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HISTORY OF THE KHOREZM TIME PRESS: IN THE 1920S
Atamuratova Dilafruz Rashidovna
Associate Professor, Department of History,
Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhan Biruni
97 510 84 33
Abstract:
The overthrow of the Khiva Khanate in 1920 linked the future of Khorezm with Soviet
power. The article analyzes the processes associated with the history of Khorezm in 1920-1924.
In addition to local publications, socio-political processes were covered on the basis of articles,
information and data published in Bukhara, Turkestan, as well as in the press of the RSFSR, and
later the USSR.
Key words:
periodical, press, newspaper, social problem, political processes, KhPSR, KhSSR,
independence movement.
Introduction.
The newspaper "Sun of Revolution" ("Солнце революции"), which was
operating under the Khiva political administration, was decided to transfer the newspaper to the
Executive Committee due to the financial inability of the administration to manage the
newspaper's lithography.
Analyses and Results.
From June 1, 1921, the newspaper began to be published under
the name "News of the Central Executive Committee of the Khorezm Soviet Republic". Shokir
Sodikov was appointed as the temporary editor
. In the September 7, 1921 issue of the
newspaper, an article by the editor of the newspaper Mulla Bekjon Rahmanov about the
establishment of the State Publishing House is published. The article indicates the following as
the shortcomings of this area, that is, in the press and publishing work:
1. The lack of specialists in the field.
2. The fact that even the existing specialists are not familiar with the field of journalism.
Based on this, Mulla Bekjon Rahmanov emphasizes that it would be appropriate to carry
out the following work for the development of the field:
1. Immediately establish the State Publishing House as a department under the Central
Executive Committee.
2. Provide it with representatives of the field.
3. Transfer all printing house employees, all printing works and facilities to its
jurisdiction.
4. Create 2 departments within this department:
1) Editorial office of the newspaper "Khorezm News";
2) Publishing department.
The article emphasizes that the establishment of an editorial office will serve the
development of the "Khorezm News" newspaper. The publishing department will be responsible
1
Иноятов Х.Ш. История Хорезмской Народной Советской республики (1920-1924 гг.). Т., “Фан”. 1976. – С.
105-106.
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for publishing books, developing measures for the selection and publication of historical works,
and organizing publishing activities
. The newspaper is published in three languages: Uzbek,
Russian, and Turkmen
. The National Library of Uzbekistan holds issues 1-16 (July-August),
published in 1921. The National Library of Uzbekistan keeps issues No. 1-16 (July-August),
published in 1921. The newspaper covered the daily life of the Khorezm Republic. The first
issue of the newspaper, under the heading “On Taxes
” reported on the tax levied by the
Executive Committee of the Khorezm Republic on various products, raw materials, and leather
goods from farmers. This type of tax is being introduced for the first time in the republic, and it
is stated that it will be levied from autumn, that is, from the beginning of the harvest, and the
purpose of levying the tax is to provide for the army fighting for “people's freedom”.
In issue No. 5 of July 15, 1921, the article “To the Surrender of Gulyam-Ali
” reported on
the surrender of Gulyam Ali, a Turkmen tribal leader in the Council of Supervisors of the USSR
,
to the USSR government. The newspaper published foreign news under the column “Beyond the
Red Border”. Events in the RSFSR were covered in the columns “Across Soviet Russia”, events
in Turkestan in the columns “Red Turkestan”, and regional news in the columns “Red Khorezm”.
The editors of the newspaper were I. Bik, M. Alfin, and R. Nurin. The total circulation was 800
copies. Articles by I. Bik, M. Alfin, and R. Nurin, analyzing the news within the framework of
the ideology of the RSFSR, were published in the newspaper issues. This is especially evident in
M. Alfin's article criticizing the League of Nations
, or in R. Nurin's articles comparing and
analyzing the proletariat and the bourgeoisie
A unique feature of the newspaper is that in some issues, the newspaper began with
articles directly related to the Soviet regime, which performed the function of a special
“Introduction” with a heading and the date of publication. During the study of the newspaper, we
observed a similar situation in issues 5
, 14
, 15
, and 16
. Although it was one of the first
newspapers in the region, advertisements can be found from the very first issues. These
advertisements were mainly government announcements, and in the surviving issues, after the
advertisements, a calendar called “Soviet Calendar” was published, which contained Gregorian
2
Иноятов Х.Ш. История Хорезмской Народной Советской республики (1920-1924 гг.). Т., “Фан”. 1976. – С.
121-122.
3
Насыров Б.Ф. Из Истории политико-массовой и культурно-просветительной
работы в Хорезме.
Ўзбекистонда ижтимоий фанлар. № 4. Т., “Фан”, 1967. C. 54
4
Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”). О налоге. №.1. 6 июлья 1921 г. – C. 1.
5
Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”). О налоге. №.5. 15 июлья 1921 г. – C.
2.
