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THE ROLE OF K. LINNAEUS' SYSTEMATIC IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Shaymatov Sayfulla Rakhmatullayevich
JDPU. Teacher of the Department of Distance
Education in Natural and Exact Sciences
АННОТАЦИЯ:
Изучение флоры и фауны, их исследование на научном уровне
начиналось с систематизации видов растений и животных, т. е. систематизации. В
результате крушения феодализма и связанных с ним социально-экономических условий
наука и искусство после длительного периода застоя стали развиваться. Естественные
науки этого периода характеризовались сбором информации и ее систематизацией.
Наиболее оптимальным образом расположить имеющиеся материалы и широко
использовать их на пути науки осуществил великий шведский учёный Карл Линней.
ANNOTATION:
The study of flora and fauna, their research at the scientific level, began with
the arrangement of plant and animal species, i.e. systematization. As a result of the collapse of
feudalism and the related social and economic conditions, science and art began to develop after
a long period of stagnation. The natural sciences of this period were characterized by the
collection of information and their systematization. The arrangement of existing materials in the
most optimal way and its wide use in the way of science was carried out by the great Swedish
scientist Carl Linnaeus.
Ключевые слова и фразы
: ботанический, феодализм, натуралистичес-кий, уникальный,
декоративный, гербарий, серия, вид, природные ресурсы, научное творчество, научные
общества, флора, номенклатура, двойное название, класс, порядок, поколение, видовая
категория, кровное родство, комплексный подход, органы растений, физиолого-
биохимические процессы, анатомия, физиология, биохимия, генетика, экология, эволюция.
Key words and phrases
: botanical, feudalism, naturalist, unique, ornamental, herbarium, series,
species, natural resources, scientific creation, scientific societies, flora, nomenclature, double
name, class, order, generation, species category, blood-kinship, complex approach, plant organs,
physiological-biochemical processes, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, ecology,
evolution.
It is difficult to answer the question of where the study of plants and animals first began, but it
can be said that their scientific study began with the organization, that is, the systematization, of
plant and animal species. [1,2]
Yes, by the 14th-17th centuries, as a result of the collapse of the feudal era and the socio-
economic conditions that arose in connection with it, science and art began to develop after a
long period of stagnation. Great discoveries and inventions were made during this period. For
example: Land and sea routes to India were opened. America and Australia were discovered.
Magellan circumnavigated the globe for the first time. Universities and botanical gardens were
established in several major European cities
.
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The natural sciences of this period were characterized by the collection and systematization of
information.
The fact that plant names consisted of several words made it difficult to systematize them. The
great Italian botanist A. Cezalpino (1519-1603) was the first to overcome these difficulties,
dividing more than 840 species of flowering plants into 15 classes, and non-flowering plants into
16 classes. Despite the fact that A. Cezalpino's system was artificial, he correctly placed the
genera and species of legumes, umbellifers, and complex flowering plants among the plant
groups. Since A. Cezalpino did not yet have information about spore plants, he placed fungi,
ferns, and bryophytes in a separate class. He even confused the monocotyledonous and
dicotyledonous classes of flowering plants.
Later scientists also tried to systematize plants. In this regard, such great scientists as the
Swedish scientist K. Baugin, the English scientist D. Ray, and the French scientist Tournefort
did a great job. Without belittling the work of these naturalists, it can be said that the task of
organizing the available materials in the most optimal way and creating the opportunity for their
widespread use in science fell to the great Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus. Thanks to his
scientific courage, the sciences of botany and zoology entered a stage of rapid development. [1]
In the southern Swedish province of Söland, the garden of the priest Nils Linnaeus was the most
beautiful and unique. Linnaeus spent his free time in his garden, lovingly caring for the rare,
ornamental shrubs and trees brought from abroad. The priest's son Carl grew up in this garden.
The father never tired of telling his son about plants, telling him their names, their benefits and
harms. The passion instilled in him in his youth paid off. Carl became very interested in the
world of plants and animals during his years at a special grammar school, and then in high
school. He read the works of the great naturalists of his time, and from that time he began to
collect herbariums.
Seeing that his son was not interested in religious studies, his father gave Karl to the education of
a local teacher of botany, Rothman. Karl studied for a year under this teacher, who was well
versed in the history of botanical research, during which time he mastered the descriptive field of
botany, based on diligent study of the works of Aristotle.
At the age of twenty, Karl entered the University of Lunda, where he studied biology, medicine,
and chemistry, while also making good use of Professor Stobeus's personal museum materials.
During his student years, he made scientific observations of the plants around Lunda, made
drawings depicting the structure of flowers, and compared his materials with the knowledge of
previous botanists. As a result of such research, he wrote his work "The Beginnings of Botany".
In 1728, on the advice of Carl Rothman, he enrolled at Uppsala University, which gave him the
opportunity to make scientific observations and collect data. By that time, he had collected
herbariums of more than 600 different plant species.
