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THE IMPACT OF BIOCHEMICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL BLOOD PARAMETERS ON
AEROBIC OXYGEN DELIVERY CAPACITY IN YOUNG ATHLETES
Rakhimov G'ulom
Associate Professor, Department of Pedagogy and Social Sciences
Abstract:
This study investigated the relationship between hematological and biochemical
blood parameters and aerobic capacity in young male and female athletes. The findings
revealed a significant correlation between red blood cell parameters (RBC, hemoglobin [HGB],
and hematocrit [HCT]) and key indicators of aerobic capacity, including VO
2
max, anaerobic
threshold (AP), and oxygen utilization efficiency (VO
2
/YYQ). Additionally, it was observed
that lower levels of urea, total bilirubin, and iron in the blood were associated with a higher
heart rate at the anaerobic metabolism threshold.
The study underscores the importance of monitoring hematological and biochemical parameters
to better understand and enhance athletic performance in young athletes, while also highlighting
the need for gender-specific approaches in training and physiological assessment.
Keywords
: hematological and biochemical parameters, aerobic capacity, anaerobic metabolism,
blood glucose and lactate, exercise intensity.
Introduction
Evaluating the functional state of the div and its adaptive reserves is a critical focus in sports
and youth physiology. A high functional level serves as the foundation for enhancing physical
performance and the div's ability to effectively adapt to the demands of training and
competition [1,5,7,2]. However, physical loads that exceed the age-specific capacities of
children and adolescents can lead to functional disruptions and stress-related conditions,
underscoring the need for careful monitoring.
Blood, as a vital physiological system, undergoes significant changes in response to sustained
physical exertion. These changes are reflected in elevated hematological indicators, which
gradually align with those observed in adult athletes [2,4,6,10,13]. Hematological and
biochemical tests, alongside other medical and biological metrics, provide valuable insights into
an athlete's adaptation to training loads. These tests also help assess metabolic processes,
fatigue levels, and the div's response to physical stress, including the risks of overtraining
[3,4,8,4,6].
Given the growing emphasis on youth sports and the importance of safeguarding the health of
young athletes, studying the interplay between biochemical, hematological, and physical
performance indicators is crucial. This research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of
these relationships, providing a foundation for optimizing training programs and ensuring the
well-being of young athletes[5,6].
Purpose of the research
The primary aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between hematological and
biochemical blood parameters and aerobic capacity in young athletes, encompassing both boys
and girls. Specifically, the study sought to explore how red blood cell parameters (RBC,
hemoglobin [HGB], and hematocrit [HCT]) and biochemical markers (such as urea, total
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025
Journal:
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bilirubin, iron, glucose, and lactate) influence key metrics of aerobic capacity, including
VO
2
max, anaerobic threshold (AP), and oxygen utilization efficiency (VO
2
/YYQ).
The research aimed to determine whether these hematological and biochemical factors could
serve as reliable indicators of aerobic performance in young athletes. Additionally, the study
aimed to identify potential gender-specific differences in these relationships, particularly
focusing on whether young female athletes exhibit distinct patterns in the correlation between
hematological parameters and aerobic capacity compared to their male counterparts.
Materials and Methods
To assess the impact of biochemical and hematological blood parameters on aerobic capacity in
young athletes, taking into account gender characteristics.
The study involved 42 male athletes (16.6±2.8 years) and 17 female athletes (14.07±2.01 years).
They specialized in cyclic sports and their sports qualifications ranged from the second junior
level to the Master of Sports of Uzbekistan. All participants had been training regularly for at
least 3 years, were healthy, and had no restrictions on sports. The first group (n=11) included
athletes aged 11 to 16 (cycling, rowing), and the second group (n=14) included athletes aged 17
to 22 (swimming, athletics) (Fig.1).
Blood samples were taken in the morning, on an empty stomach, one day after training, and the
following hematological parameters were evaluated using an automatic hematological analyzer
MEK 7222K (Japan): red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin content (HGB), hematocrit
(HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCH), and
hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes (MCHC), red blood cell distribution width
(RDWCV), neutrophils (NE), rod-nucleated neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, eosinophils
(EO%), basophils (BA%), lymphocytes (LY%), monocytes (MO%), platelets (PLT), and
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
Fig.1. Distribution of athletes by gender and age groups
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The following biochemical parameters were measured in the blood fluid using the Saphir 400
analyzer (Japan): alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST), glucose,
creatinine, urea, total protein, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alkaline phosphatase, total
cholesterol (TC), total bilirubin. To assess the function of the adrenal cortex, the concentration
of the hormone cortisol and testosterone in the blood fluid was determined.
Results and Discussion
Achievements in each sport are provided by a number of physical and physiological variables
that depend on age and maturity in youth sports of boys and girls, which affect sports
performance in specific sports methods. In addition, a significant increase in muscle strength is
manifested in adolescence. Comparison of anatomical and morphological parameters made it
possible to identify statistically significant differences in some parameters.
