HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENTS OF THE AKCHADARYA BASIN AND THE LOWER ZARAFSHAN VALLEY

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HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENTS OF

THE AKCHADARYA BASIN AND THE LOWER ZARAFSHAN VALLEY

Usmanova Inobat Ibragimovna

Doctoral student of the Urganch State Pedagogical Institute, teacher-intern of the “Нistory and

geography” department.

inobatusmanova540@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-3556

Аnnotation:

The article analyzes the historical study of archaeological monuments of the

Neolithic period in the Akchadarna delta and the Lower Zarafshan.

Keywords:

Tolstov S.P., Vorobyeva M.G., Rapoport Yu.A., Vinogradov A.V., Gulyamov Ya.G.,

Islamov U.I., Askarov A., Kholmatov N.U., Lopatin S.V., Mamedov E.D., Akchadarye, Lower

Zarafshan, Kyzylkum, Daryosoy, Makhandarye, Gujayli, Chorbakty, Darbozakyr, Uchaschi-131,

Lavlakan.

INTRODUCTION

In order to present historical data, which includes a scientific analysis of extensive

archaeological research conducted in settlements left by our ancestors in the geographical

expanse between the Amu Darya and the Syrdarya, it is appropriate to divide them into the

following historical periods:

1st historical period 30-40s of the 20th century

2nd historical period mid-40s-90s

3rd historiography of the years of independence.

METHODS

The first historical period was described in the late 1930s by the Khorezm expedition,

which described the geographical conditions of the southern region of the Sultan Uvays

mountain range. The settlement of Jonbas-4 was artificially built by the population on the side of

the Kyzylkum sand dunes, dunes, and the Yanbashkala height, with a total area of ​ ​ 26x17 m.

The topographic location of the hut is conical, with central and side wooden pillars, their height

is 24 m, and the side ones are 17 m. The height of the wooden pillars is 8-10 m. The upper part

and side parts of the hut are covered with reeds. The internal structure is made of 0.20-30 cm

grooves, and in the center there is a hearth. The volume of the hearth is 1 m, ash remains have

been preserved. The population of Jonbas-4 invented clay pottery. The "Kalta Minor" culture,

which was a tribal community that lived in huts and engaged in their professions based on the

availability of natural resources, placed itself on the page of the history of primitive society in

Uzbekistan

1

.

At the same time, the researcher has included in the archaeological literature the

economic activities of the population living in the settlements of Angkakala-1 and Teshik-kala

1.2, which were carried out by the Tozabogyob culture

2

.Thus, S.P. Tolstov began historiography

of the 4th-3rd millennium BC and the 2nd millennium BC in the Khorezm oasis. According to

S.P. Tolstov, ethnic processes took place in the settlements of Neolithic tribal communities

1

Толстов С.П. Древний Хорезм-М.:Наука 1948-С.32.

2

Толстов С.П. Кўр.асар ўша жойда.

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around the Jonbos-4 settlement

3

. The southern Akchadarya region has changed the hydrological

characteristics of the Kyzylkum River, which reflects its geographical landscape. There is no

historical information in the publications reflecting the scientific analysis of archaeological finds

in the lower Zarafshan River basin. It should be noted that as a result of the archaeological

excavations conducted in the lower Zarafshan River basin, settlements belonging to the Neolithic

period were located. Thus, the Khorezm expedition began the historiography of the material and

spiritual culture of the Neolithic tribal communities living in the Jonbos-4 settlement in the first

historical period. Information about the Neolithic settlements located in the Lower Zarafshan

Valley attracted the attention of researchers and served as a key to conducting archaeological

research.

In the second historical period, along with excavations carried out at the settlements

registered during field practice in the Akchadarya basin and Lower Zarafshan, new settlements

were discovered as a result of archaeological research, which laid the foundation for the further

development of the science of historiography based on archaeological research and scientific

analysis of the found objects. In 1945, as a result of the research work of the Khorezm

archaeological and ethnographic expedition, historical information about the settlements of the

Neolithic tribal communities of Jonbos-5,11,12,14 was clarified

4

.