Linnaeus, by agreement with the Uppsala Scientific Society, traveled to Lapland, the North Sea,
and several regions in between, bordering Northern Norway, in the summer and autumn of 1732,
studying the plants there. A year later, based on the information he had collected, he published
the book "Flora of Lapland." In this work, he classified plants according to the structure of their
genitals.
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Linnaeus's trip abroad was very fruitful. As a result of this trip, between 1735 and 1738, he
published his first masterpiece, "Systema Naturae", as well as books such as "Fundamentals of
Botany" and "Botanical Library", "Plant Taxonomy", "Flora of Lapland", "Plant Classes" and
"Plants".
In 1736, at the invitation of the famous scientist Clifford, K. Linnaeus went to London. Here he
met Hans Sloane, a famous collector, naturalist and president of the Royal Society after Newton.
He visited the Apothecary Garden in Chelsea, which was founded on the basis of his collection
and under his leadership. He became interested in plants brought from Europe to the Botanical
Garden in Oxford. Having collected rich material in England, he returned to Holland and
published his book "Clifford's Garden".
In his book "Fundamentals of Botany," Carl Linnaeus first clarified the concepts of genus and
species. In his book "Plant Taxa," he explained 994 taxa for the first time in the history of
descriptive botany.
The fact that he wrote 2,400 pages, or an average of 10 volumes, during his three years in
Holland shows how hard work and dedication led the scientist to greatness. The results of this
trip radically changed botany. At that time, Dutch scientists began to call Carl Linnaeus the
“king of botany.” The scientist was so absorbed in scientific research that he did not even have
time to have a wedding. That is, although he married his fiancée in February 1735, the wedding
was celebrated only in 1739. Now Linnaeus’s name was known to the world.
In the fall of 1741, Linnaeus was appointed professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala
University, where he served for 35 years. Linnaeus did a great deal of research at the university,
as well as training young specialists. During this period, about 90 dissertations in botany were
defended under his chairmanship. Linnaeus himself recommended the topics for these
dissertations. Among his students were 5 young Russians. At the same time, the state decision to
study the natural resources of Sweden prompted Linnaeus to study the minerals, plants and
animals of the northeastern part of the country, more precisely, the islands of Gotland and Åland.
As a result of this trip, the published book "Travel to Gotland" described the natural resources of
these two islands, more than 100 previously unexplored plants and orchids. Also described were
seals, reindeer, beavers, and various fish and insects.
The plants in the botanical garden of Uppsala University were destroyed by fire in 1702, and the
garden needed serious maintenance. Linnaeus, who felt this well, spent 6 years restoring the
garden. The expansion of the garden helped Linnaeus establish close ties with botanical gardens
in Holland, France, England, Russia and other countries. These years were also the heyday of
Linnaeus' scientific work.
This is evidenced by the following words he wrote to his brother and sister: "I have trained many
botanical and medical students, and I am now on the verge of completing my 72nd book on my
desk..."
Linnaeus' scientific research brought him great fame. His international reputation is
demonstrated by his acceptance into membership of major scientific societies in many cities,
including Stockholm, St. Petersburg, Berlin, Vienna, London, Florence, and Paris.
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Original article
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Linnaeus's work also found expression in Russia. Plants in a number of gardens in St. Petersburg
and Moscow were described and recorded using the Linnaean method. Linnaeus and his students
made a great contribution to the development of botany in Russia and the improvement of the
work of the St. Petersburg Academy. At this time, botanists such as I. Amman, S. Gmelin, P.
Krashennikov, I. Segizbek, who began to study the flora of Possia, established correspondence
with the Swedish scientist, which undoubtedly greatly helped them in their work. Linnaeus also
lists 351 plant species found in Russia in his book "Systema Naturae". It is noteworthy that in his
garden in Uppsala he planted and grew 119 plants brought from Siberia.
Linnaeus was the first to propose that plant and animal names be written in an international
language, that these names be written not in long, but in short and understandable terms, thereby
eliminating the shortcomings that were made in the description and naming of plants and animals
by different peoples. He noted the need to use binary nomenclature when naming plants and
animals - a double name (for example, mirzaterak, bakaterak), in which the first name should
denote the genus, and the second should denote the name of the species. The initial letter at the
end of the term written in the Latin alphabet (for example, Medicagosativa Z) indicates who first
described this species.
During his lifetime, Linnaeus described the external characteristics, that is, morphological
aspects, of 14,000 plant species and arranged them in a system. In his "Systema Naturae" and
other works, he introduced the categories of class, order, genus, and species into the system of
plants and animals.
Carl Linnaeus took into account some signs when compiling the plant system. However,
according to the rule, when combining plants into various systematic categories, their blood
relationship is taken into account. When determining blood relationship, a comprehensive
approach should be taken, that is, the external and internal structure of plants, their life cycle,
origin, and physiological and biochemical processes occurring in plant organs should be in the
focus of attention. However, since during the time of Linnaeus, such branches of biology as
anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, ecology, and evolution were not well developed, it
was impossible to carry out the above work. Therefore, when compiling the plant system, the
scientist paid attention to only one sign - the reproductive organs.
