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WAYS TO FURTHER IMPROVE CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION AT VEHICLE
BORDER CUSTOMS POSTS
Rakhmonova Nargiza Rashidovna
senior lecturer at the Customs Institute
ORCID: 0009-0003-2274-254X
Abstract.
This article explores the role of Uzbekistan’s automobile border customs posts in
improving customs administration and enhancing the efficiency of their operations in
facilitating foreign trade. The condition of the posts is analyzed, and the factors affecting
their throughput capacity are examined. Scientifically grounded proposals and
recommendations are provided, taking into account international best practices aimed at
reducing congestion at border customs posts, preventing delays for individuals and vehicles,
and accelerating logistics processes.
Keywords:
customs administration, border post, logistics efficiency, factors affecting post
operations, congestion, goods and vehicles.
Аннотация.
В данной статье раскрыта роль автомобильных пограничных таможенных
постов Узбекистана в упрощении внешней торговли и повышении эффективности их
деятельности
в
рамках
дальнейшего
совершенствования
таможенного
администрирования. Проведен анализ состояния постов и изучены факторы, влияющие
на их пропускную способность. Научно обоснованные предложения и рекомендatsiи
разработаны с учетом передового зарубежного опыта по сокращению заторов на
пограничных таможенных постах, предотвращению простоев граждан и транспортных
средств, а также ускорению логистических процессов.
Ключевые слова:
таможенное администрирование, пограничный пост, эффективность
логистики, факторы, влияющие на работу постов, заторы, товары и транспортные
средства.
Introduction
As countries establish relations with each other in various directions, including economic
ones, they lead to the movement of goods and material resources across their territories, that
is, the export, import and transit of goods. As foreign trade increases, each country seeks to
increase the efficiency of border customs posts, prevent traffic jams and ensure that vehicles
and passengers do not have to wait at the borders.
Customs authorities are tasked with facilitating trade, simplifying border procedures, as well
as ensuring economic security, implementing customs control, preventing the import of
illegal goods, contraband and counterfeit products into the country, as well as the timely and
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complete collection of customs duties. The simultaneous implementation of these two
"opposite" directions requires great skill from customs authorities.
Speed, simplicity, bureaucracy and barriers in international trade in goods are being studied
by many international organizations, and recommendations are being developed to further
simplify and speed up processes and reduce administrative barriers. These include the World
Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Customs Organization, and the World
Trade Organization. World Bank experts regularly study the Logistics Performance Index
(LPI) of countries. Within the LPI, countries are assessed in 6 areas, including customs.
Based on the results of 2023, Uzbekistan took 88th place in the LPI rating.
One of the main target indicators for improving the efficiency of the state customs service is
to achieve by 2030 the position of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the LPI rating of no lower
than 55th place in terms of customs clearance efficiency. [1].
Based on the tasks set before the customs authorities, namely, to further improve the
efficiency of customs posts and improve the throughput of goods and vehicles across the
border, one of the pressing issues is the development of conclusions and proposals to improve
our country's position in the LPI.
Materials and Methods
In preparing the scientific article, general scientific methods were used: functional approach,
comparison, juxtaposition, induction and deduction. The advanced foreign experience on this
topic was studied and analyzed, and corresponding proposals and recommendations were
given for improving customs administration in the process of developing foreign trade of the
Republic of Uzbekistan.
Results
The issues of simplifying foreign trade procedures by simplifying procedures at border
customs posts and improving customs administration at border crossing points have been
studied and researched by many international organizations, scientists and researchers around
the world. Research in this direction is being conducted all over the world under such names
as “Coordinated Border Management” and “Integrated Border Management”.
For example:
The World Bank's Customs Modernization Handbook emphasizes that customs
administration plays a key role in facilitating trade and collecting payments. [2].
For several years, experts from the World Customs Organization have been conducting
studies in member countries and publishing reports and recommendations based on the
results of the studies [3]. The World Bank evaluates the logistics efficiency of countries every
two years and publishes them in indices. [4]. The TRACECA (Transport Corridor Evrope-
Caucasus-Asia) developed a methodology for assessing checkpoints in 2021 [5]. Maria
Polner, J. McLinden, A.Z. Durrani [6] also presented problems and solutions at border
checkpoints in their scientific works.
