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402
NATURAL CLIMATE CONDITIONS AND BIOECOLOGY OF SOME PLANTS OF
THE KYZILKUM DESERT
Makhammadiyev Davron Muyassarovich
Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Senior Lecturer
Aberkulov Egamberdi Abduraimovich
Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, Lecturer
АННОТАЦИЯ:
Пустыня Кызылкум разнообразна и состоит из песчаных дюн разного
масштаба, плоских горных хребтов, равнин, понижений и участков с шорхоковыми или
гипсовыми почвами. Уникальный облик Кызылкума заключается в обилии здесь песчаных
участков.
Основу растительного покрова Кызылкумов составляют кустарники и травы. Хашакбоп
богат и разнообразен по количеству видов растений по сравнению с другими пустынями.
Обычные виды лугов встречаются во всех почвенных условиях и экологических средах;
Много растений, таких как саксофон белый (Haloxylon persicum Bge.), саксофон черный
(Haloxylon aphyllum Hjin.), черкез (Salsola richteri), костяк кролика (Ammodendron conollyi
Bge), синглрен (Astragalus Z. Fabaceae), изен (Koshia prostrata L. - Shrad).
ANNOTATION:
The Kyzylkum desert consists of diverse and varying-scale sand dunes, flat
mountain ranges, plains, lowlands, and areas with saline or gypsum soils. The unique appearance
of Kyzylkum is the abundance of sandy areas here.
The basis of the vegetation cover of Kyzylkum is shrubs and barra grasses. The number of
herbaceous plant species is richer and more diverse than in other deserts. Species common in
pastures are found in all soil conditions and ecological environments; white saxaul (Haloxylon
persicum Bge.), black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum Hjin.), Circassian (Salsola richteri), rabbit
bone (Ammodendron conollyi Bge), singren (Astragalus Z. Fabaceae), izen (Koshia prostrata L.
- Shrad) are common.
Ключевые слова и фразы
: чешуя, бархан, плоские горные хребты, равнины, понижения,
засоленные или гипсовые почвы, животноводческий сектор, климатические параметры,
семейство шоратовых, генеративные ветви, растительность, ассимиляция, просачивания,
барханы, гипокотиль.
Keywords and phrases
: scale, sand dunes, flat mountain ranges, plains, lowlands, saline or
gypsum soil areas, livestock farming, climatic indicators, salt marsh family, generative shoots,
vegetation, assimilation, shallow waters, sand dunes, hypocotyl.
The Kyzylkum Desert consists of sand dunes of various sizes, flat mountain ranges, plains,
lowlands, and areas with saline or gypsum soils.
The Kyzylkum Desert is located between the lower and middle reaches of the Amu Darya,
Syrdarya, and Zarafshan rivers and is one of the largest areas for livestock breeding in our
republic, with many pastures intended for year-round use, accounting for about 80 percent of the
total land area.
When looking at the Kyzylkum region from a geomorphological perspective, it is clear that it has
a very complex structure, and the various hills here are composed of limestone, silicates, and
sandstones of various shapes. The unique appearance of Kyzylkum is the abundance of sandy
areas here.
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The sandy areas of Kyzylkum are not uniform in terms of their natural conditions, relief, and soil
cover. For example, along with compacted and leveled sand fields, there are also variously
shaped ridges of sand that have just begun to compact, or sand fields that are easily mobile and
not sufficiently compacted. Another characteristic feature of this area is the occurrence of large
and small sand dunes and sandy areas mixed with barren or saline pastures of varying degrees.
The climatic indicators of Kyzylkum differ little from other deserts. However, it also stands out
in terms of some climatic indicators. For example: summer is hot and dry. Winter is relatively
cold. The annual air temperature in the north of Kyzylkum is 11-120C, in the south it is 15-170C.
The average summer temperature is 32-340C, the maximum (absolute) temperature is 47-480C.
The annual precipitation is 80-90 mm in the north, and more than 110-130 mm in the central part.
Precipitation falls mainly in the winter and early spring seasons.
The basis of the vegetation cover is shrubs and grasses. The number of herbaceous plant species
is richer and more diverse than in other deserts. It is also important that the vegetation cover
includes life forms - shrubs, white and black saxauls, kandims, Circassian, red clover, rabbit
bone, semi-shrubs (wormwood, singren, boyalich, teresken); annual and perennial herbs (ilak,
kongirbosh, chitr, etc.). The vegetation cover also contains monocarpic (seeding only once in its
life) species, annual herbs (kumorchik), and coarse-stemmed herbs (selins, kavrak, yantoq).
Species common in pastures are found in all soil conditions and ecological environments;
plants such as white saxaul, black saxaul, black Circassian, and sedge are common in sandy
deserts.
