MORPHOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC FACTORS IN BORROWING WORDS

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23

American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025

Journal:

https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai

page 405

MORPHOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC FACTORS IN BORROWING WORDS

Kuchkarov Iskandarbek Alisher ugli

1st-year PhD student at ASPI,

Email:

ula20061985@gmail.com

Abstract:

This article demonstrates how the interaction between world nations has had an

impact on various fields, including the field of language. It highlights the significant aspects

of how words enter society based on extralinguistic factors and how these words are adapted

to the linguistic factors of the language, specifically morphological and semantic aspects. In

this process, both the similarities and differences are also discussed. Clear and precise

examples have been provided for all the presented ideas.

Key words

: morphological, semantic, English, borrowed words, linguistics.

In the process of borrowing words from foreign languages, the components of the words —

roots (bases), affixes, and other morphemes also undergo noticeable changes or are adapted

to the system of the borrowing language and grammatical norms of Uzbek.

Borrowed words often possess prefixes or suffixes that are not compatible with the Uzbek

language. For example:



democracy → demokratiya, philosophy → filosofiya — in this case, the suffixes "-

cracy" and "-phy" from Greek/Latin are expressed in Uzbek as "-iya

1

."



The verb "modernize" in English, when borrowed, changes morphologically into

"modernizatsiya" (noun) or "modernizatsiyalamoq" (verb)

2

.

Borrowed words enable the creation of new units based on the word formation models of the

Uzbek language. For instance:



kompyuter → kompyuterlashtirish, kompyuterchi, kompyuterlashmoq. Here, verb-

forming (-lashtir, -chi), noun-forming, and auxiliary affixes are added. This process

highlights the rich morphological possibilities of Uzbek

3

.

Borrowed words also enable the creation of compound words in Uzbek with other terms:

1

Raxmatullayev Sh.

Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili

. – Toshkent: Fan, 2006.

2

Rasulov M.

Terminshunoslik asoslari

. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi, 2010.

3

Qo‘chqorov Q.

O‘zbek tilida yangi so‘zlar

. – Toshkent: Akademnashr, 2019.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23

American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025

Journal:

https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai

page 406



marketing → marketing strategiyasi, internet marketing, marketing kursi. Here, the

word combines with an Uzbek unit to become a compound term. This morphological

adaptation is an active and natural form of borrowing

4

.

Some borrowed forms, originally complex morphemic structures, are simplified:



administrator → admin, Information → info, television → televizor, application →

ilova. In this case, semantic abbreviation is accompanied by the removal of morphemic parts

or the adaptation to Uzbek

5

.

While many borrowed words may initially remain unchanged, they later become fully

integrated into the grammatical system of the Uzbek language, showing full adaptation:



blog → blogchi, blogim, blogimizda yozilgan, trend → trendlar, trendinga kirish. This

shows that these words are fully "naturalized" in the Uzbek language, conforming to

grammatical norms.

Thus, morphological factors in word borrowing are linked to the grammatical, word-forming,

and inflectional possibilities of the Uzbek language. Borrowed words adapt to the

morphological system of the national language, aligning with its word-formation models.

In the development of a language, the adaptation of borrowed words to the syntactic system

is crucial. Syntax — which is the study of sentence structure and the connection patterns of

words and phrases — reveals how borrowed words function in sentences, their order, and

how they integrate into syntactic structures.

Words borrowed from English are adapted to the specific grammatical sentence structures of

Uzbek, especially in verb-noun order, adjective-noun agreement, and possessive and

definiteness forms. For instance, the English "word order" becomes "so‘z tartibi" in Uzbek,

where the word order is changed due to syntactic norms

6

.



Data base → ma’lumotlar bazasi,



Mobile phone → mobil telefon,



User interface → foydalanuvchi interfeysi.

Borrowed units are often not adopted in their ready form but are incorporated into word

combinations, adjusted to the syntactic structure of the Uzbek language, i.e., they are used in

a modifier-modified order. While in English the modifying word comes at the end, in Uzbek

it is placed at the beginning

7

.



Security system → xavfsizlik tizimi,

4

G‘afforov N.

So‘z yasashning morfologik modellariga doir

. – “Filologiya masalalari”, 2021, №2.

5

Karimov D.