RESULTS

According to historical data, the Khorezm expedition concluded that the settlements of

Kunyak-1, Jingeldi-6, Kaundi-3,4 were located in the southern and northern Akchadarya region

of the Kukcha-Kurgoshin Heights, its northern basin, and the central, eastern, and northeastern

regions, were built on the ground, had rectangular wooden pillars, and served the interests of

Neolithic tribal communities

5

. At the same time, information about the settlements 2, 3, 5, 6 in

the northern basin around the Tajikazgan stream, Kurali-L in the Kurali region and Baraktam-10

in the northeastern region has found its meaning in publications. The archaeological results of

the Khorezm expedition in the southern Akchadarya basin at the Dzhingeldi and Kavat-5 and

Kurgoshin G.D. settlements have their own meaning in archaeological publications.

In the monograph published by the Khorezm expedition, based on the scientific analysis

of objects taken from the upper layer of the Jonbos-4 settlement by S.P. Tolstov, the history of

the economic life of tribal communities is divided into the following historical periods, namely:

1st historical period - the early period - the end of the 4th millennium - the beginning of

the 3rd millennium, the second half of the 3rd millennium - the beginning of the 2nd

millennium

6

.

In his first monograph, A.V. Vinogradov explained the results of the mastering activities

under the leadership of the “Wise Mother” due to the increase in the population of the tribal

communities of the settlement of Janbos-4 between the mountains of Shurokhan and Sultan

3

Толстов С.П. Хорезмская археологическая экспедиция 1940 г //КСИИМК-М- «Наука» 1946. Вып II-C. 90-

91.

4

Толстов С.П. Хорезмская археолого-этнографическая экспедиция Академии наук СССР 1945г //Известия

АН СССР, серия, истории и философии-М,:Наука, 1956. Вып.1-С. 83-86.

5

Толстов С.П. Хорезмская-археолого-этнографической экспедиции 1955-1956 гг //СА-М.: 1958-Вып № 1-С.

106-III. Ўша муаллиф. Работа Хорезмской археолого-этнографический экспедиции в 1954-1956 гг

//МХЭ-М.:Наука, 1959, Вып-1-С. 37-38. Низовья Амударьи, Сарыкамыш. Узбой. История формирования и

заселения-М.:Наука 1960. Вып-3-С. 71-81.

6

Низовья Амударьи, Сарыкамыш—С.70. рис 34.

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Uvays. In the work of the researcher, the Khorezm Neolithic period is divided into the following

historical periods: the first group is Janbos-4, 31, Kavat-5, Kunyak-1.

The middle stage group is Kavat-7, Janbas 32, Tajikazgan 6 a, Kurgashin G, D,

Dingildzhe-6, Kyrk-kyz-1, Janbas-4 (upper layer).

Evening stage-Tadji-Kazgan-6, Janbas-5, Tadji-Kazgan-8, DJanbas-11 Djingeldy-6,

Tadji-Kazgan 2,3,10 14, Kurali-L, Baraktam-10

7

. The work develops a true chronology of the

economic activities of Neolithic tribal communities over four millennia, as follows:

1st early group - the second half of the 4th millennium,

2nd middle group - the first and second half of the 3rd millennium,

3rd late group - the second half of the 3rd millennium,

3rd late group - the end of the 3rd millennium and the 2nd millennium

8

. The researcher

cannot be included in the historical period of the Neolithic era. Given this chronology, how can

the fate of the representatives of the Neolithic hunters be dated to the next Eneolithic era?

The works of researchers of the years of independence contain information that the

Eneolithic era was a period of mining, the beginning of which dates back to the 4th millennium

in Central Asia

9

. This chronological date is the beginning of the historiography of mining, when

in the southern part of Central Asia, in the vicinity of the Tajan River basin, the sedentary

agricultural population, using artificial irrigation facilities, melted copper in hummocks to

cultivate the land and produced tools from its castings. However, the chronological period noted

by the researcher corresponds to the final stage of the Bronze Age. By what chronology can the

Bronze Age be determined?

A.V. Vinogradov, as a result of excavations in settlements on the Kyzylkum Plain

(eastern plain of the Aral Sea, Lower Syrdarya, Kyzylkum), which describes its geographical

position between the Syrdarya and Amu Darya rivers, shed light on the historical processes that

took place in Neolithic society and divided them into 3 chronological periods, namely;

The early period of Jonbas-4, Kavat-5. Kunyak-1, middle stage-Kavat-7, Jonbas-32,

Tadzhi-Kazgan 2,3,6,10 etc.

