INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 1392
THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF THE BUKHARA AND KHIVA KHANATES IN
THE WORKS OF FOREIGN RESEARCHERS
Nurullayeva Donoxon Azamat kizi
Mamun University, Faculty of “Social, Humanitarian, and
Exact Sciences”, History Department, 1st-year student
Tel: +998 94 525 15 88
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada xorijlik tadqiqotchilarning Buxoro va Xiva xonliklari tarixiga oid
materiallarni o‘rganish jarayoni tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida turli davrlarda Yevropa,
Rossiya va Sharq olimlari tomonidan yozilgan manbalar tahlil qilinib, ularning xonliklar tarixiga
qo‘shgan hissasi yoritiladi. Shuningdek, tadqiqotchilarning qarashlari, ularning metodologiyasi
va ilmiy xulosalari tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada, shuningdek, xorijiy tadqiqotlarning ahamiyati va
ularning zamonaviy tarixshunoslikka ta’siri ham ko‘rib chiqiladi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Buxoro xonligi, Xiva xonligi, xorijiy tadqiqotchilar, tarixshunoslik,
manbashunoslik, Sharq tarixi, Yevropa sayyohlari, Rossiya olimlari, mustamlakachilik davri,
ilmiy tadqiqotlar.
Annotation:
This article analyzes the process of studying materials on the history of the Bukhara
and Khiva khanates by foreign researchers. During the study, sources written by European,
Russian and Eastern scholars in different periods are analyzed, and their contribution to the
history of the khanates is highlighted. The views of the researchers, their methodology and
scientific conclusions are also analyzed. The article also considers the importance of foreign
studies and their impact on modern historiography.
Keywords:
Bukhara Khanate, Khiva Khanate, foreign researchers, historiography, source studies,
history of the East, European tourists, Russian scientists, colonial period, scientific research.
The political situation in the region is an important factor that directly affects the internal and
external policy of the country. It can be seen that external factors, relations with neighboring
countries, play a large, and in some cases decisive, role in the internal socio-political life of
states. After all, the balance of power in the international arena determined the situation not only
in one state, but also in the entire region, contributing to its development or causing its crisis.
Many tourists, merchants, dervishes and ambassadors who came to the territory of
Central Asia in the Middle Ages recorded and described very valuable information in their
memoirs, diaries, memoirs and reports. Among them, information that allows us to study the
unexplored aspects of our history is especially noteworthy.
Among the works written on the basis of the personal memories of such authors, there is
important information in the memoirs of the Turkish admiral and navigator.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 1393
Seyid Ali Rais, “Mir’ot ul-mamolik”, and the memoirs of the “Moscow Company”
ambassador Anthony Jenkinson, “A Journey through Russia from Moscow to the Bactrian City
of Bukhara in 1558”
. The main difference between these memoirs and the memoirs and reports
of ambassadors and tourists who visited Central Asia in the 17th-19th centuries is that their visit
did not have a military-political purpose. Therefore, there are no signs of espionage and
espionage in the works of tourists who came to Transoxiana during the period under study. We
can learn this from the fact that issues related to the military system were not thoroughly studied
in their memoirs or diaries.
The small but rich work "Mir'ot ul-mamolik" by Seydi Ali Rais (1498-1563) is
considered one of the most important works, as it was written by a person who was well
acquainted with the political situation in Turkey, India, Afghanistan, Central Asia and Iran in the
middle of the 16th century, who was aware of the internal struggles, the medieval navy, land
forces and their balance, and diplomatic and military relations between states. The work "Mir'ot
ul-mamolik" was written in 1557, and its Uzbek translation was published in Tashkent in 1963.
The memoirs of the ambassador of the "Moscow Company" Antony Jenkinson (1529-1610)
entitled "Travel from Moscow in Russia to Bukhara in Bactria in 1558" are also of particular
importance as an important historical source. Known as an English diplomat, traveler, and
English ambassador to Russia, he visited Bukhara in 1558-1560 as an ambassador for the
Moscow prince Ivan the Terrible, and recorded details of his trade and travels in official reports.
These reports were published in London in 1562.
Published in 1937 in Leningrad
in Russian, in 2017 in Tashkent in Uzbek
. The work
contains information about the Khiva and Bukhara khanates, in particular, about trade and
commercial routes, cities and fortresses in them, defensive walls, military-political situation,
administrative-military officials and their positions, and simple weapons used by soldiers.
Describing the city of Bukhara, Jenkinson also provides valuable information about its artisan
and merchant neighborhoods, parts of the city, and the irrigation system around the defensive
wall. The most important thing about the diary is that information about commodity-money and
land-water relations, which is not found in other sources of that period, is presented with clear
evidence and in a comparative manner with English traditions.
At the beginning of the 16th century, Khorezm was officially a hereditary possession of
the Timurid ruler Sultan Husayn Baykara (1469-1506), where representatives of the Sufi dynasty
from the Kungarat clan, who were considered his official viceroys, ruled. From the information
in the work "Musaxhir al-Bilad", it can be seen that Muhammad Shaybani Khan (1451-1510),
who strengthened his position in the Dashti-Kipchak and even gained a certain influence in
Transoxiana, had good relations with Khorezm in the early period of his political activity. In
particular, when Muhammad Shaybani Khan passed through the "Khorezm Road" to help the
governor of Samarkand, Sultan Ahmad Mirza, the governor of that place, Abdul-Kholiq ibn
1
Сейди Али Раис. Миръот ул–мамолих / таржима ва изоҳлар муаллифи Ш. Зуннунова. – Т.: Ўз ССР Фанлар
Академияси нашриёти, 1963; XVI–XVII асрларда рус элчиларининг саёҳатлари. Мақола рўйҳатлари. Масъул муҳаррир
Д.С.Лихачев. – М., 1954; Лунин Б.В. Ўзбекистон тарихи манбалари. XVI–XIX аср саёҳатчилари, жуғрофиюн олимлари,
ёзувчилари. – Т., 1988, Женкинсон А. Россиядаги Москвадан Бақтриядаги Бухоро шаҳригача 1558-йилги саёҳат. / Рус
тилидан таржима, кириш, изоҳлар ва кўрсаткичлар муаллифлари Б. Аминов ва А.Замонов, 2017. Б.– 39–43.
