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VARIOUS CHANGES IN BODY ORGANS DURING THE ANNUAL TRAINING
CYCLE OF WATER SPORTS ENTHUSIASTS
Rakhimov Gulom Yuldoshovich
Email:
Associate Professor of the Department of Pedagogy and Social and
Humanitarian Sciences University of Economics and Pedagogy
Abstract:
Preparation for sports is a complex process that includes training athletes before
competitions and participation in them, organization, scientific, methodological and logistical
support for training and competition processes, creating the necessary conditions for combining
sports and work, study and rest. One of the most effective means, widely used in sports to
increase the training effectiveness of exercises and improve the level of athletes' performance, is
the method of interval hypoxic training.
The aim of our study was to investigate the div composition and heart rate variability,
biochemical and hematological parameters during the annual training cycle in young rowers
before and after interval hypoxic training in mid-altitude conditions. The study involved six
males aged 21-22 years, actively involved in sports and holding the title of master of sports in
academic rowing. Before departure, on the seventh day after arrival, the athletes underwent a
div composition study with an analysis of venous blood in the morning on an empty stomach.
The parameters of div composition at rest and basal metabolism were estimated by the
bioelectrical impedance method using an analyzer. 22 hematological parameters - using an
automatic hematology analyzer. The results of the study showed that the average hemoglobin
content in erythrocytes of the studied rowers increased significantly after hypoxic training in
mid-altitude conditions. In addition, hypoxic training aimed at developing endurance led to a
decrease in basal metabolism and total muscle mass in the studied rowers.
Key words:
training in hypoxic conditions, rowing, hemoglobin content in erythrocytes,
hemoglobin, erythrocyte, div composition, basal metabolic rate.
INTRODUCTION.
The problem of human div adaptation to intensive physical activity occupies an important
place in the physiology of muscular activity and sports medicine [1,2]. Adaptation of the div to
constantly increasing physical activity helps to reveal the training potential [3]. One of the most
effective ergogenic means widely used in sports practice to increase the training effectiveness of
exercises and improve the level of athletes' performance is the method of interval hypoxic
training [4,5]. In the last two decades, hypoxic training (HT) has become very popular, i.e. a
method in which athletes live near the mountains and train in hypoxic conditions [6]. It has been
established that artificially induced hypoxia in combination with various types of repetitive
exercises significantly changes the effectiveness of training and accelerates the rate of adaptation
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Journal:
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to the physical activity used [4,7]. Hypoxia is not only a damaging, but also a training factor that
affects the div in a constant mode, forming long-term adaptations to oxygen starvation [8,9].
Tissue hypoxia and the resulting biochemical and structural changes can limit performance,
cause fatigue and rapid deterioration of the div. However, if the effects of hypoxia are repeated
over a short period of time and hypoxic effects alternate with normoxic conditions, the reversible
effects of tissue hypoxia can have a constructive and creative effect [10]. After 3-4 days of
hypoxic training, athletes enter a phase of reduced functional capabilities, which lasts up to 6-8
days [11]. The aim of the study was to investigate hematological parameters of blood and heart
rate variability, biochemical and hematological parameters during the annual training cycle in
rowers before and after interval hypoxic training.
Research methods.
For our study, we selected 6 male subjects aged 21-22 years who are
actively involved in sports and have the sports qualification of master of sports in academic
rowing. They trained in mid-mountain conditions from 28.03.23 to 20.04.23. The average height
of the tested athletes before and after hypoxic training was 189.00 (5.90), div weight - 85.63
(5.83) kg and 83.20 (2.72) kg, respectively. Before leaving on the seventh day after arrival, the
athletes donated venous blood for analysis in the morning on an empty stomach and underwent a
div composition test.
Body composition parameters and basal metabolic rate at rest were assessed by the bioelectrical
impedance method using an analyzer. 22 hematological parameters were assessed using an
automatic hematological analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test for
related samples, Wilcoxon's test for related samples, Pearson's test and Spearman's test in
accordance with the results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data processing was carried out in
the statistical data processing program "SPSS 20".
RESULTS OF THE STUDY AND THEIR DISCUSSION
Comparative characteristics of the main div composition indices in rowers are presented in
table 1.From the results presented in Table 1, it can be noted that rowers do not have statistically
significant differences in div composition indices before and after hypoxic training. In our
study, we found that as a result of hypoxic training, with a decrease in total muscle mass in kg,
the basal metabolic rate, expressed in kcal, decreases, r = 0.9 (p = 0.006). This may be due to the
fact that these rowers' hypoxic training was aimed at developing endurance, so there was a
tendency for their total muscle mass to decrease.
