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INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARDINAL ABILITIES AND PHYSICAL QUALITIES
IN THE PROCESS OF TRAINING OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED JUDO PLAYERS
Sobirov Begzod Sherzod ugli
2nd year student of Physical Education at TIFT University
Kadamov Suroj Khudaishukur ugli
Lecturer at the Department of Physical Education and Sports, TIFT University
Abstract:
This study examines the relationship between cardiac performance and physical
performance in highly skilled judo athletes during training. A sample of 20 elite male judo
athletes was administered cardiovascular measures, including resting heart rate, maximum heart
rate, and VO₂ max, as well as physical performance tests measuring grip strength, vertical jump
height, agility, and endurance. The results showed a strong correlation between VO₂ max and
several physical attributes, including endurance (r = 0.82), agility (r = -0.58), and explosive
power (r = 0.55). A decrease in resting heart rate was also associated with better strength and
power performance. No significant correlation was found between maximum heart rate and
physical performance. These findings highlight the central role of aerobic capacity in overall
athletic performance and suggest that improving cardiovascular fitness can improve judo-
specific physical abilities. The study provides valuable insights into optimizing training
protocols for elite judo athletes.
Keywords:
Judo, VO₂ max, resting heart rate, physical performance, endurance, agility, grip
strength, elite athletes, cardiovascular fitness, training optimization
Introduction
Judo, a dynamic combat sport based on precision, power, and strategy, requires a finely tuned
synergy between the athlete's cardiovascular system and physical capabilities. As training
intensity and levels of competition increase, especially among highly skilled judokas,
understanding the physiological factors that contribute to peak performance is becoming
increasingly important. One important area of interest in sports science is the relationship
between cardiac capabilities such as heart rate variability, stroke volume, and oxygen
consumption, and key physical attributes such as strength, endurance, agility, and flexibility.
Recent research suggests that elite judo athletes undergo significant cardiovascular adaptations
due to high-volume anaerobic and aerobic training. These adaptations are believed to affect not
only recovery time and energy efficiency, but also explosive power and decision-making under
physical stress. For example, a well-equipped cardiovascular system allows athletes to maintain
high performance during the intense, short-term movements typical of judo matches, while also
helping them recover more quickly between rest periods.
Despite the existing literature on the general physiology of combat athletes, there is limited
empirical data directly linking specific cardiac parameters during training to measured physical
characteristics among elite judo athletes. This study seeks to fill this gap by examining how
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 07,2025
Journal:
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page 590
cardiac performance, as assessed by measures such as resting heart rate, maximum heart rate,
and VO₂ max, is related to physical parameters including grip strength, vertical jump height,
and agility test performance.
By systematically analyzing highly skilled judo athletes during regular training, this study aims
to determine how changes in cardiac activity reflect or predict differences in physical
performance. The findings may provide practical insights for coaches and exercise
physiologists in developing individualized training protocols that optimize cardiovascular
health and athletic performance in judo.
Literature review
The relationship between cardiovascular function and physical fitness in combat sports,
particularly judo, has attracted the attention of researchers seeking to optimize athlete
performance. Judo requires both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems, making cardiac
efficiency an important component of an athlete's physical development. Several studies have
suggested that elite-level judo athletes undergo specific physiological adaptations that enhance
their cardiovascular function and overall physical performance (Franchini et al., 2011).
As Franchini et al. (2007) have noted, judo athletes often operate near their anaerobic threshold
during high-intensity training and competition. As a result, well-developed cardiovascular
fitness, as reflected by high VO₂ max levels and rapid heart rate recovery, plays a central role in
maintaining performance and reducing fatigue. These cardiac parameters not only indicate
physical fitness, but also help predict competitive success (Franchini & Takito, 2014). In
addition, recovery heart rate has been used as a non-invasive marker to assess cardiovascular
adaptation during training.
In a study by Artioli et al. (2010), judokas with higher heart rates also demonstrated improved
performance in strength and power tests, including isometric grip strength and vertical jump.
This suggests a direct relationship between cardiovascular conditioning and neuromuscular
function. Similarly, Sterkowicz-Przybycień et al. (2011) found that elite judokas with better
heart rate variability (HRV) had better agility and reaction times, highlighting the importance of
autonomic nervous system balance in skill performance.
Furthermore, specific physical attributes such as explosive strength, grip strength, and agility in
judo have been shown to influence an athlete's cardiovascular and metabolic efficiency
(Boguszewska et al., 2010). These findings support the concept that aerobic fitness not only
aids in recovery between matches, but also increases endurance for overall training load.
Although several studies have examined the relationship between physical attributes and
performance, few have focused on the synchronous development of cardiovascular and physical
attributes during training. This calls for a comprehensive assessment that demonstrates how
cardiac-related functions influence or correlate with athletic performance in real time.