10

. At the same time, information about the size, planned structure

and volume of the dwellings was recorded. For example: Lower Zarafshan-Uchaschi - 131- VI

millennium year old rectangular ground surface, volume 80x12 m.

Darbazakyr-IV millennium year old rectangular ground surface-81 m 2 (7x11.6 m)

Lavlakan-Inner Kyzylkum- IV millennium year 7x8x13.14.

Tolstov settlement Akchadarya basin- IV millennium year-volume 9x12 m.

Jonbas-4- Akchadarya basin- IV millennium year round, volume 27x24.

Kavat-7-Akchadarya basin-IV-III millennium year round, volume 18x34 m

11

.

Also, in his work, the researcher divided the Lavlakan humid culture in the inner

Kyzylkum region into three stages, namely:

Stage 1 - the beginning of the Mesolithic-Neolithic,
Stage 2 - the 6th-5th millennium BC

7

Виноградов А. Неолитические памятники Хорезма-М.:Наука, 1968, Вып 8.-С.143.

8

Виноградов А.В. Кўр.асар-С. 152.

9

Кабиров Ж, Сагдуллаев А. Ўрта Осиё археологияси-Тошкент, “Ўқитувчи”, 1990-Б. 105.

10

Виноградов А.В. Древние охотники

и рыболовы Среднеазиатского междуречья-М.:Наука, 1981-

Вып XIII – С. 78.

11

Виноградов А.В. Кўр.асар-С. 153.

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Stage 3 - the first half of the 4th-3rd millennium BC

12

. One can agree with this

chronology of the researcher. S.P. Tolstov, on the other hand, divides the chronology of the

Jonbos-4 settlement into the 4th-3rd millennium BC

13

.

In the monograph, he gave information about the Neolithic settlements of Sultan Sanjar,

Kashbulok, Karriqizil in the area of ​ ​ Pitnak village on the left bank of Amudarya

14

.

DISCUSSION

In his monograph at the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, he brought to the

attention of the scientific community the Jonbos-4 settlement in the Neolithic and Eneolithic

zone, the objects taken from its internal structure, the layout of the teahouse, and the

reconstructed picture of the restored Neolithic teahouse

15

. Thus, the historical information

bulletin of S.P. Tolstov, A.V. Vinogradova on the history of the Neolithic population of

Khorezm is quite extensive. It was concluded that the Neolithic seed communities were densely

located in the lower basin of the Akchadarya and Zarafshan rivers.

The fundamental work of the Uzbek archaeologist Ya.G. Gulomov, devoted to the history

of irrigation in Khorezm, retains its relevance for researchers today. The second chapter of the

work, “Culture in ancient irrigated lands”, in the first paragraph “The habitat of primitive hunters

and fishermen”, contains valuable observations about the Neolithic settlement of Jonbas-4

16

. The

Lower Zarafshan Valley, which adjoins the southern part of the Akchadarya basin, is

characterized by the conditions of the Kyzylkum desert, swamps, and the high water supply of

the Zarafshan River, which has formed such rivers as Daryosay, Mohandarya, Echkiliksay, and

Gujaili. The workers of the Mohandarya expedition have established that by the mid-1960s, the

water basins formed as a result of the activity of the above-mentioned rivers turned into Tuzkans

over time, this hydrological process is included in the pages of geography and historical

literature in the terms of small and large Tuzkan ethnogeographic and ethnotoponomic. The

tribal communities living in the settlements of Darbozakyr 1, 2 used the flora and fauna that

represented the geographical landscape at the foot of the banks of the organic world of water

basins for their daily needs. The history of Darbozakyr is reflected in its content and essence in a

special monograph

17

. According to historical data, the Mohandaryo archaeological group

researched more than 50 settlements around the confluence of the Mohandaryo and Gojayli

rivers

18

.

Thus, the monograph of researchers dedicated to the results of the harmony of life and

creativity of our ancestors, who lived in wooden huts artificially raised above the ground in the

Lower Zarafshan and Akchadarya basins in the mid-1960s and late 20th century, has become a

staple of information and resource centers. This, in turn, retains its scientific significance as a

theoretical source for researchers studying the historical path of the development of economic

sectors of Neolithic hunter-gatherers in the natural and geographical territories of Uzbekistan.

12

Виноградов А.В. Кўр.асар-94.

13

Толстов С.П. По древним дельтам Окса и Яксарта, Вост. Лит-М, Наука, 1962-С.29-30 рис 8.

