implementing economic policy can be divided into two groups : Direct action measures.
These methods imply that economic entities make decisions not independently, but according to
state instructions. Examples: tax laws, depreciation rules, budget procedures for state
investments. Indirect measures. The essence of these methods is that the state does not directly
influence the decisions made by economic entities. It only creates conditions for economic
entities to independently choose economic decisions that correspond to the goals of economic
policy. There is another classification of methods for implementing economic policy based on
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organizational and institutional criteria. With this approach, the following are distinguished:
administrative, economic and institutional methods. The set of administrative measures of
regulatory action is provided with a legal infrastructure. The main task of administrative
measures is to ensure a stable, law-based environment in society: to preserve property rights,
protect the competitive environment, ensure the possibility of free choice and making economic
decisions. Administrative measures, in turn, are divided into prohibitive, permissive, and
coercive measures. Economic measures Economic measures include state actions that influence
market relations using economic levers. These measures represent various methods of
influencing aggregate demand, aggregate supply, the degree of centralization of capital, and the
social and structural aspects of the economy. Economic measures include: -financial policy -
budgetary policy; -fiscal (tax) policy; -monetary policy; -economic forecasting, planning and
programming. Institutional measures include the creation, maintenance and development of
certain social institutions. Here, “institution” is understood as a verbal sign to better characterize
a group of social customs . Institutions are understood as the presence of a dominant and stable
way of thinking or acting in society, which has become a habit for certain social groups or a
habit for the people . Examples: “institution of law”, “institution of property”. Various variants
of the distribution of institutional forms: -the structure of executive authorities, the direct task of
which is to implement government goals; -the formation and maintenance of state sector objects
of the economy, that is, state property; -the development of national economic programs and
economic forecasts; -supporting economic research centers (with various forms of ownership),
economic information institutes, chambers of commerce and industry, various economic councils
and associations, ensuring the activities of institutes of consultants and expert councils on
economic issues; -providing legal and information support to non-governmental structures:
business and trade unions; -participating in various forms of economic integration, organizing
regular international meetings on economic issues (G7, G8, G20, APEC, etc.).
Turning to the typology and concept of economic policy, typology is a doctrine of types - signs
of large groups (classes) of certain objects, each type of which has a set of common features.
Typology is an indispensable tool for the scientific analysis of phenomena and processes.
Typology is used in both natural and social sciences. When applied to economic policy, typology
allows you to regulate the diversity of its manifestations. Typology (types) of economic policy.
By sectors: - industry; - agrarian; - transport. Functional: - financial; - budget; - tax (fiscal); -
monetary; - anti-monopoly. Strategic: - innovative; - investment; - structural; - sustainable
development. "concept" - a system of strategic goals and priority areas of socio-economic policy
and the most important directions and means of implementing these goals" in the "Concept of
Integrated Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030" The
Concept of Socio-Economic Development of Uzbekistan until 2030 provides for ensuring
macroeconomic stability and balanced economic growth, increasing the competitiveness of
economic sectors, investment and export potential, creating favorable conditions for the
development and protection of entrepreneurship, reducing the level of tension in the labor market,
increasing the income of the population and reducing poverty. State strategy - a state strategy
that determines the direction of changes in the balance of forces of social strata at a certain stage
of historical development. Based on strategic tasks, the state supports public order, regulates the
activities of citizens and creates conditions for the development of personal initiative, protects
the security, legal freedom and property of each person, contributes to the development of moral
norms in society gives. If the state strategy leads to the strengthening, development and
prosperity of its peoples, it can be considered national, otherwise anti-national. The economic
strategy of the state determines the priority areas and means of state intervention in the economy
to implement its political strategy. It characterizes the direction of the state's actions and the
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principles of their implementation in the most general form for a long period. The principles of
state intervention in the economy to implement its strategic tasks in the current period determine
its economic policy. Classification of state economic and political strategies:
Corporate strategy - implemented for the selfish interests of the ruling social stratum
(corporation) by lowering the standard of living of citizens.
A socially effective strategy is one that ensures sustainable growth in final product, achieving
full employment, lack of inflation, and fair distribution of income in a structure that is acceptable
to citizens.
Liberal strategy means that the state's economy will be increasingly open to the free movement
of goods and capital.
Controlled strategy - manifested in the establishment of control by the state over the movement
of goods and capital.