Russian scientists A.R. Gladkov, M.V. Boykova, T.S. Nenadyshina, in their scientific studies,
examined the issues of customs administration at border customs posts, in particular, the
possibility of increasing the throughput of posts by providing information in advance. [7].
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Some aspects of the further development of foreign trade, the work of customs posts were
studied in the research works of our country's scientists A. Suyunov, T. Pardaev, A.
Shadmankulov, A. Azizov, E. Ladigina, J. Kadirov and others [8]
The concept of “customs administration” was first used in legal documents in 2023.
Resolution No. 363 of the Cabinet of Ministers of 11.03.2023 “On amendments and additions
to the Resolution No. 814 of October 11, 2017 “On approval of the Regulation on the
procedure for applying the two-lane system at customs border crossing points of the Republic
of Uzbekistan” aimed at simplifying customs administration” [9] was adopted.
During the research, further simplification of customs administration in the Republic of
Uzbekistan was studied using the example of automobile border customs posts.
The role of customs posts in ensuring foreign trade operations, the rapid and safe movement
of international trade flows, as well as economic security, is invaluable. Customs posts
located in border areas, in particular, are of strategic importance not only for collecting
customs duties, but also for controlling the transit of legal and illegal imports and exports,
counterfeit products, narcotics, and other dangerous goods. As of 2025, there were 32
operating border customs posts in Uzbekistan, each with its own geographical and functional
characteristics.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the study
Variable
Obs
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max
Daily car
32
281.423
292.591
0
972.732
Passengers
32
1285731.2
2188692.7
0
11495171
Offense
32
176.25
383.431
1
1998
Employees
32
39.094
28.312
13
104
Identification
examination complex
and Z-portals
32
.469
.621
0
2
Lanes
32
3.969
2.682
2
11
Customs payments
32
14060.472
36341.019
0
165312.59
Table 1 above shows the descriptive statistics of the main variables obtained within the
framework of the study. The "Daily vehicle" variable, i.e. the number of vehicles passing
through customs posts per day, shows an average of 281 vehicles, which indicates a
significant variation in traffic (Std. Dev. ≈ 292). The minimum value is 0 and the maximum
is 972.7, indicating that some posts have very little or no daily traffic flow, while others have
a very high one. The "Number of citizens" variable, with an average of 1.2 million people,
reflects the demographic difference in the areas where these posts are located (the standard
deviation is very large: 2.1), which indicates a significant difference between the capital and
the outlying areas.
The average number of employees is 39, reflecting the service capacity of customs posts. The
minimum number of employees is 13, and the maximum is 104. These figures indicate
significant differences in resource allocation and workload. The average number of users of
the "Identification Verification Complex and Z-portals" (digitalized service provision) is
0.469, which indicates that this system is not sufficiently implemented in most posts. The
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maximum value is 2, and the integration process is well established in some posts. The
average number of "legal violations" is 176 cases, with a maximum of 1998, which indicates
a low level of control or population density in some areas. The average number of "lanes" is 4,
with a maximum of 11, which affects the throughput of customs.
The graph showing daily vehicle dynamics by post shows the variation in the number of
vehicles moving through customs posts in the figure below. This dot diagram depicts the
“daily vehicle” indicators for each post. As can be seen from the graph, the highest daily
vehicle flow was observed at the customs posts of Yallama, Gishtkoprik, Farhod, and Dostlik
(Andijan). This indicates that these posts are one of the main transit points in the republic.
Figure 1. Daily auto dynamics graph in the posts section
This large difference between the posts can be explained by factors such as proximity to
major cities and international routes, the presence of logistics centers, and population density.
In addition, some posts may be designed for freight transport, while others may be more
passenger-oriented. Therefore, this graphical approach shows that each post requires specific
strategic planning and infrastructure investment.