14

Толстов С.П. Кўр.асар-С.104.

15

Толстов С.П. Кўр.асар-С. 31, рис-9.

16

Ғуломов Я.Ғ. Хоразмнинг суғорилиш тарихи-Тошкент “Фан”, 1959-Б. 44-48.

17

Гулямов Я.Г, Исламов У.И. Аскаров А. Первобытная культура и возникновение орошаемого земледелия в

Низовьях Зарафшана-Ташкент,: «Фан», 266 с.

18

Исламов У.И. Открытия неолитической культуры на Махан-Дарье //ОНУ-Ташкент, «Фан» 1961. Вып № 1-

С. 61-68.

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According to the researchers, the settlements of Jonbos-4 and Darbozakyr were united into the

tribal community economy of the “Kaltaminor” culture. In this sense, the page of the history of

the primitive communal system of Uzbekistan can include such terms as “Primitive Khorezm”,

primitive Lower Zarafshan, ethnotoponomics, ethnogeography and ethnodemography, economic

and cultural type. There are opportunities to reconstruct the lifestyle, daily activities, dwellings,

and religious beliefs of our ancestors who lived in the Akchadarya basin and the lower Zarafshan

River basins in the 5th-4th millennium BC and the first half of the 3rd millennium BC

19

.

In connection with the continuation of research on the settlements of Neolithic tribal

communities in the Lower Zarafshan Valley, new settlements have been registered, this

archaeological search was carried out by archaeological expeditions in cooperation with the

Khorezm expedition, geography scientists of Tashkent State University and the Faculty of

History of Samarkand State University. According to N.U. Kholmatov, due to the high water

supply of the Zarafshan River in the Bukhara-Karakul oasis, as a result of the activity of the

Chorbakty basin, open-type settlements with wooden pillars on the ground surface such as

Sazagon jungle, Tepakul, Lolab, Karakamar open-caves, and natural-cave areas, where tribal

communities lived, used natural resources, and conducted an economy that mastered the

economic system of society

20

. Of course, historical information about the history of Neolithic

tribal communities in the Akchadarya basin and the Lower Zarafshan Valley is not unique in the

history of Uzbekistan, but even in territories with a unified geological basis, the history of the

settlements of Neolithic tribal communities and the daily activities of our ancestors who lived

there have been reflected in the publications of researchers. For example, according to E.B.

Bijanov, the territory of the Ustyurt Plateau is an open plain, natural resources depend on the

gifts of nature, but the way of life of Neolithic tribal communities was: - Early Neolithic -

Aktoylik, Churku (VI-V millennia) - Middle stage - Kolbulak, Allam, Aidabol in the V-IV

millennia

- Later stage (IV-III millennia).

- The activity of settlements such as Isatoy, Kaskazhal, Aktushsuk) was carried out in

three chronological periods

21

. E. B. Bijanov's information on the religious beliefs of the

population of the Kaskajal tomb, where clan communities placed the deceased in the Neolithic

period on the Ustyurt plateau, is noteworthy

22

.

However, the researcher does not record any thoughts on the migration of Neolithic tribal

communities from local or neighboring territories, even if the mountains that are open on all four

sides and are an obstacle to natural formations or rivers like the Amu Darya that cross the

territory did not function.

In the inner part of Kyzylkum, historical information about the economic culture of the

population under the name "Lavlakan" of the Neolithic period is also recorded in the works of

researchers. According to historical information, more than 300 Neolithic settlements formed the

19

Аждодларимизни хўжалигини қайта тиклаш масаласида кенг маълумотларни олиш учун қаранг:

С.П.Толстов Древний Хорезм-М.:МГУ, 1948. А.В.Виноградов. Неолитические памятники Хорезма-М.:Наука,

1968. Ўша муаллиф. Древние охотники и рыболовы Среднеазиатского междуречья-М.:Наука, 1981.

Ғуломов Я.Ғ. Хоразмнинг суғорилиш тарихи-Тошкент Фан, 1959-44-56. Гулямов Я.Г. Исламов У.И.

Аскаров А. Первобытная культура и возникновение орошаемого земледелия Низовьях Зарафшана-Ташкент.

Фан.26 с.

20

Журакулов М.Д, Холматов Н.У. Мезолит и неолит Среднего Зарафшана-Ташкент.:Фан, 1991-С. 122.

