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THE REIGN AND POLICY OF AMIR TEMUR THROUGH THE EYES OF
FOREIGN HISTORIANS
Mamazoxidova Gulsanam
Namangan State University, student of the Faculty of History
Scientific Supervisor:
Norkuziev Dadakhon Rakhmanjanovich
Namangan State University, Doctor of Philosophy in History "PhD"
Abstract:
The article examines the early stages of the study and research of the life and work
of Amir Temur by the European community. It is noteworthy that most of the sources created
and collected by European historians have not yet been studied and are waiting for their
researchers. Documents on the reign and policy of Amir Temur, his correspondence with the
rulers of European countries and his diplomacy have caused widespread discussion throughout
the world. Amir Temur adhered to Eastern diplomacy even in his letters, which were written in
the form of strict requirements. This led to a wide study of Eastern policy by European
historians. The history of Sahibkiran is used not only in public policy, but also in economics.
Keywords:
Amir Temur, Golden Horde, Ruy González de Clavijo, Venetian archives,
ambassador, Klaus Pander, Marshal Boucicot, Renaissance.
Introduction.
Interest in the activities and personality of Amir Temur, a great figure of his time, a skilled
commander, who put an end to the Mongol tyranny in our country, imprinted his indelible name
for eternity, our pride, our pride, the embodiment of the genius of our people and a symbol of
our spiritual power, began in the 15th century. In August 1401, Jean (Ioann) Greenlaw, the
ambassador sent by the Pope and the King of France to Amir Temur, participated in Amir
Temur's conversations many times. He became the first European author to see his reign with
his own eyes and write a work about it. The history of Sahib-ul-Qiran was written by foreign
scholars and travelers such as Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo in Spain, Archbishop Joan in France,
Christopher Marlowe in England, Edward Gibbon, and Johannes Schiltberger from Germany.
Their works emphasize that such great rulers and military leaders as Peter I, Frederick the Great,
and Napoleon Bonaparte widely used Amir Temur's experience in state administration. It is also
worth noting the work of the scholar Hilda Hookham, who conducted research on the life and
work of Amir Temur in modern historical research.
Research and results.
He visited the capitals of Central Asia several times to study the legacy of Sahibkiran. His book,
Ruler of the Seven Zodiacs, is imbued with deep respect for the peoples of Central Asia and the
personality of Timur. One of the first works to appear in France during Sahibkiran's lifetime
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was written by Marshal of France Jean II Boucicaut (1365-1421), and is called Le Livre des
faits du marechal Boucicaut (The Book of the Deeds of Marshal Boucicaut). In 1401, Charles
VI appointed Marshal Boucicaut, a respected nobleman and a strict and loyal executor, as
governor of Genoa. [1. 124] He was aware of the events taking place in Asia through his
messengers, and in turn regularly informed Charles VI. It was for this reason that the French
king was aware of Amir Temur's triumphal march on the states located in the western regions
of his empire and the conflict between him and Bayezid. In Chapter XXXVII of his book,
Busico, referring to the personality of Amir Temur, writes about Sahibkiran and his army:
“Amir Temur was a very brave man, and if fate had supported him a little more, he would have
conquered the whole earth, but this did not happen to him. After all, as a well-known proverb
says, “everything is by the will of God”[1. 235]. However, he accomplished a great feat with
weapons, for thirty years he neither stopped fighting nor recognized a single city, but on the
contrary, he always marched with his miraculous army through the fields and steppes and
established such strict order among his troops that he carried with him everything necessary for
their daily life. One can create fascinating works about the miracles he performed, the great
rivers he crossed, and the deeds of his hard-working people.
The Italian merchants Paolo Zane, Beltramus de Mignanelli and Emmanuel Paole, as well as
the Spanish ambassador Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo, the captured German soldier Johannes
Schiltberger, and others also wrote their memoirs about Amir Timur and his campaigns.[2, 26]
Another person who informed Europeans about Amir Timur's state was Johann (Hans)
Schiltberg (Shilrdberger) (1382-1440), a Bavarian nobleman. He was captured by the Turkish
sultan Bayezid Yildirim in the Battle of Nikopol in 1396 and later served in his army. In 1402,
he was captured by Amir Timur's army in the Battle of Astana in Ankara. First in Samarkand,
then sent to the Golden Horde. This warrior, whose fate was rather complicated, was able to
return to his homeland only after 31 years, that is, in 1427. His work, entitled “The Strange Tale
of the Captivity and Return of Schiltbergem of Munich,” consists of 60 stories, 10 of which are
devoted to Central Asia [3. 13]. Emmanuel Paole knew Arabic perfectly. He lived among the
Egyptian Mamluks for 22 years and was a close friend of the Egyptian Sultan Faraj. He
collected information about Amir Temur’s campaign to Damascus. His information about Amir
Temur is stored in the Venetian archives and has not been published to this day. Paole Zane was
the Venetian consul in Damascus in the 1400s. He collected information about Amir Temur on
behalf of the Venetian Senate. His collected materials are now kept in the Venetian archives
and have not been published. Another important historical source related to the reign of Timur
is the diaries of the Spanish ambassador Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo. De Clavijo arrived in
Samarkand in 1404 on the instructions of Henry III, King of Lyon and Castile. His work is
called “Journal of a Journey to Samarkand, to the Court of Timur”. During the Renaissance in
the West, many works were published dedicated to the life and activities of Amir Timur.
