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ABDURAUF FITRAT'S ROLE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE JADID
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Olimova Zulfiyaxon Ibrohimjon kizi
3rd Stage Student Of History of the Faculty of social and Applied Sciences of the
Andijan State Pedagogical Institute
Annotation:
This article provides detailed information about the activities of Abdurauf
Abdurahim's son Fitrat, who carried out his active jadidist activities in the ranks of the Jadid
enlightenment, in the creative and political sphere, and the political situation and other events
that resulted from him. The process of study of Fitrat in Istanbul, activities in different cities,
namely Bukhara, Saarqand, Tashkent and other places, and the main thing, the processes of
activity in the movement of “young bukharians”, are also particularly touched upon.
Keywords:
Abdurauf Fitrat, young bukharians, Abdurahim, Bibijan,” Sayha", A.Burkhanov,
Fayzulla Khojaev, “Hurriyat”, ”politics of the East”, “cry Islam”, Turkestan, “Resurrection”,
‘The Rebellion of Satan to Tangry”, “Divine Comedy”, the tragedy “Abulfayzhan”.
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada jadid ma’rifatparvarlari safida o’zining faol jadidchilik faoliyatini
olib borgan Abdurauf Abdurahim o’g’li Fitratning ijodiy va siyosiy sohada olib borgan
faoliyatlari va uning natijasida yuzaga kelgan siyosiy holat va boshqa voqea – hodisalar haqida
batafsil ma’lumotlar keltirilgan. Shuningdek, Fitratning Istanbulda o’qish jarayoni, turli xil
shaharlardagi ya’ni Buxoro, Saarqand, Toshkent va boshqa joylardagi faoliyati hamda eng
asosiysi “Yosh buxoroliklar” harakatidagi faoliyat jarayonlariga ham alohida to’xtalib o’tilgan.
Kalit so’zlar:
Abdurauf Fitrat, Yosh buxoroliklar, Abdurahim, Bibijon, “Sayha”, A.Burxonov,
Fayzulla Xo’jayev, “Hurriyat”, ”Sharq siyosati”, “Yig’la islom”, Turkiston, “Qiyomat”,
‘Shaytonning Tangriga isyoni”, “Ilohiy komediya”, “Abulfayzxon” fojiasi.
Prominent poet, scholar, playwright, teacher and enlightener Abdurauf Fitrat's work in the
jadidism movement takes a significant place. It is a rather difficult matter to imagine the history
of Uzbek literature, including the history of literature of the 20s, without a Fitrat. Abdurauf
Abdurahim's son was born in Bukhara on 4 October 1886. His father, Abdurahim, was a
merchant. Fitrat's mother, Mustaf bibi, was a very precocious woman who was largely involved
in the education and upbringing of her children herself. Influenced by his mother, Abdurauf
developed a growing interest in poetry, approaching the artistic world from early childhood.
Abdurauf Abdurahim is considered the literary pseudonym of his son, Photratus, and the lexical
meaning of this word means innate talent, the ability of the Creator given to a person by God.
