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WHAT TO CONSIDER WHEN DESIGNING PATTERN ELEMENTS
Talipov Nigmatjon Nozimovich
Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami
Associate Professor of the Department of Fine Arts
E-mail:
Abstract:
This article discusses the importance of composition in designing pattern elements,
the laws of composition and how to create beautiful works of art from pattern elements by
following them.
Key words:
painting, composition, layout, rhythm, stylization, symmetry, asymmetry,
proportion, volume, single branch, rapport, double branch.
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqola naqsh elementlarini loyihalashda kompozitsiyaning ahamiyati,
kompozitsiya qonun-qoidalari haqida va ularga rioya qilish orqali naqsh elementlaridan moʻjaz
san’at asarlarini yaratish toʻgʻrisida fikr yuritilgan.
Kalit soʻzlar:
naqqoshlik, kompozitsiya, komponovka, ritm, stilizatsiya, simmetriya,
asimmetriya, nisbat, hajm, yakka band, rapport, qoʻsh band.
Резюме:
В этой статье обсуждается важность композиции в проектировании элементов
узора, законы композиции и создание прекрасных произведений искусства из элементов
узора путем их соблюдения.
Ключевые слова:
роспись, композиция, компоновка, ритм, стилизация, симметрия,
асимметрия, пропорция, объём, одно ветвь, раппорт, двойное ветвь.
The works of folk applied decorative art of the Uzbek people, which have a thousand-
year history, are of great value not only for their decorativeness and graceful forms, and their
antiquity, but also for their profound philosophical observation, high educational significance,
and spiritual qualities. Unique historical monuments, residential buildings, and household items
decorated with ornamental ornaments awaken people's love for folk applied art, teach them to
perceive and enjoy the beauties of the world.
Examples of Uzbek folk decorative art are a unique source of our perception of true
beauty, a deeper understanding of our spirituality and identity. Pattern compositions have long
brought the spirit of humanity, its working methods, feelings, spiritual world, thoughts, goals and
ideals to a new level in content and form.
Indeed, when we observe each pattern drawn by folk craftsmen, we witness the
smoothness, proportion, harmony, and charm of the pattern elements. So, what is the pattern
itself and what meaning does it convey?
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The word pattern is derived from the Arabic word "naqsh" and means "flower", "image"
or "decoration". Patterns include Islamic (floral, running), girih (geometric, geometric), floral
girih (mixed) patterns, and in some literature we can also see them being named with terms such
as floral, geometric and intricate. A floral or ornamental design created by depicting and
processing natural elements such as plants, flowers, grasses, trees, insects, reptiles, animals, and
various geometric shapes based on the laws and rules of the art of painting.
When studying the art of painting, it is studied in schools and directions, taking into
account the lifestyle, customs, traditions, and values of the indigenous people living in
these regions, as well as the characteristics of the animal and plant world. In particular, folk
masters who are creating in painting schools such as Tashkent, Fergana, Khiva, and Samarkand
are diligently teaching their crafts, skills, and experience to the younger generation, making
their own significant contribution to the development and advancement of Uzbek folk applied
decorative arts - their traditions.
One of the main and most complex stages of the art of embroidery is the creation of a
pattern composition. Pattern compositions are performed in the form of single (single-row) and
double-row (double-row or double-row) knots. Patterns acquire symbolic meaning and content in
terms of their color and elements, depending on their application. When learning to create pattern
combinations, certain procedures and rules are followed and the learning progresses from simple
to complex.
"Educating the younger generation, preparing them for the future, directing them to
creative activity, morality, knowledge, and useful work are unique practices that have become
ingrained in the blood of the peoples of the East. The legal protection of educational activities,
the state management of all organizational, management, and supply activities, are serious
measures for the future of the state and the people." It indicates that he is grieving.