When creating the systematics of plants, Linnaeus took the structure of the reproductive organs,
that is, the number and location of the pollen grains, and the length or shortness of the pollen
threads, as a basis. He organized classes 1-13 according to the number of pollen grains, classes
14-15 according to the length of the pollen threads, classes 16-20 according to their fusion,
classes 21-23 according to the location of the pollen grains on one or two plants, and class 24 he
called "hidden" nychohlanov-s-ts and included algae, fungi, ferns, and bryophytes. [4,5.]
The system constructed in this way is not a natural system, but an artificial one. Therefore,
Linnaeus's plant system turned out to be artificial. Based on one sign, the naturalist included
plants that were quite distant from each other in origin into one class. For example, carrots and
blackberries, which are included in class 5, have five pollen grains, and reeds, rice and
blackberries, which are included in class 6, have six. However, according to the natural system,
carrots and blackberries belong to the dicotyledonous class of flowering plants, and reeds and
rice to the monocotyledonous class. In this case, carrots are representatives of the Solanaceae
family, blackberries are members of the Solanaceae family, blackberries are members of the
Solanaceae family, and reeds and rice are members of the Cerealaceae family.
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Carl Linnaeus also developed a system of animal classification. In his classification of animals,
he divided them into 3 orders and 6 classes based on their circulatory and respiratory systems.
[4,5.]
If we look at Linnaeus's system of animals, we see that their arrangement goes from complex to
simple. This is the opposite of the principle of modern systematics.
So, what is the reason for Linnaeus's animal system to be so artificial?
The scientist included
all invertebrates, except insects, in the class of worms, in which he placed worms, mollusks,
echinoderms, zoophytes, and infusoria. Based on the structure of their teeth, he combined lizards,
sloths, anteaters, walruses, and elephants into one class. In fact, they are representatives of
different orders. For example, sloths and anteaters belong to the order of the ungulates, the
walrus to the order of the ungulates, and the elephant to the order of the proboscis.
Based on the structure of the beak, Linnaeus included chickens and ostriches in the same class.
The protruding part of the sternum of flying birds is usually called a keel. The muscles that move
the wings are attached to it. Accordingly, the class of birds is now divided into the subclass of
the Pterosaurs and the subclass of the Pterosaurs. Accordingly, the chicken belongs to the order
of the first subclass, Galliformes. The ostrich is a representative of the second subclass. This
subclass, in turn, is divided into the orders living in Africa, America, Australia, and the order of
the kiwi.
But Linnaeus's system of systematization of mammals, birds and fish has not lost its significance
even now. Despite the fact that Linnaeus was an idealist and metaphysical worldview, and his
system of animals and plants was artificial, the scientist's scientific work served as the basis for
the creation of the current natural system, which is why he deserves great admiration. Thus, he
aroused great interest in the study of the plant and animal world. Linnaeus was the first to
introduce the Latin name of plants and animals in systematics, thereby eliminating the
shortcomings in the description and naming of plants and animals by different peoples and ethnic
groups.
At the end of his life, the great scientist, based on the rich evidence accumulated in science,
recognizes that changes occur within a species, that is, that species arise under the influence of
climate, soil, wind, food, and other factors, and in this regard, the artificiality of his systematics.
Moreover, this is also a quality inherent in truly great people.
Carl Linnaeus died in Uppsala in 1778 at the age of 71. But the teachings he initiated and the
study of the plant and animal kingdom will live on forever. [3]
When we think about the importance of the legacy of K. Linnaeus, we see the achievements in
this field in our republic. Over the past 30-40 years, the flora and fauna of Uzbekistan have been
studied in detail.
A herbarium of more than three-quarters of the plants distributed in Central Asia was collected,
and based on it, the six-volume "Flora of Uzbekistan" was published. It described 1,023 genera
and 4,148 species of ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants. A six-volume guidebook entitled
"Plants of Central Asia" was published. The four-volume "Fauna of Uzbekistan", the "Zoological
Encyclopedia" by Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR T. Zohidov on
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, and the two-volume work "Nature and Animal
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World of Central Asia" are considered historical works in the study of the rich nature of
Uzbekistan - the flora and fauna, and the great Swedish scientist's contribution to the emergence
of such significant research is great.
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A.G’ofurov, S.Fayzullaev - Evolutionary teaching. Textbook. Ministry of Higher and
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A.S. Seversov, "The Theory of Evolution". Vlados M., 2005.
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Toshmukhamedov R.I. “Practical exercises in plant systematics” – T.: “Uzbekistan”, 2006.
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O.Pratov et al. Botany (anatomy, morphology, systematics, geobotany) Textbook. –T.:
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