Thus, the current study builds on previous findings by analyzing empirical data from highly
skilled judo athletes during training and provides a more detailed picture of how heart rates
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correlate with specific physical abilities. Such studies may provide more insight into training
frequency, injury prevention, and individual conditioning strategies for elite judo.
Methodology
This study was designed to investigate the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and
physical performance during regular training periods in highly skilled judo athletes. A
quantitative, correlational research design was used to assess how cardiovascular performance
correlates with physical performance.
Participants
The sample included 20 male judo athletes aged 18 to 28 years, qualified at least at the national
level, and with at least five years of professional training experience. All participants were free
of injury at the time of the study and provided informed consent prior to testing. The study was
approved by the Ethics Committee of the relevant sports science institution.
Data collection procedures
Data collection was conducted over a four-week mesocycle during the athletes' training
preparation phase. Measurements were conducted in a controlled indoor environment to ensure
consistency.
Cardiac capacity assessment
Three main cardiac parameters were measured:
1.
Resting heart rate (RHR)
- Measured using a Polar H10 heart rate monitor after 10
minutes of sitting.
2.
Maximum heart rate (HRmax)
- determined by progressive treadmill test for voluntary
fatigue.
3.
VO₂ Max
- Assessed using a metabolic cart (COSMED Quark CPET) during a treadmill
test.
Assessment of physical qualities
Four physical qualities were tested:
1.
Grip strength
- measured using a grip dynamometer, the best of three tests recorded.
2.
Explosive force
- is assessed by vertical jump height using a power plate.
3.
Agility
- Measured using the Illinois Agility Test.
4.
Endurance
- Assessed using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1.
A standardized warm-up session was performed before all tests. To avoid bias due to fatigue,
physical tests were performed on separate days from the cardiac examination.
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Data analysis
Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) were calculated for all variables. Pearson
correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationships between cardiac and physical
variables. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using
SPSS version 26.
This methodology provides accurate and objective data collection on cardiovascular and
physical performance, allowing for detailed analysis of their correlations among elite judo
athletes during training.
Results
This section presents the results of an assessment of cardiac capacity and physical qualities
among 20 highly skilled judo athletes. The data collected included resting heart rate (RHR),
maximum heart rate (HRmax), and VO₂ max as cardiac parameters, and grip strength, vertical
jump height, agility, and endurance as physical performance parameters. The aim was to
analyze the relationships between these two sets of variables using Pearson correlation analysis.
Descriptive statistics
Table 1 summarizes descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) for all measured variables.
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of measured variables (n = 20)
Variable
Mean ± SD
Resting heart rate (bpm)
57.8 ± 5.2
Maximum heart rate (bpm)
188.2 ± 6.7
VO₂ max (ml/kg/min)
55.4 ± 4.8
Grip strength (kg)
52.7 ± 5.4
Vertical jump height (cm)
52.1 ± 6.2
Agility (seconds)
15.3 ± 0.7
Yo-Yo IR1 distance (m)
1620 ± 210
The results show that the athletes generally demonstrated above-average cardiovascular fitness
and physical performance, consistent with their elite status. VO₂ max values above 50
ml/kg/min are typical of highly endurance-trained athletes. Grip strength and vertical jump
height values also fell within the expected range for judo athletes.
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Correlation analysis
Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationship between cardiac
abilities and physical attributes. Significant correlations ( p < 0.05) are discussed below.
1.
VO₂ Max and Yo-Yo IR1 performance.
There was a strong positive correlation
between VO₂ max and endurance test scores (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). Athletes with higher VO₂
max scores tended to cover greater distances on the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test,
suggesting that aerobic capacity is a key factor in endurance performance in judo-specific
training.
2.
VO₂ Max and Agility VO₂ max and agility test time (r = -0.58,
p= 0.007), indicating
that athletes with higher aerobic capacity performed faster on the Illinois Agility Test. This
suggests that improving oxygen uptake efficiency may help improve performance and recovery
during high-speed directional changes.
3.
Resting heart rate and physical performance Resting heart rate was significantly
associated with grip strength (r = -0.48,
p= 0.03) and showed a moderate negative correlation
with vertical jump height (r = -0.51, p= 0.02). This means that athletes with lower resting heart
rates, often showing better cardiovascular fitness, had greater strength and explosive power.
4.
Maximum heart rate and physical performance
There was no significant association
between maximum heart rate and any of the physical performance variables (all p > 0.05),
suggesting that HRmax itself may not be a sensitive indicator of physical performance in
trained athletes.
5.
VO₂ Max and Vertical Jump Height VO₂ max and vertical jump performance (r =
0.55,
p= 0.01), suggesting that athletes with better aerobic conditioning may also exhibit
neuromuscular strength. This may be due to improved oxygen delivery to fast-twitch muscle
fibers during explosive movements.
6.
Grip strength and durability.
Interestingly, grip strength was moderately correlated
with Yo-Yo IR1 distance (r = 0.46, p = 0.04), which may reflect the importance of grip
endurance in prolonged bouts and repeated game simulations in judo training.