Throughout the long history of the peoples of the East, even in the early stages of
human civilization, in the primitive communal system, even in the system of slave society,
attention has been paid to the education of young children, the future generation. In the
primitive community system, initially, they were taught to make sharp-pointed spears from
wood and hunt with them, but later they were taught to make handles from wood, various
stones, brass, and bone, work with them, hunt, and make various tools. With the advent of
slavery, the making of wooden tools, handles, and implements was improved, given a unique
quality and finish, and made to perform their function precisely depending on the purpose of
use, and these skills were taught to children and apprentices. Household items made of wood:
buckets, bowls, plates, bowls, barrels, jugs, spoons, handles for various tools, scythes,
plowshares; items for military purposes: spear and arrow shafts, saddles, wall-breaking tools,
hatchets, ladders, blinds, deckchairs, travel accessories; Items for construction purposes:
columns, beams, doors, railings, gates, chairs, shelves, carts, benches, and hundreds of other
items were made and used effectively in life. Of course, young children were directly or
indirectly involved in the preparation, manufacture, and use of these wooden tools, thus
improving their knowledge in this area. "In the era of the feudal system, great state policies
were developed, and the production of tools and equipment in all fields was greatly developed,
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even reaching the level of fine art. Now, serious attention was paid not only to the durability of
objects and equipment, but also to their elegant, beautiful, and decorative design.”
Indeed, human creative activity is an important factor in its all-round development, and
it is impossible to imagine it without aesthetic perfection. Human life is surrounded by objects
and things. Colorful objects and objects give beauty and elegance to everything, encouraging a
person to look through these laws.
Applied arts are of particular importance in educating the growing young generation as
well-rounded individuals who meet global standards. Applied arts are considered one of the
main and most important sources in helping young people grow into well-rounded individuals
and mature specialists in their field.
It is known that each pattern is based on its own pattern elements, taking the simplest
forms of flora, fauna, and various geometric shapes found in nature and "stylizing" them. In this
case, the selected form is brought into the form of an ornament that can be added to the
composition of the pattern.
The interconnection and proportional relationships of elements in a pattern form the
integrity of the pattern. When learning to draw a pattern, the following shapes are first learned by
drawing them.
Leaves, flowers, branches, bundles and leaves, tassels, garlands and buds, fringes, curls
and curls, flowers and blossoms. In the design of patterns, more and more leaf images are used.
Since the leaf is one of the elements of Islamic patterns, it is depicted in delicate, elegant,
flexible, and smooth forms. Pattern makers have been using the leaves of willow, pomegranate,
date, almond, sambit, rose, plane, grape, and the like to stylize them and create pattern
compositions.
Bofta is an element of Islamic and complex patterns. It connects the frames in the form
of a рatnis, tanob, mihrab, basket with heart-shaped elements in the pattern. Bofta pattern
elements are part of the connecting elements. Bofta is one of the specific elements of Islamic
rufta and girih hoshiya patterns.
Shukufta is an Islamic pattern element, also called shkift for short. Shukufta connects
the elements that make up the main shape in the form of buds - gajak.
Flowers are an Islamic pattern element that, after being given a decorative finish, makes
the patterns more beautiful and attractive. Flower elements are mainly placed in the central parts
of the pattern forms. There are countless types of flowers, and they are also called by their own
names. Flower types include simple and complex types of roses, tulips, peaches, carnations,
hyacinths, carnations, carnations, narcissus, and other types of flowers.
The branch is a plant-like pattern element. The flower is a complement to the
composition of the pattern by connecting leaves, buds, petals, and other elements. The branch not
only fulfills the function of a filler, but also creates separate forms with its delicate and smooth
lines. Since all trees and plants in nature grow from the bottom to the top, the elements of the
1
Ахmеdоv M.B. Dаrsdаn tаshqаri mаshg‘ulоtlаrdа о‘quvсhilаrning ijоdiy fаоliyаtini
rivojlantirish metodikasi: pedagogika fanlari bo‘yicha falsafa doktori (PhD). ... дисс. -Chirchiq:
2023, -12-13 бetlar.
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branch are also moved as much as possible in one direction.
The bindings and fringes are elements of Islamic ornamentation. The typical bindings of
the rod and frame shapes are reminiscent of the simple rope, bud, and fringe types of bindings.