The results of the Pearson pairwise correlation test presented in Table 2 show a linear
relationship between daily vehicle flow (daily_vehicle) and other factors. According to the
table, there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the number of
citizens (r = 0.556, p = 0.001), the number of violations (r = 0.547, p = 0.001), and the
number of employees (r = 0.637, p = 0.000) and daily vehicle flow. This means that a large
population, an increase in violations, and an increase in the number of employees can
increase the volume of vehicle traffic. In particular, the relationship with the number of
employees is the strongest (r = 0.637), indicating a direct relationship between management
resources and vehicle flow.
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Table 2.
Pearson pairwise correlation test
Variables
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(1) Daily car
1.000
(2) Passengers
0.556*
1.000
(0.001)
(3) Offense
0.547*
0.699*
1.000
(0.001)
(0.000)
(4) Employees
0.637*
0.489*
0.528*
1.000
(0.000)
(0.004)
(0.002)
(5)
Identification
examination complex and
Z-portals
-0.122
-0.185
-0.178
-0.239
1.000
(0.507)
(0.312)
(0.330)
(0.187)
(6) Lanes
-0.240
-0.161
-0.216
-0.114
0.667*
1.000
(0.186)
(0.379)
(0.236)
(0.535)
(0.000)
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
As the country's foreign trade increases year by year, this means an increase in the load on
border customs posts, and customs authorities must take into account the future flow of
vehicles and passengers when building and reconstructing posts.
Table 3. Forecast indicators of vehicle traffic through customs posts of Uzbekistan until
2030
Model
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
Total
number of
vehicles
-
Model_1
Forecast 3286967
3615358 3943750 4272141 4600533 4928925
UCL
4605696
4934088 5262481 5590873 5919265 6247657
LCL
1968237
2296628 2625019 2953410 3281801 3610192
Number of
vehicles per
day
-
Model_2
Forecast 9005
9905
10804
11704
12604
13503
UCL
12618
13517
14417
15317
16217
17116
LCL
5392
6292
7191
8091
8991
9890
The forecast results based on the Holt method in Table 3 show a steady increase in the
number of vehicles entering the customs system of Uzbekistan from 2025 to 2030. In
particular, while in 2025 an average of 9,005 vehicles are expected to pass through customs
posts per day, this figure will reach 13,503 in 2030. This means that the daily flow will
increase by more than 50% in 5 years. The difference between UCL and LCL (from 9,890 to
17,116) takes into account daily variability, seasonal loads, and temporary shifts in foreign
trade demand.
Conclusion
In short, the regression analysis conducted on the section of automobile customs posts of the
Republic of Uzbekistan clearly showed the influence of various factors on the effective
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organization of customs control and clearance processes at border customs posts. Among the
main indicators studied using OLS, robust, log-lin, SEM and standardized SEM models, the
number of employees serving at the post consistently has statistical significance, confirming
that the adequacy and quality of these resources directly affect the number of vehicles
moving through customs posts. This is especially noticeable with a high coefficient of 5.093
(p<0.01) in the SEM model and 0.493 (p<0.01) in the standardized model.
Also, the negative and statistically significant result of the number of available lanes
at the customs post (SEM -31.935, p<0.05; SEM-standard -0.293, p<0.1) indicates that the
physical infrastructure of checkpoints cannot always increase the level of throughput. This
means that a greater number of lanes alone does not guarantee improved throughput unless
supported by an efficient management system if there is no system for their effective use.
Digital technologies such as IKM and Z-portal, as they have not yet been installed at all posts
and are not fully functional, did not produce statistically significant results (p>0.1), but in the
future, increased attention should be paid to them. Because vehicles inspected through the
IKM and Z-portal reduce the workload of customs officers by 10-15 times and allow
employees to use their labor to conduct other forms of control.
This situation indicates the need to optimize the logistics system, expand infrastructure,
introduce digital monitoring systems, and strengthen automated customs control tools. Based
on the results of this forecast, it can be said that improving the customs system will remain an
important tool for the stability of Uzbekistan's foreign trade policy.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank A. Zikiriyoev, PhD, a teacher of the Tashkent State University of
Economics, for his assistance in collecting and analyzing statistical data on automobile
border customs posts.
REFERENCES:
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3. WCO “Coordinated border management: An inclusive approach for connecting
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, Application date: 01.03.2025