So‘z o‘zlashtirish va uni normallashtirish muammolari

. – “Til va adabiyot ta’limi”, 2020, №1.

6

Qo‘chqorov Q.

O‘zbek tilida yangi so‘zlar va neologizmlar

. – Toshkent: Akademnashr, 2019.

7

Karimov D.

Tilshunoslikka kirish

. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston Milliy Ensiklopediyasi, 2015.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23

American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025

Journal:

https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai

page 407



Energy source → energiyaning manbai,



Translation tools → tarjima vositalari.

In the current computer age, there is a high demand for short, simple expressions in sentence

structure. Therefore, borrowed words are expressed based on minimal syntactic units.

Sometimes the English structure is preserved, but it has to be adjusted to the Uzbek word

order

8

.



Online learning platform → onlayn o‘quv platformasi,



Smart home devices → aqlli uy qurilmalari,



Cloud storage → bulutli saqlash tizimi.

Borrowed words adapt fully to the Uzbek language through their syntactic roles in a sentence.

In this case, along with morphological changes, syntactic connection plays a significant role.

For example, the word "internet," borrowed from English, is used in Uzbek not only as a

noun but also as a subject and a modifier

9

.



Internet orqali uydan ishlash imkoniyati ortmoqda. (Internet – ega),



Internet texnologiyalari yildan yilga rivojlanmoqda. (Internet – aniqlovchi),



Men internetdan foydalandim. (internet – to‘ldiruvchi).

Some borrowed words may also be accepted as phraseological units. This shows their

significant place in the syntactic system

10

.



Green card → grin karta (ko‘chma ma’noda ishlatiladi),



Hot line → ishton chizig‘i, tezkor aloqa liniyasi (konkret yoki ko‘chma ma’noda),



Start-up → startap loyihasi.

Therefore, lexical borrowing based on syntactic factors ensures that borrowed words adapt to

the sentence structure and word order of the Uzbek language. This enhances the expressive

capacity of the Uzbek language, frees the speech style, and strengthens the vocabulary

through syntactic structures. For this reason, syntactic adaptation plays a crucial role in the

harmony of the entire linguistic system.

The process of enriching the lexicon occurs mainly through its internal capabilities and

through lexical borrowing from foreign languages. The integration of semantic (meaning)

adjustments also contributes to the language system. Semantic adaptation based on borrowing

refers to the acceptance of words in accordance with the concepts, meaning scope, and

semantic structures of the Uzbek language, or new needs. Many borrowed words, whose

8

Ermatova M.

O‘zbek tilida internet terminlarining sintaktik xususiyatlari

. – “Filologiya masalalari”, 2021.

9

Soliyev O.

O‘zlashgan so‘zlarning grammatik moslashuvi

. – “Til va jamiyat”, 2020.

10

Saidova G.

Sintaktik frazeologizmlar va ularning o‘zlashuvi

. – “O‘zbek tili va adabiyoti”, 2022.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23

American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025

Journal:

https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai

page 408

meanings have changed, are used in new or more specific contexts in Uzbek. This can result

in either a narrowing or broadening of the meaning

11

.



Konsultatsiya (rus tilida umumiy maslahat) – o‘zbek tilida asosan tibbiy maslahat

yoki mutaxassis yordami ma’nosida.



Monitor (ingliz tilida kuzatuvchi, nazoratchi) – texnik termin sifatida kompyuter

ekrani deb talqin qilinadi.

These types of borrowings are made in accordance with semantic appropriateness

12

. In Uzbek,

synonymous units that are borrowed from foreign languages are introduced with a semantic

difference. They complement each other or bring new semantic nuances.



Tahlil va analiz – bir ma’noni bersa-da,

“

analiz

”

ilmiy va texnik nutqda afzal ko‘riladi.



Ishlab chiqarish va produksiya – biri kengroq va umumiy, ikkinchisi aniq iqtisodiy

atama sifatida qo’llaniladi.

Here, semantic differentiation takes place through borrowing

13

.

Borrowed words combine with other Uzbek words, being used in new meanings.



Platforma – ilgari faqat temir yo‘l bekatidagi balandlikni anglatsa, endilikda u

ijtimoiy media, texnologik servislar (masalan, “ta’lim platformasi”, “onlayn platforma”)

ma’nolarida kengaygan.