Tanob - forms the main form paths in the patterns. The names of such forms are called
mehrab, modohil, bodom, kalamrir, gardish, etc. Tanob is connected with elements of bofta,
shukufta, baglam.
Margula - is in the form of a double-lined gajak, indicating the completion of some
svada and tanob forms. Margula is sometimes found in the compositions of the pattern as a
substitute for bud elements.
Bud - mainly has the forms of almonds, kalamrir, and tsalk. Margula and bud elements
enrich the forms of svada, tanob, and yasovchi.
Modohil - an Islamic pattern element, found in the form of forms reminiscent of tulips,
amulets, and tribarg. Modohil is an element characteristic of the upper parts of the mihrab motif
patterns.
Gajak and jingalak - an Islamic pattern element. It is a stylized representation of long,
trumpet-shaped, and pea-like branches found in nature. Elements of gajak and gyalka are found
in combinations of floral and Islamic patterns.
“The master sculptor’s design is not just about filling the surface of the paper or
painting it, but rather about consciously drawing the design while following the laws of nature
and art. From this point of view, the most difficult and most responsible step in the sculptor’s
creative process is to draw a copy of the design. If the composition of the pattern is constructed
in a way that goes against the laws of nature, then no matter how much success is achieved,
whether in painting, carving, or rendering, the work will not be as beautiful and attractive as
desired.”
As a result of careful analysis and study of the structure, growth patterns, and
appearance of flowers, leaves, twigs, buds, pigeons, peacocks, and others in nature, painters use
them to create various pattern compositions and stylize and paint various elements. That is,
when stylizing a leaf, the artist thinks about its beauty and how to depict it from any perspective
(from above, from the side, or from behind) and then implements it.
The naming of patterns and pattern elements is especially noteworthy, as they can be
named after natural plants and objects, as well as the places where they live and work. These
include: novda, tola, gul kalamrir, shobarg, madohil, aygul, bofta, sebarg, turunj, "mashhadii",
"arabi", "isfakhani" and so on. When creating pattern compositions, such rules as proportion,
symmetry, asymmetry, rhythmic repetition, centering, dynamism of the ornament, naturalness,
elegance, and harmony of colors are observed.
Composition is of great importance in painting, and it is built on the basis of several
laws and rules - periodic repetition (rhythm), proportion (rorism), symmetry and centralization,
stylization (repetition), the most beautiful unity (harmony), color harmony and mutual brightness
(contrast).
Komranovka, or arrangement - the correct placement of the composition of the pattern
2
Muratov X. X., Jabbаrov R. R. Amaliy va badiiy bezak san’ati. -T.: IJOD-PRINT, 2020, -
57-58 b.
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on the surface.
Rhythm - the periodic repetition of pattern elements in the same plane at a certain
distance.
Stylization (repetition) - the depiction of the plant, animal world and various objects in
nature in their simplest form, generalization in an artistic way.
Symmetry - the correspondence of proportions to each other, derived from the Greek
word.
Asymmetry is a violation of symmetry and balance in a composition.
There are stages in the composition of a composition in painting. Each composition is
distinguished by its content, symbolic meanings, the presence of certain shapes and the brilliance
of colors. What should be considered when creating a composition of a pattern?
a) maintaining the proportions of the elements of the pattern;
b) create a composition of a pattern that matches the chosen shape;
c) depict the shape of the flower as the main focus;
d) depict elements such as flowers, branches, leaves, and flowers in the composition in a
manner that matches the movement of the branches.
Composition plays a key role in the art of painting. In short, the beauty of a pattern's
content, meaning, and essence depends on how and in what way the composition is woven.
Every object used in life is made up of its own geometric shapes, and therefore pattern
combinations are also formed in a certain way. That is why, in our initial training sessions, we
begin by practicing drawing pattern combinations that look more realistic on the surface of
geometric shapes. They are used in road construction, in the construction of squares, triangles,
circles and rectangles, in such subjects as creating a pattern of coordinates. For this, it is
necessary to have the skills to use a ruler, compass and other tools well. Because most of the
patterns are built on the basis of auxiliary lines.
