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THE ONTOLOGICAL NATURE OF GRADATION AND INTENSITY
Tukhtayeva Dilafruz Ashurovna
Teacher of the Department of Uzbek Linguistics and Journalism, BukhSU
Email:
dilafruztukhtayeva1988@gmail.com
Abstract:
Communication among people is carried out through the understanding of the
meanings of linguistic units, which constitute the main category of semantics. Semantic
categories include units of meaning that have a linguistic essence rather than a logical or
psychological one. These are expressed through specific indicators, meaning they are
embodied in certain linguistic tools. The linguistic means of expressing semantic categories
(their external forms) are quite diverse: some semantic categories are expressed both lexically
and grammatically, while others are expressed only through lexical units; some are realized
in various parts of speech, others only in one.
Keywords:
gradation, intensity, category, quantity, quality, ontology, volume, value,
pragmatic, semantic, measurement, function.
DARAJALANISH VA INTENSIVLIKNING ONTOLOGIK TABIATI
To‘xtayeva Dilafruz Ashurovna
BuxDU O‘zbek tilshunosligi va jurnalistika kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi
Elektron pochta: dilafruztukhtayeva1988@gmail.com
Annotatsiya:
Odamlar o‘rtasidagi muloqot semantikaning asosiy kategoriyasi bo‘lgan
lingvistik birliklarning ma’nolarini bilish tufayli amalga oshiriladi. Semantik kategoriyalarga
mantiqiy yoki psixologik mohiyatdan ko‘ra lingvistik mohiyatga ega bo‘lgan mazmun
birliklari kiradi. Ular maxsus ko‘rsatkichlarda ifodalanadi, ya’ni muayyan lingvistik
vositalarda mujassamlashgan bo‘ladi. Semantik kategoriyalarni ifodalashning lingvistik
vositalari (ularning tashqi namoyon bo‘lish shakli) ancha xilma-xildir: ba’zi semantik
kategoriyalar ham leksik, ham grammatik, boshqalari faqat leksik birliklar orqali ifodalanadi;
ularning ayrimlari turli so‘z turkumlarida, boshqalari faqat bir so‘z turkumida amalga
oshiriladi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
darajalanish, intensivlik, kategoriya, miqdor, sifat, ontologiya, hajm, qiymat,
pragmatik, semantik, o‘lchov, funksiya.
Аннотация:
Коммуникация между людьми осуществляется благодаря знанию
значений языковых единиц, что является основной категорией семантики.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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Семантические категории включают единицы содержания, имеющие лингвистическую,
а не логическую или психологическую сущность. Они выражены в специальных
показателях, то есть воплощены в определенных языковых средствах. Языковые
средства выражения семантических категорий (их внешняя форма проявления) весьма
разнообразны: одни семантические категории выражаются и лексически, и
грамматически, другие — только посредством лексических единиц; Некоторые из них
проводятся в разных классах слов, в то время как другие проводятся только в одном
классе слов.
Ключевые слова:
градация, интенсивность, категория, количество, качество,
онтология, объем, ценность, прагматика, семантика, измерение, функция.
Main Body.
The category of intensity and its features, along with its means of
expression in language and speech, have attracted the attention of many scholars over the past
decades. There are several reasons for this. The category of intensity is universal in nature: it
actively appears in the semantic structure of actions, objects, and attributes, including verbs,
nouns, adjectives, affixes, phraseological units, and entire texts.
S.E. Rodionova defines intensity as the increase of a feature
, relying on the views of Sh.
Bally. According to Sh. Bally, the term intensity refers to the increase of measures such as
quantity, volume, and value
. The category of intensity can be defined as a semantic category
of pragmatic nature, derived on one hand from the categories of quantity and quality, and on
the other from a specialized pragmatic category that may carry meaning.