White saxaul
(Haloxylon persicum Bge.) is a tree-like shrub belonging to the persimmon family,
reaching a height of 3-5 meters. Its roots spread laterally for 10-15 m and grow up to 10 m. The
bark and branches of its trunk are whitish-yellow, smooth. The branches are sparse, they are
composed of three types of branches: growing, assimilating and generative. The leaves are small
triangular, pointed, pointed coins.
The vegetation of the white saxaul begins in early spring with the growth of generative
branches, then assimilation shoots appear below. In the summer, some of them are shed, while
the rest decrease in size. In the fall, they thicken and, after cold temperatures, are shed along with
the seeds. In the spring, the later-growing branches begin to grow, which become woody by
autumn and determine annual growth, bloom in March-April, ripen in autumn, the seeds are light,
small, winged. It reproduces mainly by seeds. It grows quickly from seeds, its roots grow faster,
and in natural conditions, its annual growth in youth (up to 5 years) is 50-70 cm. The root
branches of the white-yellow saxaul do not grow much depending on the depth.
But the length of the lateral branches reaches 30 meters. Due to the many growths of the
cambium, its age cannot be determined by its annual rings. The wood is hard, brittle, and easily
broken. The bark of the stem is light gray. One-year-old branches are light green, hard. The
leaves are reduced. The flowers are small, located singly in the leaf axils or at the ends of the
branches. The sepals are lanceolate, rounded. The fruit is a small, crushed fruit. It is well eaten
by sheep, goats, and camels. It blooms in March-April, and its seeds ripen in October. White
saxaul is one of the promising plants for improving and restoring sandy desert pastures and
eliminating sand drifts.
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Black saxaul
(Haloxylon aphyllum Hjin.) is a tree-like shrub belonging to the family of
saxaulaceae, with a taproot, similar to that of white saxaul, but deeper into the ground. Under
favorable conditions, it reaches a height of up to 7 m, with sparse, spreading branches, of an
indefinite shape, with drooping forms more common, and, conversely, upright (pyramidal) forms.
The leaves are reduced and replaced by supprotist buds. Vegetation, assimilative-yasia branches
are dark green in color, with a sour-salty taste. The bark of the trunk and branches is brown, the
buds are small, two pairs of bracts, five petals, five stamens (the male reproductive organ
consisting of the anther and the pollen thread of the flower) and one seed (the female
reproductive organ of the plant; consisting of a node, a pistil and a stigma). The fruit is winged,
4-12 mm in size, with a small (2 mm) pistil in its center. The seeds of saxaul do not have a
dormant period and are not stratified before sowing. The roots grow especially quickly. Within a
month, the root sprouting from the seed reaches a depth of 20-25 cm, and by the end of the year
it reaches a depth of 1.5-2 m. In three-year-old plants, its growth, depending on the depth,
reaches 5 m, and at 7 years old it reaches 10 (14) meters. This creates conditions for the use of
fresh water for black sakhaul. Black saxaul is naturally distributed mainly in areas with dense
sands, saline, brownish-gray soils, and groundwater close to the surface of the soil. Currently,
due to its ruthless logging by humans, the area of natural saxaul forests is sharply
decreasing. Black saxaul is considered an important feed for sheep, goats, and camels in the
autumn and winter seasons. Its branches and seeds are considered a satisfying feed, and saxaul
feed contains 10-12% protein, 2.2-2.7% fat, 21-38% ash, 39.35% nitrogen-free extractives, and
14.9% fiber.
Circassian
(Salsola richteri) - belongs to the family of the saltworts, reaches a height of 1.5-2
meters, sometimes up to 4 meters. It has a strong and deeply developed root system, which
grows sideways up to 4 m and in depth up to 11 m. If the Circassian is covered with sand,
numerous lateral roots appear on its stems, if the sand is moved by the wind and the roots are
exposed, the lateral (lateral) roots do not appear. It is mainly distributed in dense areas. The
vegetation period lasts up to seven months. (from the end of March to the end of October,
sometimes until the first cold temperatures begin). It blooms in May and lasts a long time. After
the flowering period, it is dormant for a long time (until September). The bark of old bushes is
gray, that of young bushes is milky white. There are also species that are hairless, but sometimes
covered with short hairs. The leaves are alternate, fibrous, green, 4-8 cm long, with a sharp tip,
and develop in annual varieties. The petals are green, with a sharp tip. Circassian contains an
average of 22.3% protein and 19.6% ash. 100 kg of mi is equivalent to 86.4 feed units. For sheep
and goats, blueberries are a good food in the fall and winter.
Circassian is a promising plant used to improve sandy desert pastures and strengthen
sandy areas. Most of the plants found in the deserts of Central Asia belong to the family of the
Solanaceae.
Acacia conollyi
(Acacia conollyi – Ammodendron conollyi Bge) is a plant belonging to the
Leguminosae family. It is found in the barren sands of the Kyzylkum deserts, in areas with saline
soil, and is a valuable plant used to fix sand. A tree up to 8 m tall, sometimes growing as a shrub.
