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SYNTACTIC POSSIBILITIES OF WORD-FORMATION TOOLS IN
THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
Ruziyev Ismoil Isogovich
Teacher of Uzbek language and literature at the
specialized boarding school No. 1 in Karshi.
Abstract:
Subordinate means perform the function of binding the subordinate word to the control
word (subordinate fragment to the control fragment). In the dictionary, the subordinate
complements the subordinate valence of the word, and the subordinate complements the
subordinate valence of the word. Forms parts of a sentence in speech (possessive, additional,
determinative, case), directly or indirectly connecting them with the participle, which is the
central part of the sentence. It serves to expand the sentence and fully express the thought.
Key words:
Speech, sentence, noun, auxiliary, conjugation, noun, adjective, number, stepwise
means, compound, relation, compound.
Annotatsiya:
Tobelovchi vositalar tobe so‘zni hokim so‘zga (tobe bo‘lakni hokim bo‘lakka)
bog‘lash vazifasini bajaradi. So‘z birikmasida tobe so‘zning hokim valentligini, hokim so‘zning
tobe valentligini to‘ldiradi. Nutqda gap bo‘laklarini (ega, to‘ldiruvchi, aniqlovchi, hol)
shakllantiradi, gapning markaziy bo‘lagi bo‘lgan kesimga bevosita yoki bilvosita bog‘laydi. Gap
kengayishi va fikrni to‘liq ifodalash uchun xizmat qiladi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Nutq, gap, ism, ko‘makchi, kelishik, ot, sifat, son, tebelovchi vosita, birikma,
munosabat, birikuv.
Aннотация:
Подчинительные средства выполняют функцию привязки подчиненного
слова к управляющему слову (подчиненный фрагмент к управляющему фрагменту). В
словаре подчиненный дополняет подчиненную валентность слова, а подчиненный-
подчиненную валентность слова. Образует в речи части предложения (притяжательное,
дополнительное, определительное, падежное), прямо или косвенно связывая их с
причастием, которое является центральной частью предложения. Служит для расширения
предложения и полного выражения мысли.
Ключевые слова:
Речь, предложение, существительное, вспомогательное средство,
спряжение, существительное, прилагательное, число, ступенчатое средство, соединение,
отношение, соединение.
Introduction
. In speech, we express our thoughts through a sentence. On the other hand,
a sentence consists of conjunctions based on the mutually subordinate-authoritative relations of
words in speech. The role of stimulants in the formation of such compounds is important. In the
Uzbek language, the word is divided into two groups according to what exactly the tobelers are
subjected to:
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1)
subordinating a noun to a noun or verb: kelishik shakllari, ko‘makchilar, -gacha, -
dagi, -day/dek shakllari, ohang;
2) the subject of a verb or noun: fe’l kelishiklari (ravishdosh, sifatdosh).
Before analyzing the grammatical features of both groups of means, it is appropriate to
focus on the question of What a name is and which words relate to it. In Uzbek linguistics, the
noun group includes nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, action nouns, adjectives, and
imitation words that tend to vary in conjugation and possessive forms[1:43]. Let's analyze the
variations of nouns using the example of the accusative case (-ning) and possessive forms.:
Ot
ning
Ot
i
= daraxt
ning
shox
i;
Sifat
ning
Sifat
i
= yaxshi
ning
yomon
i;
Son
ning
Son
i
= besh
ning
yarm
i;
Olmosh
ning
Ot
im
= me
ning
uy
im;
Harakat nomi
ning
Ot
si
= yozish
ning
foyda
si;
While consonants indicate subordination, linking the previous word in conjunction with
the next, possessive forms indicate the relationship of the next word to the previous one, giving it
the status of domineering.
There are six conjugation forms in the modern Uzbek literary language, which are studied
as a conjugation category. Conjugations are considered as “a system of forms indicating the
subordination of a noun or adverb, expressing the relation of a noun to a verb, noun, or word of
another kind"[2:48].
T/r Kelishik nomi
Shakli
Misollar
1
Bosh kelishik
Xat yozildi
2
Qaratqich kelishigi
-ning
Daraxt
ning
shoxi
3
Jo‘nalish kelishigi
-ga (-ka, -qa)
Kutubxona
ga
bordi
2
Tushum kelishigi
-ni
Topshiriq
ni
bajardi
5
O‘rin-payt kelishigi
-da
Samarqand
da
yashaydi
6
Chiqish kelishigi
-dan
Ustoz
dan
so‘radi
Analysis of the literature on the topic (Literature review).