Mobilization strategy - required to maintain the state when increasing direct intervention in
production and foreign economic relations. Classification of economic policy: There are various
approaches and criteria for classification in the field of economic policy: it is customary to
distinguish industrial, agrarian, social, transport, foreign economic and other sectors in an
approach based on sectoral, institutional criteria. Financial, structural, conjuncture, price,
currency and other areas of economic policy can be indicated on the basis of a functionally
oriented approach. Economic policy is a set of various directions, elements that together form the
economic policy of the state. The main elements that make up economic policy are: Monetary
policy; Budget and tax policy; Investment policy; Industrial policy; Labor and employment
policy, labor market, income regulation; Foreign economic policy (international trade accelerates
economic growth, raises the standard of living of the population.
An important indicator of foreign trade is net exports, that is, the difference between the value of
exports and the value of imports. Other areas of economic policy. In various areas of economic
policy, various measures can be used to achieve economic policy goals. Direct measures within
the framework of fiscal (tax) policy include changes in government spending. Procurement in the
market of resources, goods and services is carried out through government spending, financing
the public sector, and implementing the social security system. Government spending shows the
share of the national product that all segments of the population use together. They have a
significant impact on the dynamics of GDP. Economic impact measures within the framework of
fiscal policy should include a policy of changing taxes (types, rates, collection procedure). The
state affects the rates and proportions of social reproduction using financial and monetary
mechanisms through investment regulation. Investments are carried out both at the expense of
the state budget, local budgets, and at the expense of private investments, which are stimulated
by tax incentives. Within the framework of monetary policy, the state influences the money
supply. The state can directly influence interest rate policy, and through it, investments of
enterprises and consumption of the population. State regulation through investment and
consumption affects the volume and dynamics of GDP. Monetary policy has a significant impact
on inflation. One of the directions is a system of anti-inflation measures, which, since it is aimed
at regulating the demand for money of the population and organizations, may include a policy of
income regulation. Social policy includes a system of income indexation, the establishment of a
subsistence minimum. This is aimed, first of all, at implementing certain programs to assist the
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963
low-income population. Social policy covers such areas as education, medicine, culture,
assistance to large families, and regulation of relations in the field of employment. Policy in the
field of foreign economic regulation includes the state's trade policy, exchange rate management,
a system of tariff and non-tariff measures of state regulation of foreign economic activity. Labor
market regulation is carried out in a number of areas:
Setting the maximum length of the work week;Setting a minimum wage;Establishing the
procedure for paying social insurance contributions;
State encouragement of training and retraining of personnel. State regulation of the scientific and
research sphere allows maintaining high rates of scientific and technological progress and
ensuring the rapid development of the economy. In economically developed countries, the state
finances from 40% to 50% of total expenditures on scientific and technological progress, and
financial resources are allocated in the form of grants for a specific project. Each of these state
regulatory instruments fulfills its role and complements the others. The system is effective only
when it is applied comprehensively and its components do not contradict each other. If the goals
are not achieved as a result of the implementation of the policy, this effect is called the "Cobra
effect". The Cobra effect is an idiomatic expression used to describe a situation in which a
solution adopted to solve a specific problem does not solve the problem, but often leads to a
result that is the opposite. History The term "Cobra effect" appeared during the British colonial
period in India. The British discovered that the cobra population was too large. In order to get rid
of the poisonous 19 snakes, the governor set a bounty for each head killed. At first, the number
of snakes quickly decreased as a result of their extermination. However, the Indians quickly
adapted to this situation and began to breed cobras to earn a bounty. Eventually, when the bounty
for a killed cobra was abolished, the Indians released the snakes into the wild. As a result, the
number of poisonous cobras not only did not decrease, but also increased. A similar situation
occurred in Hanoi during the French colonial period in Vietnam, when the colonial government
developed a rat extermination program, paying a bounty for each rat killed. As a result, the
population began to breed rats in order to earn money. The book by the famous German
economist Horst Siebert contains many examples from the field of economics and politics, where
governments, when taking certain regulatory measures, do not fully consider how the
consequences of these measures for individuals can be managed. Decisions made without proper
analysis of the problem and failing to produce the desired result are called the "cobra effect" .
References:
1.
B. Kh. Azizkulov , BK Janzakov. Introduction to economic policy. Textbook. 2022 15-
29b
2.
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Analysis: Textbook / BI Gerasimov, Yu.V. Ioda.- Tambov: TSU Publishing House, 2004.
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A. Olmasov , A. Vakhobov “Economic Theory” Tashkent-2019. 87- p .
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Alekseev I.V. Inform a tsionnoe obespechenie sistemy upravleniya franchayzingovymi
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