N.M. Shansky defines the concept of intensity as a manifestation of the level of degree
According to A.N. Smirnitsky: “The degree of intensity expresses the measurable meaning of
quality and represents a specific form of measurable degree, defined as an indeterminate
measure of quality”
. In A. Hojiyev’s Explanatory Dictionary of Linguistic Terms, “intensive
form’ is defined as a form expressing a feature stronger than the norm”
.
Certainly, the term “intensity” can be studied as characteristic of the measurable
classification of objective features of surrounding objects.
Y.I. Sheygal interprets intensity as a linguistic concept that serves to reflect gradation in the
manifestation scale of a feature and is expressed through tools of various language levels.
Similar to the concept of quantity, the concept of intensity is regarded by some authors as a
functional-semantic field. In this way, based on its structural organization, intensity can be
divided into the core and periphery of a field by gradation. This again confirms that the
semantic scope of gradation is broader than that of intensity. Thus, the concept of intensity as
a semantic category in language is considered a scale of expressing a feature.
1
Родионова С.Е. Интенсивность и её место в ряду других семантических категорий. Славянский вестник.
Вып. 2. М.: МАКС Пресс, 2004. - 608 с. Стр. 300.
2
Балли Шарль. Французская стилистика. Москва: Изд-во иностр. лит., 1961. – 394 с.
3
Шанский Н.М. Фразеология современного русского языка. – М.:Высщая школа, 1985.-230с.
4
Смирницский А.Н. Лексикология английского языка. – М: 1956. -310с.
5
Ҳожиев А. Тилшунослик терминларининг изоҳли луғати: – Т.: Ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси,
2002. – 39 б.
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Gradation exists in the ontological nature of a lexeme naming an object. This can be observed
in the analysis of the lexemes urug‘ → nihol → ko‘chat → daraxt.
Urug‘ 1 O‘simlikning murtak, oziq moddalari va qobiqdan ibotat hosili; don, tuxum.
Sochilgan urug‘ unib chiqdi. Bemaza qovunning urug‘i ko‘p. Maqol. Ter to‘kib, sochsang
urug‘, yer seni qo‘ymas quruq. Maqol. Ko‘klamda ona-bola tog‘ etagidagi qo‘riqqa chiqib,
belkurak bilan yer ag‘darib, lalmi bug‘doy ekishdi, lekin qurg‘oqchilik bo‘lib, urug‘ga ham
chuv tushishdi. P.Qodirov, Uch ildiz
Nihol [f. yangi o‘tqazilgan, o‘stirilgan daraxt; qalamcha] 1 Yosh novda yoki ko‘chat. Yosh
niholga ustalik bilan qilingan payvand tez amal oladi. M.Ismoiliy, Farg‘ona t.o. 2 Yangi unib
chiqqan o‘simlik, ekin. G‘o‘za nihollari. Daraxtdan meva olaman desang, niholidan parvarish
qil! Maqol. Bolani yoshdan asra, niholni boshdan asra
.
Ko‘chat 1 Urug‘ yoki qalamchadan o‘sib chiqqan yoki o‘stirilgan va boshqa joyga olib
o‘tqaziladigan nihol. Olma ko‘chati. Tut ko‘chati. Rayhon ko‘chati. Pomidor ko‘chati.
Atirgul ko‘chati. Ko‘chat o‘tqazmoq. Mana shu anjirning ko‘chatini [raisimiz]
Oqqo‘rg‘ondan olib keldi. A.Qahhor, Kartina. Bu oyning yana bir go‘zal fazilatlaridan biri
shuki, bu davrda kuzgi ko‘chat o‘tqazish qizg‘in pallaga kiradi. Gazetadan. [Anvar]
Bolalarning daragi bilan har kimning uyida bo‘lgan yangi gullardan ko‘chat va urug‘ olib,
yildan-yilga gulzorni boyitdi. A.Qodiriy, Mehrobdan chayon. 2 Umuman, yosh nihol. Ko‘m-
ko‘k g‘o‘za ko‘chatlari, oftobda yoyilgan tamaki barglaridek, orqama-orqa tizilishib turardi.