"After an old-fashioned school, Fitrat studied in the madrasas of Bukhara, Istanbul, durilfununlar,
learning Arabic, Persian, Turkish perfectly. Adib's father was engaged in Mercantile pursuits,
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
Journal:
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page 1004
mainly under the tutelage of his mother, Bibijan, A.He is fond of the works of Navoi, Fuzuli,
Bedil, Umar Khayyam, Zebuniso, Uvaysi. Turkish life plays an important role in his fate. He is
active in the “Bukharan Education MA'orifi Association, founded in Turkey, serving the
improvement of the jadid method schools founded by Behbudi. His first collection was published
in 1912 under the title “Sayha” (“cry”)."[. https://arxiv.uz Sahiti] Abdurauf Fitrat in 1909, with
the help of the charity of the Society, went to Turkey to study in Istanbul. Mahbuba, Fitra's sister,
recalls that her younger brother Abdurahman (who at the time was acting as a letter picker at a
printing house in Kagan) was helping his brother in terms of substance. In addition to his studies
at Istanbul University, Fitrat also taught at the madrasa “Dorul-voizin” (preachers – lecturers)
there. This madrasa was also engaged in training young people who wanted to study in Bukhara
and Turkisotn. "B.In Kasimov's work, it is reported that Ghazi also studied with Scholar
Yunosov at the “Dorul – voizin” madrasa in Istanbul for a time."[ Kasimov B. Maslakdosh. -
Tashkent: East NMAK, 1994] when Fitrat returns to his hometown of Bukhara, usuli Jadid
rushes to open schools and establish cultural life in Bukhara. Fitrat agrees with other jadid
ma;rifatists to form the young bukharians party, chairing the faction committee A.Burhonov is
elected. Fitrat, on the other hand, is appointed to the post of secretary-general. From 1915,
Hagan “began to head the left wing of the young bukharians movement. During the period
leading up to 1916, the Bukharan jadids were a unified and unified unit. They later split into two
parts. While part of the jadids, led by Abdulvohid Burhonov, were merely cultural and
enlightenment disseminators under the old regime, the other part of them, like Fitrat, Fayzulla
Khojaev, studied in foreign qualifications and brought knowledge, also defended the struggle
against the Emir of Bukhara, along with the dissemination of enlightenment and culture among
the people. The main reasons for such a division are as follows:
Including the Turkestan region, where the socio – economic and political situation in the
emirate of Bukhara weighs a little, the Russian tsar and the implementation of the 2-fold
tyranny policy of the emirate of Bukhara;
Belief in the influence of propaganda work and propaganda of the Bolsheviks among the
local population;
The fact that the representatives of the local people were kept in the political shell, the
insufficient development of their ideological – theoretical level in terms of politics.
By calling them to order the Emir of Bukhara, they will try to change the political and cultural
system in Bukhara through the transfer of originals. Encouraged by the February Revolution of
1917, they want to represent the Central Committee and send Fitrat and Usmanhaja. Even the
Emir of Bukhara, Sayyid Olimkhan, proclaimed his decree supreme on April 7, encouraging
some cultural reforms. But the left jadids, led by Fitrat, plan a demonstration in Bukhara. After
the participants of the demonstration are shot by the Emir's armed forces, Fitrat is forced to
continue his activities in Samarkand. He worked as an editorial writer for “Hurriyat”, a
newspaper founded by Mahmudhaja Behbudi in Samarkand. (Issues published 1917-1918).
More than 30 articles and poems by Fitrat were published on the pages of this newspaper. When
the newspaper closes, Fitrat returns to Bukhara again to work on drafting reforms.
In 1918, Fitrat was invited by Munavvarqori to the newly established Turkestan people's
dorilfun, and he headed the Branch (Department) of literature and philosophy from the new
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
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academic year. The first textbook written in Uzbek language publishes “mother tongue” (in co-
authorship with Shokirjan Rahimiy and Qayum Ramadan). It is at this time that a number of his
sharp articles are published. The famous Article” our language “will be published in the
newspaper "kalaysiyun". On the occasion of the publication of political brochures such as”
Eastern politics“,” weeping Islam“, Ziyo Said noted above, the magazine” Tong " operates in the
publication. After the establishment of the people's Republic of Bukhara, Fitrat was recalled on
the date of March 9, 1921 to pursue public affairs. As soon as he arrives in Bukhara, from the
experience of the organization, Fitrat forms the Scientific Society of Bukhara, begins to collect
various manuscripts in cooperation with local residents and scribes.