Auxiliary words are
considered “auxiliary words that follow a noun or words that perform a specific function and
express such relationships as purpose, cause, means, time, space"[2:53] and there are three types::
T/r Turlari
Ko‘makchilar
1
Asl ko‘makchilar
– mustaqil leksik
ma’nosini yo‘qotgan, faqat shu vazifada
keladigan ko‘makchilar
bilan, uchun, sari, sayin, uzra, qadar, tufayli
va boshqalar
2
Ot ko‘makchilar
– fe’l bo‘lmagan
so‘zdan kelib chiqqan ko‘makchilar
tomon, tashqari, old, orqa, yon, ich, ora,
keyin va boshqalar
3
Fe’l ko‘makchilar
– fe’lning biror
vazifa
shaklidan
kelib
chiqqan
ko‘makchilar
qarab, tortib, boshlab, qaraganda va
boshqalar.
While pure auxiliaries serve only for this task, nouns and verb auxiliaries are auxiliaries
that have lost their original vocabulary meaning. Words acting as such an auxiliary act as the
corresponding independent word if they retain their lexical meaning. The syntactic function of
assistants is manifested in cooperation with consonants, which serve for subordinate nouns in the
form of bosh kelishik, jo'nalish kelishik, chiqish kelishik, qaratqich kelishik to the next word:
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Ot
BK kabi
Sifat = ona
kabi
mehribon;
Ot
JK doir
Ot = mavzu
ga doir
fikrlar;
Harakat nomi
ChK oldin
Fe’l = bajarish
dan oldin
o‘ylamoq;
Ot
QK ustida
Fe’l = masala
ning ustida
tortishmoq.
The grammatical forms -gacha, -dagi, -day/dek in Uzbek are also similar to conjugations
that connect a word with another word and affect its meaning. We can see this in the examples
below:
Ot
gacha
Fe’l = daryo
gacha
bormoq;
Ot
dagi
Ot = javon
dagi
kitoblar;
Ot
dek
Sifat = gul
dek
nozik.
In the first example, the -gacha form connects the noun with the verb (daryo + bormoq) to
convey the meaning of the border, in the second example, the -dagi form connects the noun with
the noun (javon + kitoblar) to convey the meaning of the place, and in the third example, the -
dek form connects the noun with the adjective (gul + nozik) to express the value of the
comparison that served. Although these forms are still considered as word-formers today, “the
ability of all morphological forms to perform a syntactic function”[3] has already been proven
based on scientific analysis.
Tone is also considered a relative means indicating the nature of conjugations, and its role
is enhanced when there are no necessary means for subjunctive mood of a noun with a noun or
verb. For example, in the following subordinate relations, the subordinate word governor is
attached to the word using the tone of subordination: ilmiy asar, yaxshi fikr, bilimdon o'quvchi,
o'nta daftar, tez gapirmoq, ko'p so'zlamoq.
Research Methodology.
In addition to tone, word order also plays a role in such
combinations. Because in the Uzbek language, adjectives, numerals, adverbs are mostly inclined
as subordinate words. Tone is also directly related to subordinate connections, as it “shows the
syntactic separation of connections"[4:25]. For example, the combination katta ko'zli uzuk can
be represented in two ways: katta//ko'zli uzuk (uzuk katta) and katta ko'zli//uzuk (uzukning ko'zi
katta). Consequently, tone influences the demonstration of the spiritual differentiation of
subordinate conjunctions in speech.
In linguistics, verb forms are one of the topics that researchers focus on. Looking at the
works researched in Uzbek linguistics on this issue, these verb forms are studied under terms
such as fe'lning vazifa shakllari, fe'lning o'zgalovchi kategoriyasi, tur kategoriyasi [92], fe'lning
boshqa turkumlarga monand shaklari [174] and other terms. These forms ensure that the verb
performs some syntactic function in speech and acquire commonality with this property. While
the pure verb form of the verb ensures its functioning as a participle, verbs in the form of an
action name take the forms of conjugation and attraction, allowing the verb to perform syntactic
functions specific to the noun. The adverb forms differ from the forms of the pure verb and the
action name in that they connect the verb with the verb, while the adjective forms connect the
verb with the noun (sometimes verb). That is why we consider it appropriate to call the forms of
adverbs and adjectives verb conjugations.