Gazetadan.
Daraxt [f. daraxt, nihol; buta] Tana qo‘yib, shox va novdalar chiqarib, tomir otib
o‘sadigan ko‘p yillik o‘simlik. Mevali daraxt. Mevasiz daraxt. Olma daraxti. Daraxt
shoxlarida iliq tomchilardan seskanib uyg‘ongan go‘dak kurtaklar tabassum qiladi.
O‘.Hoshimov, Qalbingga quloq sol. Devorlar bo‘ylab har xil mevali daraxtlar: shaftoli, olma,
nok, olucha, jiyda. Oybek, Tanlangan asarlar. Bodom daraxti yer tanlamaydi: toshloq,
qumloq joylarda ham bemalol o‘saveradi. Gazetadan.
The lexemes in this gradation row differ according to the feature of growth, which
inherently exists in the nature of the word.
Or, for example, in the gradation row chaqaloq → go‘dak → bola → o‘smir → yigit →
chol → qariya, this can also be clearly observed.
Chaqaloq Yangi tug‘ilgan bola; go‘dak. Dunyoga kelgan chaqaloqlar ulg‘aygani sayin,
ularda hissiy a’zolar shakllana boradi. “Fan va turmush”. Yettinchi kun xatmi qur’on qilinib,
xalqqa osh berildi vas hu munosabat bilan chaqaloqqa “Yodgorbek” deb ism qo‘yildi.
A.Qodiriy, O‘tkan kunlar
.
6
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati. . VI jildlik. V jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi,
2023. –B.593.
7
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati. . VI jildlik III jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi,
2023. –B.371-372.
8
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati. . VI jildlik. VI jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi,
2023. –B.730.
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Go‘dak [f. yosh bola, chaqaloq] 1 Emadigan, ko‘krakdan ajratilmagan. odatda bir
yoshgacha bo‘lgan bola; chaqaloq. Oilada tug‘ilsa go‘dak, Unga suyib qo‘yarlar ism.
A.Oripov. Esli bolalar ham ko‘rinmaydi. Go‘daklar esa beshikda, daraxtlar orasidagi
belanchaklarda uxlab yotishadi. Oybek, Tanlangan asarlar. 2 Voyaga yetmagan, ona suti
og‘zidan ketmagan bola, yosh bola. Musulmonqul..o‘zini mingboshi e’lon qilib, aqlsiz bir
go‘dakni xon ko‘tarib, el yelkasida mindi. A.Qodiriy, O‘tkan kunlar. O‘qituvchi yolg‘iz bilim
bermaydi. U go‘dakni odam qiladi. N.Safarov, Olovli izlar.
Bola 1 Yangi tug‘ilgan, hali ko‘krakdan, ona bag‘ridan ajratilmagan go‘dak; chaqaloq.
Bola emizmoq. Bolani allalab uxlatmoq. Bola yig‘lamasa, ona sut bermaydi. Maqol. O‘zbek
oyim burchakda bola ko‘tarib o‘tirgan Zaynabdan chaqaloqni olib, uni jomni to‘kib kelishga
buyurdi. A.Qodiriy, O‘tkan kunlar. 2 Hali yosh, voyaga yetmagan odam. Bolani yoshdan asra,
niholni boshdan asra, niholni boshdan asra. Maqol. Yaxshi boladan – rahmat, Yomon
boladan – la’nat. Maqol. Men kuyaman bolamga, Bolam kuyar bolasiga. Maqol. Aldagani
bola yaxshi. “Qanotli so‘zlar”. -Hali bola ekansiz, - dedi Kumush. A.Qodiriy, O‘tkan kunlar.
Anvar kelishgan, do‘ndiq bola edi. A.Qodiriy, Mehrobdan chayon. Ayol kishining fazilati
bola bilan bo‘lgan munosabatida ochiladi. F.Musajonov, Himmat
O‘smir Bolalikdan balog‘at yoshiga o‘tish davridagi, 12-16 yoshdagi bola. Atrofida –
uning latifalariga, qiziq-qiziq hangomalariga mushtoq bo‘lgan besh-oltita o‘smirlar.
