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УДК 624.
METHODS OF WALL PROTECTION FROM MOISTURE INFLUENCE IN THE
PROCESS OF PERFECT REPAIR OF USED BUILDINGS
Tulakov Elmurod Salomovich
doctor of technical sciences, professor
Sirojiddinov Shavkat Najmiddinovich
,
doctoral student (PhD)
Khaydarov Shakhram Ravshanovich
,
doctoral student (PhD)
Matyokubov Bobur Pulatovich
doctoral student (PhD).
Samarkand State Architecture and Construction
University named after Mirzo Ulugbek (SamSACU), Uzbekistan.
Abstract:
The results of research aimed at studying the technical condition of buildings and
structures in recent years and archival data collected during their operation show that the
technical condition of most previously constructed buildings has deteriorated, and their
basements have become damaged. This article raises the issue of the fact that traditional methods
of protecting building walls from soil moisture cannot be a reliable barrier to the penetration of
soil moisture into the thickness of the wall and that a new approach is needed.
Key words:
highly sedimentable soil, low binding, loose, dispersive.
1. Introduction.
High humidity in the walls is a problem for buildings that are heavily
used (operated). This problem is especially important for basement and basement walls, which
operate in the most adverse conditions, in direct contact with soil moisture.
The practice of operating buildings has shown that when the external wall is wetted by soil
moisture, the operational quality of the buildings, their strength and durability are significantly
reduced, since the horizontal waterproofing between the foundation and the external walls loses
its protective properties. Even the most common waterproofing methods (paint, adhesive, mastic)
lose their ability to prevent moisture from penetrating the thickness of the external wall after 10-
12 years. Cement-based waterproofing layers with various wetting or hydrophobic additives are
used to protect the external walls of foundations from soil moisture, and this layer also loses its
(waterproofing) properties over time [1] (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. The outer wall is damp from soil moisture.
During the operation of buildings, the long-term absence or damage of horizontal and
vertical waterproofing layers leads to capillary absorption of groundwater and wetting of the
lower parts of the walls. In this case, the moisture rise height for capillary systems is determined
by the following formula:
.
/
4
d
g
H
=
K
r
s
(1)
Where
s
- surface tension of water (
м
н
/
10
5
,
72
3
-
=
s
);
d– minimum capillary diameter (for building materials
м
d
3
10
2
-
=
);
r
- density of water (
3
3
/
10
м
кг
=
r
);
g
- acceleration of gravity (
2
/
81
,
9
сек
м
g
=
).
In practice, the capillary rise of moisture through brick walls reaches a height of up to 0.5 m.
If the wall material contains chloride salts with high hygroscopicity, this moisture rises to a
height of 3-4 meters, and sometimes up to 5-6 meters. The consequences of such moisture are a
decrease in the heat-shielding qualities of external walls, contamination and deterioration of
interior finishes, the appearance of salt stains on the facade of the building and mold and mildew
on the inner surface of the damp external wall (Fig. 2). This situation can lead to a number of
serious diseases for people who have to live and work in such buildings [2].
It should be noted that the results of studies conducted abroad (in particular, Germany,
Norway and Finland) show that the mortality rate from diseases caused by these events exceeds
the mortality rate from road accidents [3]. In addition to unfavorable hygienic conditions,
increased humidity in external barrier structures leads to accelerated deterioration of external
barrier structures, which leads to a significant increase in operating costs.
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Figure 2.
Mold and fungi on the inner surface of the damp outer wall
2. The main part
. Dehumidification of damp walls of buildings consists of two stages:
- drying the walls and foundations;
- restoring waterproofing.
It is very difficult and expensive to restore horizontal waterproofing of external walls using
traditional mechanical methods.
Covering the internal surfaces of rooms with rolled (wrapping) materials only temporarily
improves the hygienic condition in the room. However, such a layer usually contributes to the
accumulation of moisture in external barrier structures. Because it makes it difficult for moisture
to escape through the internal layers of the structure, and therefore, after such repairs, the
humidity in the room increases. Especially difficult is the process of restoring the waterproofing
of residential buildings that are in operation. To protect the structure from the effects of soil
moisture, it is necessary to restore both the waterproofing on the vertical surface of the
foundation in contact with the ground, as well as the horizontal waterproofing between the
foundation and the wall [4]. In this case, the last resort is to dismantle the walls of the building
down to the foundation and lay a new layer of waterproofing, followed by reconstruction
(restoration) of the walls. At the same time, an alternative waterproofing method is to inject the
damp walls into the thickness of their material (the injection material is injected into the wall
through one or two rows of injection holes). This reduces their capillary permeability. However,
such materials are very expensive and require drilling many holes in the walls for their use. This,
in turn, can lead to additional moisture penetration into the wall thickness.