21

Бижанов Е.Б. Каменный век Устюрте /автореф на соискание уч степени д.и.н-Нукус, 1996. 41 б.

22

Бижанов Е.Б. Первое неолитическое погребение на Устюрте //СА-М.:Наука. 1985. № 1-С 250-252.

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Lavlakan basin, and their historical period was divided into three stages, namely the end of the

7th millennium BC - the 3rd millennium BC

23

. The Lavlakan culture is included in the

Kaltaminor culture, but the chronological period of Lavlakan does not correspond, since it is

known that the settlement of Jonbos-4 is dated to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. In the

archaeological literature, based on the results of research in the Middle Zarafshan region and the

plain (Kyzylkum), there is information that open settlements and cave sites such as Okhalik

(Sangi-Shah), Sazaghon 11. Dzhangal, Tepakul, Lolab, Karakamar, Onnakamar, Kichik

Kuruksay, and Achil-gor belong to the Neolithic period

24

.

According to the researchers, the Middle Zarafshan region was actively developed by the

population at the end of the Neolithic period, and the population was densely settled. In the

Fergana Valley, which occupies a unique geographical position due to the high mountains of

Uzbekistan, humans, having taken advantage of the gifts of nature from the Stone Age, and when

they entered the Neolithic period, the Mesolithic hunters of the Obishir period developed the

Central Fergana Plain and worked there. The settlements along the shores of the Uzunkul,

Sharkul, Ashikul, Damkul, Saryksuv, and Mingbulak lakes served as the place of residence.

According to the researchers, Neolithic tribal communities formed groups in the Central Fergana

Plain, introducing changes to the landscape of a certain geographical area. That is, the

settlements of Medyar in the northern region, Saryksuv in the northeast, Zambar, Tailak in the

south, and Yangi Kadam and Khanabad in the central part

25

.

In the literature based on the results of archaeological research conducted by

archaeological expeditions in the settlements of the Neolithic population in the regions of

Uzbekistan, the topography of "Kaltaminor", "Sazaghon" and "Central Fergana" was included in

the history of the primitive communal system of Uzbekistan. In the above-mentioned territories,

the economic traditions of the Neolithic tribal communities were continued by their descendants

in the next historical period. In particular, there is no information about the practical activities of

the late Neolithic tribal communities in the works of B.I. Bizhanov. In any case, it can be

concluded that the tribal communities of the Isatoy settlement modernized their labor tools in

favorable environmental conditions during the Eneolithic period and engaged in hunting and

gathering.

According to the results of A.K.Avizova's research, 46-61% of the flint tools obtained

from the cultural layers of the Ustyurt Mesolithic period (Sultan Uvais mountain) were hunting

weapons, they performed tasks such as stone knives, cutters, piercing weapons, wood skin, bone,

shell processing

26

. Khorezm expedition The Eneolithic settlements in the Khorezm oasis have

not been studied from an archaeological point of view. For example, the southern Akchadarya

basin. It is difficult to find historical information in publications about the fate of the descendants

of the Jonbas-4 settlement in the Tuyamoyin region.

We can agree with the researcher's conclusion that the founders of the Zoryan culture,

representatives of the Jonbas-4 settlement, and the increase in the population of the settlement in

23

Виноградов А.В, Мамедов Э.Д. Первобытный Лявлякан. Этапы древнейшего заселения и освоения

Внутренных Кызылкумов //МХЭ-М.:Наука,1975. Вып 10-С. 25-35. Виноградов А.в. Древние охотники и

рыболовы-1911 № XIII -С. 94-104.

24

ДЖуракулов М.Д, Холматов К.У. Мезолити неолит Среднего Зарафшана-Ташкент,:Фан, 1991-С. 3-122.

25

Исламов У.И, Тимофеев В.И. Культура каменного века Центральной Ферганқ-Ташкент.: Фан, 1986-304 с.

26

Авизова А.К. Трасалогический анализ орудий труда стоянок Юго-Восточного Устюрта //Археология

Приаралья-Нукус, 2003, Вып-VI – С.17-20.

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the southern part of the Yanboshkala plateau, carried out a resettlement campaign to use natural

resources in the coastal areas of the above-mentioned water basins.