In modern Uzbek, the forms -(i)b, -a/y, -may/masdan, -gancha, -gach, -gani, -guncha are
distinguished as forms of an adverb. Let's look at their ”connection of the previous verb with the
next verb as a subordinate member" using some examples:
Fe’l
ib
Fe’l = tushun
ib
so‘zlamoq;
Fe’l
y-y
Fe’l = ishla
y
-ishla
y
charchamoq;
Fe’l
masdan
Fe’l = qara
masdan
aytmoq;
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Fe’l
gancha
Fe’l = kul
gancha
qaramoq;
Fe’l
gach
Fe’l = o‘qi
gach
qaytarmoq;
Fe’l
gani
Fe’l = o‘qi
gani
kelmoq.
These forms, along with the syntactic task of linking verb to verb, express meanings such
as holat (-(i)b, -a/y, -may/masdan, -gancha), payt (-gach, -guncha), maqsad (-gani) in speech.
Analysis and results.
Adjectives exhibit syntactic and morphological meanings, such as
attributing a verb to the word following it when it is translated into speech, and attaching an
adjective to the verb it forms. Today, words like -gan, -(a)yotgan,
-adigan, -ydigan, -(a)r, -
(u)vchi, -mish, -ajak, -asi(gusi) are considered forms of adjectives. “The lexical and syntactic
formative character of index adjectives consists in the fact that they connect their common
syntactic essence – the verb as a subordinate link to the noun (or verb) and in this regard acquire
a spiritual property–the realization in speech of the action and the result of the action expressed
by the verb as a sign of the thing-object”[6:68]. Let's look at the place of adjectives in phrases
using examples:
Fe’l
gan
Ot = o‘sgan nihol;
Fe’l
ar
Ot = oqar daryo;
Fe’l
uvchi
Ot = tinglovchi odamlar;
Fe’l
mish
Ot = (kuyov) bo‘lmish yigit;
Fe’l
gusi
Ot = kelgusi hayot.
When subordinating the verb to which the adjective is attached, the ruling word flea gives
it the meaning of time (past, present, future). This is considered a characteristic of the nature of
adjectives.
Looking at the above analysis, subordinates assign the status of subordination to the word
they join and associate it with the subordinate word: they form phrases. In a sentence, the
subjunctive mood prepares the word for a specific syntactic task.
Ular arzanda bolalarini ana shunday, butun umrlarini, rohat-farog‘atlarini bag‘ishlab
o‘stirishgan edi [8:328].
This sentence contains the following syntactic conjunctions:
bag‘ishla
b
o‘stirishgan edi;
rohat-farog‘atlari
ni
bag‘ishlab;
umrlari
ni
bag‘ishlab;
butun umrlarini;
ana shun
day
o‘stirishgan edi;
bolalari
ni
o‘stirishgan edi;
arzanda bolalarini;
ular o‘stirishgan edi.
Conclusions and suggestions (conclusions/recommendations).
To summarize, we can say
that subordinate tools perform the function of binding the subordinate word to the control word
(subordinate fragment to the control fragment). In the dictionary, the subordinate complements
the subordinate valence of the word, and the subordinate complements the subordinate valence
of the word. Forms parts of a sentence in speech (possessive, additional, determinative, case),
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Journal:
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directly or indirectly connecting them with the participle, which is the central part of the
sentence. It serves to expand the sentence and fully express the thought.
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160 b.
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миллий энциклопедияси, 1985. – 164 б.
3. Менглиев Б. Морфологик воситаларнинг маъновий хусусиятлари ва синтактик
имкониятлари: филол.фан.номз.дисс... автореф. – Тошкент, 1996 – 28 б.
4. М.Қурбонова, Р.Сайфуллаева, Г.Боқиева, Б.Менглиев. Ўзбек тилининг структурал
синтаксиси (ўқув қўлланма). – Тошкент. 2003. – 142 б.
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2010. – 585 б.
6. Баҳриддинова Б. Ҳозирги замон ўзбек тили. Монография. Қарши, 2004. – 92 б.
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