6
Погорельский И.В. История Хивинской революции и Хорезмской Народной Советской Республики 1917 –
1924 гг. Ленинград., Издательство Ленинградского университета. 1984. – C. 117.
7
Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”). Национальная политика РСФСР. №.3.
11 июля 1921 г. – C. 1.
8
Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”).Хива, 8 августа 1921 года. №.14. 8
августа 1921 г. – C. 1.
9
Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”). О налоге. №.5. 15 июлья 1921 г. – C.
1.
10
Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”).Хива, 8 августа 1921 года. №.14. 8
августа 1921 г. – C. 1.
11
Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”). Хива, 10 августа. №.15. 10 августа
1921 г. – C. 1.
12
Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”). Хива, 12 августа. №.16. 12 августа
1921 г. – C. 1.
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and Hijri dates, that is, the date of publication of the newspaper and the dates until the
publication of the next issue. Considering that it was published 3 times a week, a 2-day calendar
(a 3-day calendar in the Friday issue) and important events that occurred on these dates were
noted.
In October 1921 and September 1922, two pairs of printing presses, printing specialists,
700 kg of Russian and Uzbek (Arabic alphabet) letters, a small electret and a printing press were
brought to Khorezm
. In order to set up this equipment, Otajon Abdalov worked together with
Alexei Salopov and Gustav Schneidel
. Afzal Tokhirov, who came to Khorezm on the
recommendation of the Turkestan government, also worked actively in the field, and at the same
time he was the editor of the newspaper "Inqilob Kuyoshi". In 1923, such newspapers as "Inqilob
Kuyoshi", "Khorezm Khabarlari", "Kyzil Yoshlor Ovozi", "Kyzil Khorezm Maoriufi" were
published in the KhSSR
In the 1930s and 1940s, the newspaper "Bul Tayyar" (Be Ready) began to be published as
a children's newspaper
. There were also newspapers and magazines that were later launched in
the country, such as the magazines "Kyzyl Khorezm", "Maorif" and the newspapers "Khorezm
Khabarlari", "Yordam", "Hunarmandlar Chokichi", "Kyzyl Yoshlor Ovozi", "Ishchilar Tovushi",
"Kopkon". In addition, taking into account the fact that the activity of wall newspapers in the
republic expanded significantly in 1923-1925, it can be said that in the May 16, 1927 issue of the
newspaper "Inqilob Kuyoshi" the girls' wall newspapers "Umid Yolkini" and "Mazlumlar
Ozodligi" were published, and on May 5, 22 wall newspapers participated in the press day held
in Khiva, and when the exhibition opened, 4 newspapers were girls'
.
In the press reports on the Khorezm state in the 1920s, one can find articles on education
issues. A model girls' school with 50 places was opened in the form of half-boarding schools, the
number of boarding schools was reduced at their expense. The qualification of pedagogical
personnel was increased with the arrival of 18 Muslim teachers from the Russian Federation.
After the reduction, there were only 7 boarding schools and 25 schools, which were provided
with privileges and all the necessary things. To eliminate illiteracy, 4 adult evening schools were
opened in Khiva and 12 in the region. 12 libraries were opened in the districts. The congress,
which was held at the All-Khorezm Teachers' Congress, was attended by 98 teachers, and a
public park was opened in the former khan's park. The park was equipped with electric lights, a
fountain, a slide, grottoes, various swings, carousels, and huge stairs. The State Winter Theater,
one of the largest theaters in the entire Muslim world, was built, with a capacity of 800 people.
Uzbek, Tatar, and Russian troupes performed at the State Theater. District clubs and theaters
were opened in Urgench and Toshhouz. A dramatic art studio with 40 seats and 4 teachers in the
Uzbek language began to be established. The Khorezm People's Museum was improved and
expanded. The journal "Maorif" (Enlightenment) began to be published. During this period, the
principle of complete non-interference in matters of religion and endowments was applied, and
13
Бобохонов А. Асрдан ошган зиё масканлари. Т., “Ўзбекистон”. 2011. – Б. 109.
14
Ҳаёт. Тошбосма иш бошлаганда. № 4. 28 январ – 3 феврал 2010 йил.
15
Иноятов Х.Ш. История Хорезмской Народной Советской республики (1920-1924 гг.). Т., “Фан”. 1976. – С.
16.
16
Бекмуҳаммедов У. Гурлан тумани. Т., Янги аср авлоди. 2011. – Б. 10-11.
17
Бекмуҳаммедов У. Гурлан тумани. Т., Янги аср авлоди. 2011. – Б. 7.