Summary of key findings
VO₂ max was the most consistently correlated cardiac variable across multiple physical
attributes.
A lower resting heart rate was associated with higher strength and power output.
Maximum heart rate did not show a statistically significant correlation with any physical
quality.
Aerobic capacity was significantly correlated with agility and endurance, both of which
are crucial for the repetitive high-intensity movements in judo competitions.
These results highlight the correlation between cardiorespiratory and physical fitness variables
in elite judo athletes. The strongest correlations were observed between VO₂ max and physical
attributes, suggesting that training programs aimed at improving aerobic capacity can lead to
improvements in endurance, agility, and even explosive power.
Visual representation
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To further illustrate the results, scatter plots were created to show the relationship between VO₂
max and key physical performance measures. The scatter plots showed a clear upward trend
between VO₂ max and endurance and vertical jump height, and a downward trend with agility
time, which strengthened the strength of the observed correlation.
Group comparison
When athletes were divided into two subgroups based on their VO₂ max values (high: >56
ml/kg/min; low: ≤56 ml/kg/min), the high VO₂ max group consistently outperformed the low
group on all physical tests. The average Yo-Yo IR1 distance was 1740 m vs. 1490 m, vertical
jump height was 56.2 cm vs. 48.3 cm, and grip strength was 55.1 kg vs. 49.3 kg, respectively.
Overall, the data support a significant relationship between cardiovascular fitness, particularly
VO₂ max and resting heart rate, and physical performance in highly skilled judo athletes. These
findings suggest that monitoring and improving cardiovascular fitness can improve multiple
aspects of athletic performance in elite judo training.
Discussion
The results of this study reveal an important relationship between the cardiovascular
capabilities of highly skilled judokas, specifically VO₂ max and resting heart rate, and key
physical attributes. VO₂ max showed the strongest and most consistent correlation with
endurance, agility, and even explosive power, suggesting that aerobic capacity is not only
important for long-term performance, but also contributes to the short-term, high-intensity
efforts that are specific to judo. This is consistent with previous studies by Franchini et al.
(2011) and Artioli et al. (2010), who highlighted the dual reliance on aerobic and anaerobic
systems in judo.
The negative correlation between resting heart rate and performance measures such as grip
strength and vertical jump height suggests that good cardiovascular conditioning is associated
with increased neuromuscular efficiency. Athletes with a lower resting heart rate have
improved blood flow, oxygen delivery, and metabolic efficiency, which enhances endurance
and recovery, especially during interval training and competition.
Interestingly, maximum heart rate was not significantly associated with any physical variables.
This finding is consistent with previous literature that HRmax is more genetically determined
and less responsive to training than VO₂ max or heart rate recovery measures (Midgley et al.,
2007). Therefore, it may have limited practical value in predicting physical performance among
elite athletes.
Overall, the results reinforce the importance of integrated training strategies that simultaneously
address cardiovascular health and sport-specific physical attributes. Coaches and trainers should
prioritize increasing VO₂ max through targeted aerobic and interval training, as improvements
in this area can impact broader aspects of judo performance, including agility, grip strength, and
explosiveness.
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These findings contribute valuable insight into judo-specific conditioning and highlight the
need for individualized training plans based on cardiac profiles. Future research could expand
this analysis to include hormonal, psychological, and recovery markers to create a more holistic
model of performance optimization.
Conclusion
This study examined the relationship between cardiac performance and physical attributes
during training in highly skilled judo athletes. The analysis showed that key cardiac parameters,
specifically VO₂ max and resting heart rate, were significantly correlated with important
physical performance factors such as endurance, agility, grip strength, and explosive power.
VO₂ max emerged as the most influential cardiac variable, showing strong positive correlations
with Yo-Yo interval recovery test and vertical jump height, and negative correlations with
agility test times. This suggests that athletes with higher aerobic capacity perform better not
only in endurance-based tasks, but also in activities requiring speed and explosive power.
Similarly, the negative correlation between resting heart rate and physical fitness suggests that a
well-conditioned cardiovascular system supports the neuromuscular function and faster
recovery required for high-level judo performance.
In contrast, maximum heart rate did not show a significant relationship with any of the
measured physical attributes, confirming previous findings that HRmax has limited value in
predicting performance and is less responsive to training adaptations.
The findings highlight the importance of incorporating cardiovascular conditioning into judo-
specific training regimens. By focusing on improving VO₂ max and lowering resting heart rate
through targeted aerobic and high-intensity interval training, athletes can improve their overall
performance in multiple physical domains.
This study contributes to a growing div of literature highlighting the interrelationship of
physiological systems in elite athletic performance. The information obtained may assist
coaches, sports scientists, and conditioning coaches in developing more effective,
individualized training protocols for judo athletes.
Future studies should examine longitudinal changes in cardiac and physical performance across
different phases of training and competition. In addition, incorporating other physiological and
psychological variables would provide a more complete understanding of the determinants of
performance in elite judo.
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