Server – dastlab kompyuter tizimidagi ma’lumot tarqatuvchi qurilma, lekin hozirda

xizmat ko‘rsatuvchi tizim sifatida kengroq ishlatiladi.

This broadening of semantic scope addresses new needs in language.

Sometimes borrowed words conflict with existing Uzbek words in meaning. In such cases,

they undergo semantic adjustments or are used with distinguishing units.



Adapter (moslashtiruvchi qurilma) so‘zi o‘zbek tilida moslamachi so‘zidan semantik

jihatdan farqlanadi.



Scanner – oddiy lug‘aviy jihatdan tekshiruvchi, lekin texnik ma’noda

tasvir

o‘quvchi

qurilma sifatida mustahkamlanadi.

This process of semantic specialization reduces foreignness in language

14

.

In modern science and technology, many terms enter Uzbek as new concepts for which there

was no prior equivalent. These concepts are either translated semantically or directly

borrowed.

11

Raxmatullayev Sh.

Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili

. – Toshkent: Fan, 2006. – B94

12

Qo‘chqorov Q.

O‘zbek tilida yangi so‘zlar va ularning o‘zlashuvi

. – Toshkent: Akademnashr, 2019.

13

Tursunov E.

Sinonimlar va semantik tafovutlar

. – “Til va jamiyat”, 2020.

14

Karimov D.

Tilshunoslikka kirish

. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston Milliy Ensiklopediyasi, 2015

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23

American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025

Journal:

https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai

page 409



Blockchain – to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri “blok zanjiri” deb tarjima qilinadi, ammo uni

semantik mohiyati (markazlashmagan, raqamli xavfsiz tizim) asosida tushunish kerak.



Startup – yosh biznes yoki innovatsion loyiha sifatida yangicha iqtisodiy kontseptni

bildiradi.

Here, the clear expression of the content's essence is of great importance

15

.

Semantic-based adaptation refers to the process by which words are adjusted to fit the content

of the language system. This factor ensures adaptability in response to innovations in the

scientific-technical, cultural, and economic fields.

As a conclusion we can say that morphological factors ensure that the borrowed word fits the

grammatical structure, allowing for proper conjugation or declension.

Syntactic factors further ensure the borrowed words align with the sentence structure and

word order of the receiving language, maintaining the integrity of linguistic patterns. Finally,

semantic factors guide the adaptation of meanings, where borrowed words may evolve in

their sense and be used in different contexts or with new nuances.

References:

1. Ermatov B. Texnolingvistika asoslari. – Toshkent: Innovatsiya nashriyoti, 2023.

2. Ermatova M. O‘zbek tilida internet terminlarining sintaktik xususiyatlari. – “Filologiya

masalalari”, 2021.

3. G‘afforov N. So‘z yasashning morfologik modellariga doir. – “Filologiya masalalari”,

2021, №2.

4. Karimov D. So‘z o‘zlashtirish va uni normallashtirish muammolari. – “Til va adabiyot

ta’limi”, 2020, №1.

5. Karimov D. Tilshunoslikka kirish. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston Milliy Ensiklopediyasi, 2015.

6. Qo‘chqorov Q. O‘zbek tilida yangi so‘zlar va neologizmlar. – Toshkent: Akademnashr,

2019.

7. Qo‘chqorov Q. O‘zbek tilida yangi so‘zlar va ularning o‘zlashuvi. – Toshkent:

Akademnashr, 2019.

8. Qo‘chqorov Q. O‘zbek tilida yangi so‘zlar. – Toshkent: Akademnashr, 2019.

9. Rasulov M. Terminshunoslik asoslari. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi,

2010.

10. Raxmatullayev Sh. Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili. – Toshkent: Fan, 2006.

11. Saidova G. Sintaktik frazeologizmlar va ularning o‘zlashuvi. – “O‘zbek tili va adabiyoti”,

2022.

12. Soliyev O. O‘zlashgan so‘zlarning grammatik moslashuvi. – “Til va jamiyat”, 2020.

13. Tursunov E. Sinonimlar va semantik tafovutlar. – “Til va jamiyat”, 2020.

15

Ermatov B.

Texnolingvistika asoslari

. – Toshkent: Innovatsiya nashriyoti, 2023.