Its branches are thin, hanging, gray-green in color due to the presence of thick short hairs. Older
branches are swampy-yellow, bare, with sparse spines and woody banded leaves. The leaves are
complex, pinnate, striped, gray-green in color, with short bands. Later it turns into a thorn. The
leaves do not fall until autumn. The flowers are purple, gathered in many florets, the last ones
have a narrow pyramidal claw, fragrant. The fruit is a pod, 2-3, in some cases 5 cm long, oblong,
obovate in shape. The fruits are pale yellow, naked, twisted like a spiral, flat (flat, straight),
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winged, with one or two seeds, indehiscent. The egg-shaped wings help the fruit to disperse. The
fruits move easily on the sand. The seeds are small (5 mm). Yellowish-blue in color. The root
system is well developed, a taproot develops, grows into the soil to a depth of 18 m and develops
root branches near the surface of the soil. Roots grow from the bodies covered with sand, which
form small shoots. Due to this feature, some of its seedlings grow widely in the soil. The thin
layer of new wood under the bark of the plant is narrow yellowish. The core is wide, brown, ripe,
heavy. It is used for small turning products and often for firewood. It lives for 25-30 years. Its
annual growth reaches an average of 150 cm. Artificial cultivation has been used in the sandy
deserts of Central Asia since the beginning of the 20th century to strengthen barren sands. It is a
plant that deserves great attention in strengthening sands.
Astragalus
(Astragalus Z. Fabaceae) is a shrub belonging to the legume family. Its root system
is a taproot, growing 1.5–2 meters into the ground. It reaches a height of 50–65 cm, with long
annual branches (13–22 cm), spreading, white, with leaflets that grow in bundles and fused
together. The leaves are compound, pinnate, with one leaflet on the upper side and 3–5 leaflets
on the lower side. The leaflets are hard, preserved, but not prickly like thorns. The leaves are
ovate, lanceolate, linear, sparsely hairy. The inflorescence is a many-flowered panicle 6–22 cm
long. The petals are pink. The fruit consists of a pod without a bundle: the pod is oblong-ovate,
5–6 mm long, with a beak, and many seeds. The seed is kidney-shaped, ovoid, convex, 2.5–3.0
mm long, 1.5 mm wide, light yellow, with or without a seed.
Izen
(Koshia prostrata L. - Shrad) is a plant belonging to the family of Shura. It is 35-75 cm tall,
well-branched, covered with hairs. The root is taproot, thick, grows into the ground to a depth of
2-2.5 meters. The leaves are thin, flat, covered with hairs. The inflorescence is a long, spike-like
raceme. The flowers are 3-4 in number, located in the leaf axils. The calyx is hairy. The seed is 2
mm wide, round or round-ovate in shape, compressed on both sides, brown. The fruit is a one-
seeded lizacarp, consisting of 5 fruit leaves with the lower part joined and the upper part cut off.
The seed wings are 1.5-3.5 mm long. The fruit often looks like a star when viewed from the
outside. The fruit of the white Izen is covered with small hairs. This is not observed in the green
form of the izen. The gray form of the izen has a larger fruit, measuring 6.4 mm in diameter. The
seed is round-oval, black-red, with a perisperm consisting of starch in the center of the seed. The
embryo has two or sometimes three cotyledons, which are plate-shaped, oblong-oval, green. The
hypocotyl is green, 2.2-2.5 mm long. Izen is a small shrub plant, grows from spring to autumn,
and adapts quickly to conditions. It contains 10.6 - 14.0% ash, 1.5 - 2.5% oil, 13.3% protein and
33.1% fiber. 100 kg of dry matter of Izen is equal to 45.1 nutritional units. It contains 5.6 kg of
digestible protein. Izen is a pasture and hay crop, and its average yield is 2.55 st / ha. Depending
on the storage period of Izen seeds, their germination varies. Since fenugreek seeds require a
maturation period of 3-4 months after they are harvested, their germination reaches its maximum
after 3-4 months of storage.
In the summer months, seed germination is very low. If conditions are good, humid and the air
temperature is sufficient, izen seeds begin to germinate in open ground after 5-6 days. Izen is a
promising fodder plant in regions specialized in livestock breeding. This plant is of great
importance due to its high nutritional properties, high yield, great edifice flexibility, and ease of
artificial propagation. Izen is a plant that is enjoyed and eaten by steppe livestock in all seasons.
Especially in early spring and summer, it is even more nutritious for livestock. In the Kyzylkum
desert, where the climate is the worst, izen yielded 3-4 centners in the first year. In the third year,
this figure reaches 10-13 centners. Its mass during flowering contains 13.3% crude protein,
10.6% protein, 2% fat and other beneficial substances.
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