Clavijo’s work (“History of the Great Amir Timur and the Account of the Embassy”) was
published in Seville in 1582. The work became the main source for subsequent historical and
artistic works. For example, Pero Mexica borrowed a lot from Clavijo in his essay “Vida
delgran Tamerlan” (“Life of the Great Amir Timur”), which was included in the collection
“Silva de varia leccion” (“A Collection of Various Lectures”)[4, 83]. Mexica’s work was
translated into English twice in the 16th century. It was first translated by Thomas Fortescue
and then by George Whetstone (English Myrror, 1586). In 1553, the Italian historian Pietro
Perrondini's "Magni Tamerlani Scytarum Imperatoris Vita" ("Life of Amir Timur, Emperor of
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the Scythians") was published. The work of Ahmad ibn Arabshah was also translated into
European languages in the same century, including into French by the abbot Jean du
Becque under the title "Histoire de grand Tamerlan tiree des monuments antiques des Arabes"
("History of the Great Amir Timur from the Ancient Monuments of the Arabs"). Many sources
related to the life and work of Amir Timur have not yet been fully studied, especially those
written in Latin. These sources themselves prove that Amir Temur, a great figure of his time,
was recognized in Europe. After all, as Jean Boussicaux said, “If Amir Temur had been given
another chance, he would have taken control of the whole world and established justice” [1.
124]. Amir Temur is a statesman who deeply understood the importance of creating stable
security and cooperation in the Eurasian region, and jointly combating external threats. The
most important thing is that such an economic policy of Amir Temur was implemented in
Western countries 300-400 years earlier. Therefore, Amir Temur’s governance and policy did
not go unnoticed by the kings, sultans, and rulers of his time.
Amir Temur established strong ties with China, India, France, Spain, England and other
countries. No matter which country Amir Temur established ties with, the first priority was to
ensure state security and the rule of law.
At this point, if we touch on the great interest in the personality of Amir Temur in France, the
scope of French orientalists' study of the history of Amir Temur and the Timurid era is
extensive, they cover in detail the governance and military system of that period, culture,
religion, philosophy and scientific thinking. The works they wrote, scientific conferences and
exhibitions dedicated to the Timurid revival indicate that during the former Soviet Union, when
it was considered a sin, even a crime, to mention Amir Temur for the first time, on March 22,
1987, the Association "Study of the History and Art of the Timurid Era and French-Uzbek
Cultural Cooperation" was established in Paris. This idea is clearly confirmed by numerous
historical and scientific works that describe in detail the fact that Amir Temur sent ambassadors
to the court of King Henry III of Castile and Lyon (in some sources - King Henry III of Spain),
the ruler of France, Charles VI (in some sources - Charles VI), and King Henry IV of England,
who, in turn, received ambassadors from Spain, France, England, China, and a number of other
countries - a total of more than 20 foreign states - in his capital, Samarkand.
German scholar Klaus Pander emphasizes that Amir Temur, as a patron of science, deeply
respected and honored scientists, and even took scientists and talented people with him on
many of his military campaigns.
According to historians, Amir Temur by nature did not like jokes, idle talk, and lies. He always
kept the affairs of the kingdom under control. If he set his mind to something, he would devote
himself to it with all his heart and soul. He demanded the same from his children and
grandchildren.
Conclusion.
In conclusion, it should be said that the culture and spirituality of the era of Sahibkiran Amir
Temur and the Timurids are an integral part of the spirituality of not only the Uzbek people, but
also the entire world. Often, there were no shameless words, bloodshed, captivity, or insults
against the harem in his meetings. He was a man of impeccable (target-hitting) thinking,
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Journal:
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amazing insight, incomparably happy, whose greatness was in accordance with his own, who
spoke with firm determination, and who was truthful even when adversity befell him. It is the
duty of each of us to irrigate the minds of young people with such truthfulness and bring them
up. Growing up as a generation worthy of our grandfather Amir Temur, speaking the truth in
any situation, living with justice, can be an example not only for our lives, but also for future
generations.
THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE:
1. Abstracts of the international conference "Amir Temur and his place in world history".
October 23-26, 1996, Tashkent. - T.: Uzbekistan, 1996. - 124 p.
2. Эрматов Б. Амир Темур Ғарбий Европа aдиблари нигохида – Т.: Наврўз, 2019. – 14-85
б.
3. Eshov B.J., Odilov A.A. O’zbekiston tarixi (II kitob) – T.: Donishmand Ziyosi, 2020. – 13 b.
4. Ҳаким Сатторий. Ҳазрат Соҳибқирон – Т.: Sharq, 2016. – 230-235 б.
5. Амир Темур жаҳон тарихида. – Т.: Шарк, 1996. – 296 б.
6. Collection of materials of the Republican scientific and practical conference on the topic
"Amir Temur - a great commander and statesman". Tashkent: - 2024.