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these issues no longer caused any complications. According to the decision of the Congress, 48
young men were sent to Tashkent and Moscow to study
On the elimination of illiteracy among the Communist Party members, the Central
Committee of the Khorezm Communist Party adopted a resolution on the elimination of
illiteracy among the party members. Thus, the elimination of illiteracy among the party members
gives an opportunity to realize the need to eliminate their political illiteracy. Based on this, the
responsible secretaries of all party cells and the responsible employees belonging to these cells,
spending their free time on this task, set a number of tasks to bring this issue to the end, this
process was carried out from the bottom up (the issue of management was considered the main
issue for this period). Each cell with illiterate party members must independently begin to
eliminate illiteracy among them and complete it within a certain period of time, illiterate party
members must obey all decisions and instructions of the cell, and must unconditionally carry out
the instructions of higher party organizations on the elimination of illiteracy among party
members, and any party member who evades this work and does not treat studies with
enthusiasm is considered an unnecessary member of the party. Of course, the propaganda and
propaganda department of the Central Election Commission is responsible for obtaining primary
and other educational materials necessary for the work carried out to eliminate illiteracy among
party members
At the economic conference of the Turkestan, Bukhara and Khorezm Soviet Republics
held in Tashkent in 1923, a decision was made to economically unite these three Soviet republics.
In Khorezm, the Ministry of Education decided to convene a conference of Khorezm
educationalists in the summer of this year, to open pedagogical courses after the conference, and
began to implement relevant measures in this regard. A pedagogical council consisting of five
people was created under the Ministry of Public Education, the composition of the council and
its work plan were approved by the center
In 1923, in the 64th issue of the "Sun of Revolution", in connection with the introduction
of the New Economic Policy, the issue of cooperation became a primary necessity for the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. According to the new economic policy being
implemented in the Soviet republics, large and serious tasks were set before cooperative
organizations. There is no doubt that the development of cooperation eliminated the danger of
the "handful" of merchants and the rich seizing the economy under the new economic policy.
Thus, during this period of economic recovery, cooperatives played an important role in the
successful implementation of the new economic policy of the Soviet authorities
.
In 1924, due to the increase in the number of subscribers and the expansion of the circle
of participants in the preparation of materials, the importance of the newspaper "Sun of the
Revolution" increased, and measures were taken to increase the newspaper's publication to three
times a week. The lack of type in the publishing house, of course, hindered this. The newspaper
"Voice of the Worker" of the printing workers began to be published, which was supposed to
represent the mood of the workers and their management div and be a leader in propaganda
18
Иноятов Х.Ш. История Хорезмской Народной Советской республики (1920-1924 гг.). Т., “Фан”. 1976. –
С.
203-204.
19
«Инклаб куяши», № 65, 24 марта 1923 г.
20
«Инклаб куяши», ЛЬ 65, 24 марта 1923 г.
21
«Инклав куяши», № 64, 19 апреля 1923 г.
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work. The wall newspapers of the Komsomol cells were revived and great attention was paid to
them
.
Conclusion.
"Inqilob Kuyoshi" was published in Khiva until the end of June 1928. From
March 1921 to May 1922, it was published under the name "Khorezm Khabarlari". The
publishing house began its activities in Urgench in July 1928. During the period when the
newspaper began its activities, the editorial staff included Zokir Bekchurin, Madrakhim
Saidashev, Habib Samigullin, Muhammad Zokirov, and Umar Qurbani
.
References:
1. Бекмуҳаммедов У. Гурлан тумани. Т., Янги аср авлоди. 2011. – Б. 10-11.
2. Бобохонов А. Асрдан ошган зиё масканлари. Т., “Ўзбекистон”. 2011. – Б. 109.
3. Иноятов Х.Ш. История Хорезмской Народной Советской республики (1920-1924 гг.).
Т., “Фан”. 1976. – С. 105-106.
4. «Инклаб куяши», № 65, 24 марта 1923 г.
5. «Инклав куяши», № 64, 19 апреля 1923 г.
6. Известия (“Известия полномочного представителя РСФСР в ХНСР”). О налоге. №.1. 6
июлья 1921 г. – C. 1.
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политика РСФСР. №.3. 11 июля 1921 г. – C. 1.
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15 июлья 1921 г. – C.
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1921 года. №.14. 8 августа 1921 г. – C. 1.
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№.15. 10 августа 1921 г. – C. 1.
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№.16. 12 августа 1921 г. – C. 1.
12. Насыров Б.Ф. Из Истории политико-массовой и культурно-просветительной работы в
Хорезме. Ўзбекистонда ижтимоий фанлар. № 4. Т., “Фан”, 1967. C. 54
13. Погорельский И.В. История Хивинской революции и Хорезмской Народной Советской
Республики 1917 – 1924 гг. Ленинград., Издательство Ленинградского университета.
1984. – C. 117.
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Б. 39.
15. Ҳаёт. Тошбосма иш бошлаганда. № 4. 28 январ – 3 феврал 2010 йил.
22
Иноятов Х.Ш. История Хорезмской Народной Советской республики (1920-1924 гг.). Т., “Фан”. 1976. –
С.
325-326.
23
Тошпўлатова Д. Матбаачилик тарихидан. Воҳа солномаси. – k Урганч, Хоразм. 2010. – Б. 39.
