INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 07,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 474
HYPOXIA AND THE BODY'S ADAPTATION MECHANISMS TO IT
Z.B.Xosilova
Senior teacher
University of Information Technology and Management
Shodmonova Parizoda
3rd year student, Karshi State University
Abstract.
Hypoxia (from the Greek hypo - under, below, oxii - oxygen, oxygen starvation) is a
decrease in the amount of oxygen in the div or in individual organs and tissues. Hypoxia can
occur when the inhaled air lacks oxygen for various reasons (for example, when climbing to a
height, working underground, when foreign bodies are blocked in the respiratory tract, during
bronchial spasm, and in other cases).
Keywords:
Hypoxia, unhealthy processes, oxygen, important elements, hypoxic hypoxia, hemic
hypoxia, circulatory hypoxia, tissue hypoxia.
Hypoxia is very common in our everyday life and is the basis of various unhealthy
(pathological) processes. Depending on the degree of occurrence in the div, hypoxia can be
acute, transient, and chronic. Hypoxia is an insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues of the
div. This process can occur as a result of disruption of various physiological and pathological
processes. We know that oxygen is of great importance for the human div and is one of the
most important elements necessary for life. It is precisely the lack of oxygen that negatively
affects the functioning of many systems in the human div. Hypoxia is divided into the
following main types according to its origin:
1. Hypoxic hypoxia
2. Hemic hypoxia
3. Circulatory hypoxia
4. Tissue hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia is a type of hypoxia that develops as a result of a decrease in the
amount of oxygen in the alveoli and a violation of the passage of oxygen through the blood to
the tissues, resulting in a decrease in the amount of oxygen reaching the div. Hypoxic hypoxia
occurs in situations such as a decrease in atmospheric pressure, impaired ventilation, lung
diseases, and a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Hypoxic hypoxia can be
dangerous for the div.
Hemic hypoxia is one of the types of hypoxia that occurs when the amount and quality
of hemoglobin decreases. In this process, oxygen enters the blood through the lungs in
sufficient quantities, but it occurs as a result of an insufficient amount of hemoglobin that
performs the transport function.
Circulatory hypoxia is a type of hypoxia that occurs as a result of a sharp drop in blood
pressure, slowing of heart function, and impaired blood circulation. In this type of hypoxia,
there is a normal amount of oxygen in the blood, but it occurs as a result of an insufficient
amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.
Tissue hypoxia is a pathological condition caused by damage to enzymes involved in the
respiratory process, and in this type of hypoxia, oxygen reaches the tissues from the lungs, but
tissue cells are unable to absorb it. The cause of this condition is various drugs with side effects,
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 07,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 475
poisoning with toxic substances (H2S, CN), and severe infectious diseases. This type of
hypoxia is one of the most dangerous types of hypoxia. Oxygen deficiency in the div can
manifest itself through the following symptoms:
rapid and deep breathing;
rapid heartbeat;
general weakness, dizziness;
headache;
impaired vision and hearing;
the appearance of bruises on the skin and mucous membranes;
in severe cases, dangerous lung diseases;
cardiovascular diseases;
can lead to long-term disability.
The human div has a number of adaptation mechanisms to maintain survival during
hypoxia, and these mechanisms can be short-term and long-term.
Short-term adaptation mechanisms include increased respiration, i.e., activation of the
respiratory center in response to oxygen deficiency in the div, and an increase in the flow of
oxygen into the div. Increased cardiac activity, i.e., an increase in the number of heart
contractions, accelerates the circulatory system and provides sufficient oxygen to the tissues. As
a result of increased cardiac activity, the distribution of oxygenated blood in the blood vessels
of the div improves.
An example of long-term adaptation mechanisms is the increased synthesis of
erythrocytes in the bone marrow as a result of the production of erythropoietin in the kidneys.
This also increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. As a result of the formation of
new capillary blood vessels and their increase in number, oxygen is supplied to the tissues over
short distances.
In organisms adapted to hypoxia, oxidative enzymes are activated, as a result of which
the need for glucose increases. As a result of the accumulation of lactic acid, cell damage
accelerates. The div protects itself in such hypoxic conditions through a number of adaptive
mechanisms. When hypoxia persists for a long time and maladaptations develop, various
pathological conditions can occur. Therefore, the study of hypoxia and its effects is of great
importance in the field of health care.
Hypoxia is a serious stress factor for the div, strongly affecting metabolic processes,
energy production, respiration and the cardiovascular system. The human div resists this
condition through its strong adaptive capacity and, through adaptive mechanisms, relieves
hypoxia and ensures the continuation of life. These adaptive mechanisms are effective only in
mild and moderate forms of hypoxia. Severe and prolonged hypoxia can even lead to a
violation of the div's functions.
Hypoxia causes structural and functional disorders of various organs.
Nervous system.
The central nervous system is very sensitive to hypoxia, but not each
of its parts is equally damaged by hypoxia. The cerebral cortex is especially sensitive to it,
while the brainstem, medulla oblongata and spinal cord are less sensitive. After 2.5-3 minutes
after the cessation of oxygen supply, foci of necrosis are observed in the cerebral cortex and
cerebellum. At the same time, when there is asphyxia in the medulla oblongata, a number of
cells die even after 10-15 minutes. When there is a lack of oxygen in the brain, first there is
agitation, then there is inhibition, sleep, headache, and impaired motor control.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 07,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 476
Breathing.
With acute oxygen deficiency, breathing becomes frequent and superficial,
and air exchange is reduced. Peripheral breathing of the Cheyne-Stokes type may develop.
Blood circulation.
In acute hypoxia, tachycardia is observed. Systolic pressure remains
or gradually decreases, pulse pressure does not change or increases, and minute blood volume
also increases. The oxygen content in arterial blood decreases by 8-9%, which significantly
increases blood circulation in the coronary arteries. These changes are due to the expansion of
coronary vessels and increased venous flow, which occurs as a result of accelerated heart
contraction.
Changes in metabolism in hypoxia begin with a violation of carbohydrate and energy
metabolism and are associated with biological oxidation. Hypoxia is characterized by a
decrease in the value of macroergs in the cell - ATP and a decrease in the concentration of its
breakdown products - ADF, AMF and inorganic phosphate. The content of creatine phosphate
in brain tissue decreases. As a result of the decrease in macroergs, glycolysis increases, and
due to the decrease in glycogen content, pyruvate and lactate increase. The increase in pyruvate,
lactate, and several other organic acids contributes to the development of metabolic (gas-free)
acidosis, which occurs due to oxygen deficiency.
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