Thus, in young athletes (11-16 years) height was lower (164 (155);176) cm) compared to older
athletes (178 (171; 182) cm) (p=0.006), div weight (54.9 (45; 59) kg 67.2 (61; 70) kg,
p=0.003), bone (2.4 (1.8; 2.6) kg, 2.9 (2.8; 3.1) kg, p=0.002) and muscle mass (44.5 (32.3;
48.7)) kg, compared to 56.7 (51.8; 59.3) kg, p=0.001), butthis was higher in the percentage of
fat mass (17.1 (12.3); 17.6 %), 10.8 (9.3; 12.0)%, p=0.01) (Fig.2).
Fig.2. Comparison of physical characteristics between young and older athletes
It is also worth noting that the changes in hematological blood parameters that we have
identified are generally consistent with those described in studies involving various types of
physical exercise. Because during physical exercise, specific changes occur in the div of each
athlete. This is due to the interconnectedness of various organ systems.
Oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold was correlated with blood parameters (HGB,
Hct, and MCV) and biochemical constants (alkaline phosphatase and testosterone) in a whole-
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div manner. An increase in HGB, Hct, MCV, and testosterone and a decrease in alkaline
phosphatase in the blood fluid led to an increase in the anaerobic threshold in young athletes
(Table No. 1). Heart rate was correlated with a decrease in urea (r=0.03), total bilirubin (r=0.02),
and iron (r=0.02) levels when the athlete reached the anaerobic threshold. The highest
correlations were observed with resting heart rate.
In young athletes, a decrease in the mean erythrocyte volume (r=0.012) and mean hemoglobin
content (r=0.04), as well as a decrease in total bilirubin (r=0.01), testosterone (r=0.04), iron
(r=0.007) and an increase in blood glucose concentration (r=0.04), as well as alkaline
phosphatase (r=0.03) were correlated with a higher resting heart rate (correlation). Heart rate at
the peak of the load was correlated with creatine phosphokinase (r=0.04) (correlation), (Table
2).
Table 2
The correlation of biochemical and hematological parameters with aerobic capacity in
young athletes
Indicators
VO
2
l/min
VO
2
ml/
min/kg
АP,
l/minq
Heart
rate
AT
BPM
/min
Heart
rate no
AT
BPM
/min
VO
2
/BPM
/ ml
DL
MAM,
Calm,
Mm/Hg
WRmak
c,Bt
HGB,g/l
-0,64
Hct,%
-0,77
PLT,E9/l
-0,62
0,55
ALT,ME/l
0,57
Glyukoza,
Mmol’/l
-052
Protein, g/l
0,51
Alkaline
phosphatase,
(U/l)
0,58
Testosterone
Hg/ml
0,63
0,73
0,54
lactic
acid,
Mmol'/l
-o,69
-0,63
iron,
Mkmol'/l
0,75
The oxygen pulse in young athletes increased with higher erythrocyte counts, elevated
hemoglobin levels, and increased testosterone levels, while it decreased with lower alkaline
phosphatase levels. This suggests that as the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood improves,
the absolute value of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) also increases. Furthermore, the
functional capacity of the cardiovascular system was strongly correlated with blood glucose and
alkaline phosphatase levels.
In young female athletes, the relationships between blood parameters and indicators of
functional capacity were less pronounced compared to male athletes. Notably, no significant
correlation was found between hematological parameters (such as hemoglobin [HGB] and
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hematocrit [HCT]) and VO2max or other aerobic capacity metrics. However, an inverse
relationship was observed between HGB, HCT, and systolic arterial pressure (r=0.01 and
r=0.001, respectively).
Conclusion
Using water sports as a model, this study examined the dynamics of biochemical indicators in
response to various types of training loads. Significant differences in clinical laboratory test
results were observed depending on the nature of the training load. Aerobic exercise induced
the most pronounced changes in the concentration of several chemical substances, while
strength-oriented training led to significantly higher increases in creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
activity. The post-exercise differences in biochemical indicators primarily reflect the energy
supply mechanisms specific to the type of load performed.
This study presents findings from clinical and laboratory investigations involving highly
qualified athletes in kayaking, canoeing, diving, slalom rowing, and swimming, ranging from
test events to major international competitions. The adaptation of athletes to competitive
demands is driven by complex biochemical reactions, which provide insights into the metabolic
response to high-intensity physical exertion. Competitive activities place maximal demands on
the functional systems of the div, requiring them to operate at the limits of physical capacity.
Acknowledgments
We extend our sincere gratitude to all the young athletes who participated in this study, as well
as their coaches and families, for their cooperation and support throughout the research process.
Their dedication and commitment were invaluable in ensuring the successful completion of this
study.
We would like to thank the medical and laboratory staff who assisted in the collection and
analysis of hematological and biochemical data. Their expertise and attention to detail were
crucial in maintaining the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Special thanks go to the institutions and organizations that provided access to facilities and
resources necessary for conducting this research. Their support enabled us to carry out the study
under optimal conditions.
We are also deeply grateful to our colleagues and research team members for their contributions,
insightful discussions, and collaborative efforts. Their hard work and dedication were
instrumental in bringing this project to fruition.
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