We have already considered creating a coordinate for road construction in the subject.
When designing a pattern for square work, an equilateral rectangle is drawn and divided into
sections depending on the placement of the pattern. The patterns in square work are completed,
because the pattern is sketched according to the surfaces of the pattern in this way.
The Ushburshak pattern, like other patterns, is created by applying it to the surface, but
if it is necessary to connect to the road pattern, the pattern on the ushburshak should consist of
similar elements and shapes, otherwise it will not fit.
The pattern in the circle work is drawn in the middle of the surfaces in blind cases. A
circle is drawn with the required diameter and a pattern is drawn on its surface according to the
above-mentioned sections to create a pattern. It is recommended to start the first exercises by
drawing a pattern composition made up of simple pattern elements.
In the work of each figure, it is important to maintain the symmetry of the patterns being
drawn, to take into account the suitability of the elements used for the shape, their growth in a
uniform manner and their interconnection. The main border of the patterns, which connects it,
and the fact that the lines of the figure are of different shapes, increase the color of the
compositions and make it easier to apply them to the surfaces.
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A pattern is selected based on the surface and a draft sketch is made. First, the color
scheme is selected for the sketches and paints are tested.
Indeed, folk crafts, applied decorative arts have always taken a special place in the
hearts of people with their antiquity and charm. In particular, the art of painting is rich in
traditions. The working methods of folk craftsmen are also distinguished by their color and
richness. The artist skillfully uses the natural brilliance of colors and the texture of the material in
his work, achieving bright expressiveness. Humanity has always improved and decorated all the
clothes, household items and household appliances that it considers necessary for itself. At the
same time, all kinds of artistically decorated objects and equipment have their own decoration
methods and artistic processing steps for materials. Such decorative and processed objects give
people aesthetic pleasure and further enhance their love for life. The exquisitely crafted works of
painting, jewelry, jewelry making, embroidery, ganshkor, and wood carving by skilled craftsmen
are considered historical treasures and spiritual values not only for today, but also for future
generations.
Uzbek folk decorative arts have been passed down from generation to generation, have
been improved both artistically and in terms of functionality, and have become famous for their
versatility over long periods of time. They are inextricably linked with the spiritual, moral, and
emotional life of people, and have become an integral part of their daily lives. Household items
have acquired a unique meaning in terms of their shape, color, elegance, comfort, and durability,
and have easily become part of everyday life.
This is precisely why the general rule in the polishing and decoration of khontakhtals,
kutishals, and kalamdons, and the similarity in the interpretation of patterns, came about. Along
with the decoration of buildings with such patterns, the craft of decorating household items also
developed. Medieval miniatures testify to this. It played an important role in decorating the
ceilings of architectural structures - khari, tosin, and wassajufts. It was also widely used in the
manufacture of household items.
Including, shelves, boxes, pens, elegant khantakhtals, national musical instruments, as
well as blind-edged chairs, which were popular with the population of European cities in the
second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Islamic painting is based
on a classical ornament known and widespread throughout the Middle and Near East from
ancient times, which includes various floral and plant-like, geometric motifs on Islamic themes.
These types of ornaments have their own strict rules in terms of shape and composition. It
consists of a single, flat, snow-covered tree, branches, and branches, interspersed with other
similar shapes.
List of used literature:
1.
R.R. Jabbarov. Patterns in applied art of the uzbek folk // European Journal of Arts, 2023,
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2. Muratov, H. (2021). THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
INDEPENDENT EDUCATION IN THE LEARNING PROCESS. Збірник наукових
праць ΛΌГOΣ.
3. Jabbarov, R., & Rasulov, M. (2021). FURTHER FORMATION OF STUDENTS’
CREATIVE ABILITIES BY DRAWING LANDSCAPES IN PAINTING. Збірник
наукових праць ΛΌГOΣ.
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