On September 23, 1921, the “Constitution of the Bukhara people's Republic of saloons”, edited
by Fitrat, was adopted. On the way to the development of the national economy, he headed more
reforms and events in various economic areas, began to mark the geographical regions of the
country, involve the tasks of the amudarya fleet in the goals of the Republic, set up on the side of
the frunzeists and set out to restore the architectural monuments of Bukhara, as well as urban
water During this time, Fitrat officially carried out ea works of unlimited importance for the
development of national culture and economy during the performance of such responsible tasks
as people's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Education, deputy chairman of the Council
of national economy. Buzoro quickly moves into the development path, pushing the issues of
providing the center with cereals and food to second place. “On June 12, 1923, in Moscow, the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of Russia adopted the resolution “on Bukhara
honey”, and according to this resolution, the committee's Secretary Ya. Ye.Rudzutak came to
Bukhara and set about cleaning up the ‘former jadids who had settled in state affairs'. During the
same period, because of his alleged abuse of office and his financial inferiority,” Fitrat was
removed from the responsible duties he was managing. Fitrat was soon recalled to Moscow by
the Muhtor representation of the Republic of Bukhara under the former Union government,
where he was involved in the work of such timed publications as “Uchqun” and “Bukharskaya
jizn”."[Boltaboyev H. Abdurauf Fitrat [text]: treatise. Tashkent. Youth publishing house, 2022.]
Fitrat marched in Moscow throughout 1923-1924. In those years, he became more engaged in
artistic creation. It was during these years that his works were written, such as the tragedy
“Abulfayzhan”, the scientific fiction “Bedil (in one session)”, and “Resurrection”, ‘The
Rebellion of Satan to the Lord'. According to experts, the song should be studied in terms of the
spirit and style of writing of the two works as works with a deep philosophical meaning, created
on the basis of the processing of a religious – mythical plot, directed against various injustices
and inequalities of its time, standing close to Divine Comedy. After returning from Moscow,
Fitrat resumed his creative and scientific activities again in Tashkent. His lecture on the finger
poem system in the scientific show of the Ministry of people's education of Uzbekistan, his
active participation in the scientific expedition organized to collect masterpieces of classical
literature throughout Fergana, Namangan and Bukhara, followed by several research, articles,
textbooks and tutorials created show that his career during this period was one of the most
productive creative stages in his life.
"Fitrat is accused of being shaky and rebellious among most jadids for his progressive
democratic ideas and opinions. The Tsarist authorities, on the other hand, accused him of
resisting colonialism, and during the time of the Schloss, when communist ideology prevailed,
they accused him of nationalist slander, “enemy of the people”, in favor of the idea of
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 1006
panturkism. Professor H.Yakubov recounts that Fitrat was brought to hioya by his friend
Fayzulla Khojaev until 1937. In 1937, Fitrat, among many others, was imprisoned by the NKVD.
Joseph Stalin's March 28, 1938,”was on the list of declared".[ https://wikipedia.org Sahiti] thus,
Abdurauf Abdurahim's son, Fitrat, was shot and killed in a slaughterhouse in Tashkent (now the
Bozsuv coast of Yunusabad district) on the date of October 4, 1938. The court decision to
sentence him to death was signed a day later, on October 5, 1938.
As a conclusion, we can say that Abdurauf Fitrat, as a major exponent of the jadidism movement,
was able to leave behind his name the bright pages of our history. During his career, he carried
out works that were beneficial to the interests of the people. He left behind a small number of
poems and stories. He took over from the history of science as a huge historian and art historian.
No matter what science he applied as a qomusi scholar, he was able to show that science in that
field was a mature scholar for its time. As long as our culture and the art of literature has
progressed today, the place and role of Abdurauf Fitrat's works in its Zamiri is incomparable.
Literature:
1. Boltaboyev H. Abdurauf Fitrat [Matn]: risola. Toshkent. Yoshlar nashriyot uyi, 2022.
2. Qosimov B. Maslakdoshlar. – Toshkent: Sharq NMAK, 1994
3. Aliyev A. Abdurauf Abdurahim o’g’li Fitrat. – Tshkent, 1991.
4. Boltaboyev H. Fitrat va jadidchilik. – Toshkent: O’zbekiston Milliy kutubxonasi nashriyoti,
2007.
5. G’aniyev I. Fitrat, e’tiqod, ishonch. – Toshkent: Kamalak, 1994.
6. Karimov N. Adabiyot va tarixiy jarayon. – Toshkent: Mumtoz so’z, 2012.
7.
sayti.
8.
sayti.