Thus, traditional methods of protection cannot be a reliable barrier to the penetration of
soil moisture into the wall thickness.
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It has been established that 75% of all moisture rising through the wall structure occurs due
to the action of electroosmotic forces. Electroosmotic forces are the result of an electric field that
appears in the building structure as a result of the electric field of the earth, galvanic
microelements of materials, thermal insulation layer, friction forces that arise on the surface of
the building facade under the influence of wind, and many other factors. Therefore, in order to
prevent the foundation from getting wet from soil moisture, it is necessary to eliminate the
natural electric field created in the wall structure or change its direction.
According to this idea, one of the methods of combating the walls of buildings in operation
is based on the so-called electroosmotic method, that is, by preventing the foundation from
getting wet from soil moisture.
It should be noted that the discovery of the phenomenon of electroosmosis - the reverse
movement of liquid through capillaries and micropores when an external electric field is applied
- was discovered in 1808 by the Russian researcher, professor of Moscow University F.F. Reiss.
For example, during the reconstruction of the building built in Kronstadt in 1825-1836 to
accommodate the 1st Naval Cadet Corps, active electroosmotic drying was carried out. The first
floor was built in an arched brick structure on a solid foundation. The walls were 1.5 meters
thick, the building's waterproofing layer was broken, and there were no basements. The capillary
rise of moisture in the walls of the first floor was 2-2.5 meters. In the humid zone, the humidity
of the brick walls was 20-22%, that is, they were completely saturated with moisture. The work
was carried out in three stages, each lasting three months. 900 anode electrodes were placed on
the walls of the building and 48 independent power circuits were formed. 50 cathode electrodes
are placed on the ground both inside and outside the building (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Schemes for installing anodes and cathodes: 1-DC source;
2-electrodes (anodes); 3-electrodes (cathodes); 4-drying wall;
5 - bush foundation; 6- power line.
One of the main problems associated with the use of electrical power up to 200 watts is the
intensive melting of the anode electrodes, which occurs according to the following law:
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t
I
D
G
=
A
E
(2)
where: G is the mass loss of the material, kg;
I
А
− anode current,А;
D
E
- electrochemical equivalent mass of the metal, kg/(A
⋅
h);
t – time, hours.
To reduce the solubility of the anode electrodes in the cement mixture, the gap between the
anode electrode and the brickwork is filled with graphite powder. Graphite has the same
electronic conductivity as metal. Therefore, chemical reactions do not occur at the contact
boundary of these materials, and the steel anode does not dissolve in places where it comes into
contact with graphite.
Also, the electrochemical equivalent mass of graphite
)
10
91
,
0
(
5
-
E
=
D
is twice as small
compared to the electrochemical equivalent mass of steel
)).
/(
,
10
04
,
1
(
3
соат
А
кг
D
=
-
E
Before starting to dry the control samples of the brick, its absolute weight moisture was
determined. According to the results of 10 measurements, the absolute weight of the brick wall is
equal to the moisture content. The volume of a brick wall in this humidity is 300 m3.
At the first stage, the electroosmotic device was connected to a 150-160 V power source.
After three months, the electroosmotic dryer was switched to waterproofing mode, i.e.
automatically controlled 6-12 Watt voltage regulation.
Final part.
In conclusion, it should be noted that today there are no domestic research
methods equipped with equipment and tested for a long time at specific facilities. Research
conducted at facilities operated in the CIS mainly dates back to the Soviet era and was applied at
several facilities, including two residential buildings of the Moscow Railway. These studies,
conducted by the Drymatec company over a three-year period, proved the effectiveness of the
electroosmotic drying method (for three years of observations in these buildings, the humidity of
wet brick walls decreased to values close to equilibrium) [6], however, this method has not
received a wide industrial program in our country. In this regard, the study of the research of
German, Finnish and Norwegian specialists in the field of drying of building envelopes using
electroosmotic methods, which included drying using galvanic cells, is of particular importance
for those who are conducting research on this topic. The problem of wall dampness should be
solved using all the accumulated experience and the latest materials and technologies. This will
allow in the near future to develop a domestic scientifically based technique with appropriate
equipment. This will allow for an objective analysis of the moisture content of walls during the
dampness process.
References:
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Scientific &Technology Research (IJSTR).Volume 8, Issue 11, 3311-3314 Pp.November
2019. ISSN 2277-8616.
2. Tulakov E.S., Ph.D.; Inoyatov D.T., Kurbonov A.S., assistant; International Journal of
Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-8 Issue-
6, March 2020. Page No.: 4832-4835.
3. Вестник «Зодчий, XXI век» //Информационно-аналитический журнал, Вып.3 (15),
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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