2
Дженкинсон А. Путешественники в Среднюю Азию. 1558-1560 гг. / Перевод с английского
Ю.В.Готъе//Английские путешественники в Москвском государстве в XVI в. – Л.: Полиграфнига, 1937. – С.
167-192.
3
Женкинсон А. Россиядаги Москвадан Бақтриядаги Бухоро шаҳригача 1558-йилги саёҳат. / Рус тилидан
таржима, кириш, изоҳлар ва кўрсаткичлар муаллифлари Б.Аминов ва А.Замонов. Т.: Баёз, 2017.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 1394
Ahmad Feruzshah, sent him many gifts and greetings, "fulfilling the image of prayer and the way
of praise.
" In turn, the friendly relations that Sultan Hussein Baykara had with the founder of the
Safavid state, Shah Ismail I (1501 - 1524), can also be considered as Khorezm-Iranian relations
According to the Iranian author Ali Akbar Vilayati, Ismail Shah, as a far-sighted politician,
established strong friendly relations with the last representative of the Timurids, Sultan Hussein
Baykara, from the very beginning of his career.
The Khorezm oasis, which did not lose its importance as an important geostrategic
region even in the late Middle Ages, was the focus of everyone's attention in these struggles. In
this regard, famous rulers and commanders paid special attention to conquering this land,
spending great efforts. In particular, Muhammad Shaybani Khan, who was uniting the Dashti
Kipchak tribes and strengthening his position, also turned his attention to Khorezm. In the work
on the diplomacy and trade relations of the Khiva Khanate, "Musaxhir al-Bilad", it is also noted
that Muhammad Shaybani Khan found it necessary to "direct his great favor towards the
Khorezm region", and it is specifically noted regarding the importance of this region that "that
region has always been the capital of the state of the sultans and the center of the caliphate of the
powerful khagans
".
The study of materials on the history of the Bukhara and Khiva khanates by foreign
researchers has contributed to a deeper understanding of the political, economic and cultural life
of these regions. Although the studies conducted by European and Russian scientists were often
related to the geopolitical interests of their time, they have played a significant role in shedding
light on important aspects of the history of the khanates. Their scientific heritage is an important
source for modern historiography, and research in this area should be continued. At the same
time, the analysis of subjective approaches in research and comparison with local sources serve
to enrich the modern scientific approach.
References:
1. Али Акбар вилояти. Тарихи равобати хорижий и Ирон дар аҳди шоҳ Исмоил Сафавий.
– Б.29.
2. Дженкинсон А. Путешественники в Среднюю Азию. 1558-1560 гг. / Перевод с
английского Ю.В.Готъе//Английские путешественники в Москвском государстве в
XVI в. – Л.: Полиграфнига, 1937. – С. 167-192.
3. Женкинсон А. Россиядаги Москвадан Бақтриядаги Бухоро шаҳригача 1558-йилги
саёҳат. / Рус тилидан таржима, кириш, изоҳлар ва кўрсаткичлар муаллифлари
Б.Аминов ва А.Замонов. Т.: Баёз, 2017.
4. Искандарбек мунший. Тарихи оламоройи Аббосий. 1–жилд.– Б.36
5. Муҳаммадёр ибн Араб Қатаған. Мусаххир ал–билод Б.41 – 42.
6. Сейди Али Раис. Миръот ул–мамолих / таржима ва изоҳлар муаллифи Ш. Зуннунова.
– Т.: Ўз ССР Фанлар Академияси нашриёти, 1963;
XVI–XVII
асрларда рус
элчиларининг саёҳатлари. Мақола рўйҳатлари. Масъул муҳаррир Д.С.Лихачев. – М.,
1954; Лунин Б.В. Ўзбекистон тарихи манбалари. XVI–XIX аср саёҳатчилари,
жуғрофиюн олимлари, ёзувчилари. – Т., 1988, Женкинсон А. Россиядаги Москвадан
4
Муҳаммадёр ибн Араб Қатаған. Мусаххир ал–билод Б.41 – 42.
5
Искандарбек мунший. Тарихи оламоройи Аббосий. 1–жилд.– Б.36
6
Муҳаммадёр ибн Араб Қатаған. Мусаххир ал–билод Б.51.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 03,2025
Journal:
https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai
page 1395
Бақтриядаги Бухоро шаҳригача 1558-йилги саёҳат. / Рус тилидан таржима, кириш,
изоҳлар ва кўрсаткичлар муаллифлари Б. Аминов ва А.Замонов, 2017. Б.– 39–43.
7. Akhmedova, N., Tangirov, K., Sattorova, Z., Jabbarov, U., Abdalov, U., Yuldosheva, N., &
Qurbonalieva, M. (2024). The Role of Street Art as a Language of Innovation in Uzbekistan's
Architectural Practices. AIS-Architecture Image Studies, 5(1), 142-153.
8. Abdalov, U., & Rakhmanova, S. (2024). Wedding ceremonies harmonization of religious and
national values. Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology, 4(12), 38-43.