S.Anorboyev, Oqsoy. O‘zining mehnat faoliyatini boshlayotgan o‘smir alohida muomalaga,
ko‘proq e’tiborga muhtoj bo‘ladi. Gazetadan
Yigit 1 Jinsiy va jismoniy jihatdan voyaga yetgan erkak. Ularning biri yigirma
yoshlardagi qotma, xipcha yigit edi. I.Rahim, Chin muhabbat. 2 Umuman yosh erkak, yosh
kishi. Mana shu yerda MTS tashkil qilindi-yu, bunga o‘sha paxta zavodida ishlaydigan bir
yigit kattakon bo‘lib keldi. A.Qahhor, Qo‘shchinor chiroqlari
Chol Qari er kishi; qariya; keksa, mo‘ysafid. Nuroniy chol. Donishmand chol. Go‘yo
ajin ketdi, qari betidan, Yashargandek bo‘ldi, tetiklandi chol. H.Olimjon. Boyagi yog‘och va
bordonlar orqasidan oltmish yoshlardagi bir chol arava minib chiqdi. A.Qahhor, Qo‘shchinor
chiroqlari
.
Qariya Qari(gan) kishi; keksa, mo‘ysafid, chol. Nuroniy qariyalar. Qariyalar
choyxonasi.// Qariyalar dasturxonga fotiha o‘qishgach, hamma o‘rnidan turdi. S.Ahmad, Ufq.
-Tag‘in nima bo‘ldi, qariya? – har narsani lo‘nda qilib gapirishni sevgan Qoratoy
chidamsizlik bilan so‘radi. Oybek, Tanlangan asarlar
As seen, the quantitative indicators of age are generally reflected in the ontology of
such lexemes.
Intensity, however, is not related to the ontological nature of a lexeme but is connected to
subjective aspects. During speech, the speaker constructs it using auxiliary means. For
9
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati. VI jildlik. I jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi,
2023. –B.520.
10
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati. VI jildlik. VI jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi,
2023. –B.451.
11
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati.VI jildlik. VI jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi,
2023. –B.191.
12
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati.VI jildlik. VI jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi,
2023. –B.811.
13
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati.VI jildlik. IV jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi,
2023. –B.66.
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example: balandroq → baland → juda baland → g‘oyat baland; achchiqroq → achchiq →
juda achchiq → behad achchiq, etc.
In this intensity sequence, the words baland and achchiq indicate the normal level of the
feature. The change in norm in these lexemes is achieved through certain lexical and
grammatical tools. These tools do not affect the quality of the word but only produce a
quantitative change.
Thus, the analysis above shows that in the ontology of lexemes forming the gradation
sequence, the quantity of the feature is present. In contrast, in the lexical units united by
intensity, the concept of quantity arises through specific linguistic tools.
Reference:
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matbaa ijodiy uyi, 2023. –B.964.
2. O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati. . VI jildlik III jild. –T.: G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi
nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi, 2023. –B.844.
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matbaa ijodiy uyi, 2023. –B.864.
6. Ҳожиев А. Тилшунослик терминларинингизоҳли луғати: – Т.: Ўзбекистон
миллийэнциклопедияси, 2002. – 165 б.
7. Родионова С.Е. Интенсивность и её место в ряду других семантических категорий.
Славянский вестник. Вып. 2. М.: МАКС Пресс, 2004. - 608 с. Стр. 300.
8. Балли Шарль. Французская стилистика. Москва: Изд-во иностр. лит., 1961. – 394 с.
9. Шанский Н.М. Фразеология современного русского языка. – М.:Высщая школа,
1985.-230с.
10. Смирницский А.Н. Лексикология английского языка. – М: 1956. 310с.