Table 1 – Body composition parameters of rowers before and after hypoxic training
Indicators
Before
hypoxic
training
After hypoxic training p
Weight, kg
85,63 (5,83)
83,20 (2,72)
p=0,592
Muscle mass, kg
72,78 (4,21)
70,70 (3,10)
p=0,151
Fat mass, kg
9,08 (3,02)
8,80 (2,46)
p=0,101
Lean div mass, kg
76,55 (4,39)
74,40 (3,24)
р=0,156
Bone mass, kg
3,77 (0,18)
3,70 (0,14)
p=0,391
Protein, kg
18,02 (1,49)
17,68 (1,59)
p=0,391
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Body mass index
(BMI)
23,93 (1,67)
23,70 (1,17)
p=0,188
Total
div
water
(TBW), kg
54,77 (3,12)
53,03 (1,51)
p=0,125
Trunk muscle mass,
kg
39,18 (2,33)
38,20 (2,10)
p=0,182
Trunk fat, kg
4,87 (2,33)
4,70 (1,91)
p=0,095
Basal
metabolism,
kcal
2263,17 (137,49)
2191,75 (96,12)
p=0,130
Metabolic age, years
12,00 (0,0)
12,50 (1,00)
p=0,391
The results presented in Table 2 show that the average value of hematological parameters in men
before and after hypoxic training is within the medical norms, except for the increased
percentage of basophils in the leukocyte formula. Comparative characteristics of the main
hematological parameters in rowers are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 – Hematological parameters of rowers before and after hypoxic training
Indicators
Before hypoxic training
After
hypoxic
training
P
Leukocytes, * 109 /l
4,60 (1,00)
4,97 (0,89)
р=0,207
Neutrophils, * 109 /l
2,52 (0,66)
2,83 (0,76)
р=0,207
Neutrophils, %
54,37 (5,43)
55,40 (9,49)
p=0,917
Lymphocytes, * 109 /l
1,40 (0,35)
1,52 (0,40)
p=0,285
Lymphocytes, %
30,93 (7,27)
31,72 (9,38)
p=0,600
Monocytes, * 109 /l
0,52 (0,21)
0,45 (0,12)
р=0,120
Monocytes, %
10,85 (2,60)
9,10 (0,85)
p=0,074
Eosinophils, * 109 /l
0,10 (0,06)
0,13 (0,10)
p=0,317
Eosinophils, %
2,35 (1,34)
2,72 (1,43)
р=0,115
Basophils, * 109 /l
0,07 (0,05)
0,03 (0,05)
p=0,157
Basophils, %
1,50 (0,53)
1,07 (0,34)
p=0,343
Erythrocytes, *1012/l
4,60 (0,23)
4,60 (0,16)
p=0,917
Hemoglobin, g/l
139,67 (4,84)
141,67 (4,46)
p=0,344
Hematocrit, %
40,32 (1,22)
40,32 (1,20)
p=0,917
Mean
corpuscular
volume, fl
87,70 (2,29)
87,65 (2,17)
p=0,833
Mean
corpuscular
hemoglobin content, pg
30,38 (0,89)
30,80 (0,90)
p=0,042
Mean
corpuscular
hemoglobin
concentration, g/l
346,50 (4,42)
351,50 (4,46)
p=0,078
Degree
of
anisocytosis, %
12,55 (0,23)
12,25 (0,33)
p=0,066
Platelets, * 109 /l
211,33 (58,11)
227,50 (52,14)
p=0,116
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Statistical data processing revealed that the average hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte of the
rowers under study significantly increased after hypoxic training (p=0.042). A tendency toward
an increase in the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes (MCHC) in athletes
(p=0.078) and a decrease in the degree of anisocytosis in athletes was noted, i.e. there is a
tendency toward a decrease in the heterogeneity of the erythrocyte population, all this may
indicate an improvement in the processes of hemoglobin formation in erythrocytes after hypoxic
training. Some authors have established that a complex of adaptive changes in the functional
systems of the div develops in a practically healthy person under the influence of interval
hypoxic effects: an increase in oxygen consumption and efficiency, a decrease in the reactivity of
the sympathoadrenal system, stimulation of the central nervous system, cardiorespiratory and
hormonal systems, erythropoiesis and antioxidant enzymes, and increased capillarization of
tissues of vital organs [8,12].
The functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the div largely determines
human adaptation to changing environmental conditions. The authors of the review article note
that the use of mid-altitude conditions, as well as artificial hypoxia, causes hematological
adaptation of the athletes' div, increasing the concentration of the following indicators:
erythropoietin, hemoglobin, erythrocytes. Also, the use of the training strategy LH + TH (live
high + train high) affects the athlete's performance: the first 2-4 days - an increase, then a slight
decline, 2-3 weeks after returning, good athletic form is noted. However, the authors recommend
studying the dynamics, based on the position of individualization: it is necessary to take into
account the number of days spent in hypoxic conditions, the structure of the training process, the
genetic characteristics of athletes [13]. Therefore, further research is needed for a deep
understanding of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of adaptation of athletes to
hypoxia.
Conclusions:
1. The average hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte of the rowers studied after hypoxic
training in mid-mountain conditions increased significantly.
2. As a result of hypoxic training aimed at developing endurance, the rowers studied showed a
decrease in their basal metabolic rate in kcal with a decrease in their total muscle mass in
kilograms.
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