M.A. Itina, on the other hand, noted that the Neolithic population in the northern and

southern Uzbey regions continued ethnic processes, based on the findings of the settlements

around the Bala-ishem-8,9 and Togolok wells

27

. In the works of researchers, there is no

information about the settlements of the Neolithic population in the Lower Zarafshan Valley, the

Kyzylkum, the inner part, the Middle Zarafshan Plain, the Fergana and Tashkent regions. Due to

the rich reserves of natural resources in these territories, it can be concluded that the successors

of the Neolithic tribal communities continued the economic traditions of their ancestors.

According to researchers, the processes that took place in the first half of the 4th - 3rd

millennium BC - the Chalcolithic period are as follows:

-Agricultural cattle breeding, sedentary life, irrigated agriculture,

-The process of mastering large territories,

-The emergence and development of mining

-Innovations in the fields of crafts and construction

28

. These data can be placed in the

foothills of the Kopetdag Mountains (Anov) of Southern Turkmenistan, the Zarafshan Valley

(Sarazm), we agree with the researcher's opinion. Of course, the development of society in the

natural and geographical regions of Central Asia did not proceed smoothly. Therefore, the

changes that occurred in the society of this historical period. The Bronze Age population in the

Akchadarya basin and the Lower Zarafshan Valley began to be found in archaeological sites

from the 50th anniversary of the last century. Archaeological studies of Bronze Age sites in the

right and left banks of the Khorezm region were conducted by M.A. Itina, the results of which

gained scientific significance. According to historical data, the first ancient monument was found

in the Angka-5 settlement, 1.5 km northwest of Angkala, with objects dating back to the second

half of the 2nd millennium BC

29

. At the same time, information about the objects recovered from

the Kavat-3 monument is included in the research of M.A. Itina

30

.

It is possible to divide it into two regions

Group 1. Kopetdag foothills, northern Zarafshan.

Group 2. Natural and economic regions of Uzbekistan.

The daily activities of the Bronze Age population in the Akchadarya basin, the structure

of settlements that allowed them to repeat each other, are reflected in the economy and

settlements of the population of the Lower Zarafshan Valley. It should be noted that the

Akchadarya basin and the Lower Zarafshan, Tashkent Fergana Valley territories were settled by

nomadic tribes of the Andronovo culture from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC,

accelerating ethnic processes. Researchers note that 26 sites have been identified in the Lower

Zarafshan region

31

. A. Askarov's research shows that the founders of the Zomonbaba culture,

27

Итина М.А. Работы Узбойского отряда в 1957 г-КСИЭ-М.:Наука, 1957, Вып ХХ VI-C. 105-113. Ўша

муаллиф. Памятники первобытной культуры Верхнего Узбоя //ТрХАЭЭ-М.:Наука, 1958-Т-II- С. 258-305.

28

Хлопин И.Н. Энеолит Юго-Запада Средней Азии //Средняя Азия в эпоху камня и бронзы-М-Л,:Наука,

1966-С.93.

29

Толстов С.П. Хорезмская археолого-этнографическая экспедиция 1955-1956 гг //СА,-М.:Наука

1958

Вып.1-С-25-35.

30

Итина М.А. Новые стоянки Тазабагябской культуры //МХЭ-М.:Наука, 1959. Вып 1-С.52-69. Ўша муаллиф.

Раскопки стоянок Тазабагябской культуры Ангыа-5 и Кават-3 в 1957- 1960. //МХЭ-М.:Наука, Вып-4-с 82-

103.

31

Гулямов Я.Г, Исламов У.И. Аскаров А. Первобытная культура-С. 187-195.

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page 400

which dates back to the end of the 3rd millennium BC, lived in

32

. According to the data recorded

in the research of S.P. Tolstov, the "Tozabogyob" culture arose in the southern Akchadarya

region in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC

33

, Based on the results of archaeological research

conducted on the population of the Bronze Age, M.A. Itina concluded that the Andronov tribes

were admixed with their ancestral communities

34

.

In the Tashkent and Fergana Valleys, the Bronze Age economic development depended

on the geographical environment. For example, in the Tashkent region, the population of the

Akhangaran Valley during the Bronze Age was engaged in livestock breeding and "nomadic"

agriculture, while in the Fergana Valley, the Chust culture was engaged in a sedentary lifestyle

and agriculture, and in the Kairakkum region, livestock farming prevailed. In the mid-1960s,

researchers proposed studying the socio-economic and ethnocultural relations of Bronze Age

society through the following groups:

In the Central Asian region:

1. Southwestern Turkmenistan, near Kopetdag, Atrek River oasis (Northern, Parthian and

Dagestan)

2. Lower Murghab oasis

3. Northern Afghanistan

4. Southern Turkmenistan

5. Zarafshan oasis

6. Southern Aral Sea

7. Tashkent oasis

8. Fergana Valley

35

.

The proposals noted in the collection can be applied. It is advisable to study the

geographical position of the territory of Uzbekistan, the location of the population, ethnic

processes, and the typology of settlements. A distinctive feature of the Bronze Age culture is the

knowledge of clay architecture, which is characterized by the construction of three rows of

defensive walls in the Sherabad district of the Surkhandarya region. Sopollitepa stands out

36

.

Historical information about the lifestyle and economy of the Neolithic, Eneolithic and

Bronze Age population in the Akchadarya and Lower Zarafshan regions during the years of

independence is included in the works of researchers.

The textbook on archeology prepared by J. Kabirov and A. Sagdullaev, which is included

in the curriculum of higher educational institutions, contains extensive historical information

about the settlements, lifestyle, material and spiritual culture of the population until the end of

the First Bronze Age. The textbook is currently used by students and undergraduates of the

archeology department

37

.

Researcher K. Sobirov's treatise covers the history of our ancestors, who lived in huts

built on the ground with wooden poles, up to ancient times

38

.

32

Аскаров А. Культура замон-баба в Низовьях Зеравшана //ОНУ-Ташкент 1962- № 1-С. 59-65.

33

Толстов С.П. Древний Хорезм-М.:МГУ-1948-С.67.

34

Итина М.А.История степных племен Южного Приаралья //ТрХАЭЭ-М.:Наука 1977. Т.Х-с 140.

35

Средняя Азия эпоху камня и бронзы-М-Л,:Наука, 1966-С. 153.

36

Аскаров А. Древнеземледельческая культура эпохи бронзы юга Узбекистана-Ташкент.:Фан. 1977-С.150.

37

Кабиров Ж, Сагдуллаев А. Ўрта Осиё археологияси-Ташкент, “Ўқитувчи”, 1990-157 С.

38

Собиров Қ. Ибтидоий кулбадан шаҳарлар сари-ташкент.:Ўзбекистон, 1991-21 б.

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The artifacts recovered from the Kuk-Ayaz settlement in Kyzylkum were noted in a

published article about the discovery of new Stone Age artifacts

39

. In his monograph, N.U.

Kholmatov explained his conclusions about the history of hunters and termites who lived in the

Mesolithic period in the Lower Zarafshan area

40

. Researcher A. Sagdullaev's textbook "History

of Ancient Central Asia" contains information on the historical path from the Stone Age to the

Middle Ages

41

. N.U. Kholmatov's monograph on the history of the Neolithic tribal communities

of Uzbekistan contains information on the history of the population of the Ustyurt, Lower Amu

Darya and Zarafshan valleys

42

.

The monograph by Kh.Kh. Matyakubov contains information about the history of our

ancestors in the Khorezm oasis in the Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Ages on the right and left

banks of the Amu Darya

43

. In the monograph by U.I. Abdullaev, historical information about the

lifestyle, economy and material culture of the inhabitants of the Khorezm oasis and the Lower

Zarafshan valley from the Stone Age to the Early Iron Age is of great importance

44

.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the historical information covering this section allowed us to draw the following

final conclusions:

-The material and spiritual culture of the Neolithic population, who lived in wooden pole

dwellings on the Sernam and Serunum plains of the Amu Darya, Akchadarya basin and the

Lower Zarafshan valley, acquired significant historical significance.

-The Neolithic tribal communities further developed their economic sectors within the

geographical framework of the Lower Zarafshan region, where the natural resource reserves

were located. Representatives of the population in the Akchadarya basin carried out their

practical activities in the northern region of the Sultan Uvays mountain (Qamishli 1,2) and in the

Uzboy region, where the population adapted.

- By the middle of the 2nd millennium, the settlement of nomadic Andronovo tribes in

the South Aral Sea and the lower Zarafshan River basin accelerated ethnic processes, and their

interaction with the local population became part of the historical science of the Tozabogyob and

Zomonbaba cultures. The knowledge acquired in the economic spheres of the population that

had been active in the Akchadarya basin and the Lower Zarafshan Valley during the Bronze Age

continued.

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Journal:

https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai

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