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VERBALIZATION OF SPEECH ACTS USING THE LANGUAGE MEANS
"RECOMMEND" AND "RECOMMENDATION"
Djurayeva Shahlo Gulom kizi
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
The teacher of the “Department of English history and grammar”
Abstract;
This article aims to examine the roles of the cognate terms "recommendation" and
"recommend," focusing on their semantic implications in the formation of speech acts. The
underlying principle posits that the semantics of these terms influence the involvement of
various linguistic elements in the execution of a speech act. It is proposed that these terms
can be utilized in the construction of the speech acts "recommendation," "advice," and
"acquaintance," with the latter being largely archaic and infrequently employed in
contemporary Russian. The novelty of this study lies in its inaugural exploration of the
speech act "recommendation" within the Russian linguistic context. In the speech act of
"recommendation," the term "recommend" is deemed irreplaceable by the term "introduce."
Conversely, in the context of acquaintance through a third party, modern Russian exclusively
employs constructions featuring the verb "I introduce you to someone." Furthermore, the
concept of advice is solely articulated through the terms "recommend" and
"recommendation."
Keywords:
speech acts, recommendation, to recommend, directives, prospectivity, advice,
recommendation.
Аннотация.
Цель данной статьи — рассмотреть роли однокоренных терминов
«рекомендация» и «рекомендовать», с акцентом на их семантические особенности в
формировании речевых актов. Основной принцип исследования заключается в том, что
семантика этих терминов влияет на привлечение различных языковых средств при
реализации речевого акта. Предполагается, что указанные термины могут
использоваться при формировании речевых актов «рекомендация», «совет» и
«знакомство», при этом последний носит в основном архаичный характер и редко
используется в современном русском языке. Новизна исследования состоит в первом
обращении к речевому акту «рекомендация» в контексте русского языка. В речевом
акте «рекомендация» глагол «рекомендовать» рассматривается как незаменимый по
отношению к глаголу «представлять». Напротив, в случае знакомства через третье
лицо в современном русском языке используются исключительно конструкции с
глаголом «представлять» (например: «я представляю тебя кому-либо»). Кроме того,
понятие совета передаётся исключительно с помощью терминов «рекомендовать» и
«рекомендация».
Ключевые слова:
речевые акты, рекомендация, рекомендовать, директивы,
проспективность, совет, рекомендация.
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Annotatsiya;
Ushbu maqola “tavsiya” va “tavsiya qilmoq” singari ildosh atamalarning nutq
aktlari shakllanishidagi semantik ahamiyatini o‘rganishga qaratilgan. Asosiy g‘oya shundan
iboratki, bu atamalarning semantikasi turli lingvistik vositalarning nutq aktini amalga
oshirishdagi ishtirokiga ta’sir qiladi. Tadqiqotda ushbu atamalar “tavsiya”, “maslahat” va
“tanishtirish” kabi nutq aktlarini shakllantirishda ishlatilishi mumkinligi ilgari suriladi. Shuni
ta’kidlash lozimki, “tanishtirish” nutq akti hozirgi rus tilida asosan arxaik tusga ega bo‘lib,
kam qo‘llaniladi. Mazkur tadqiqotning yangiligi shundaki, unda ilk bor rus tili kontekstida
“tavsiya” nutq akti o‘rganiladi. “Tavsiya” nutq aktida “tavsiya qilmoq” fe’li “tanishtirmoq”
fe’li bilan almashtirib bo‘lmaydigan unsur sifatida qaraladi. Aksincha, uchinchi shaxs orqali
amalga oshiriladigan tanishtirish holatlarida zamonaviy rus tilida faqat “men seni kim
bilandir tanishtiraman” kabi “tanishtirmoq” fe’li ishlatiladigan konstruksiyalar qo‘llaniladi.
Bundan tashqari, maslahat tushunchasi faqat “tavsiya” va “tavsiya qilmoq” atamalari orqali
ifodalanadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
nutq aktlari, tavsiya, tavsiya qilmoq, direktivlar, istiqbollilik, maslahat, tavsiya.
Introduction.
Rhaemalinguistics investigates the particularities of linguistic units within spoken discourse.
The national mentality shapes and prescribes the modalities of both verbal and non-verbal
communicative behavior within a society, thereby contributing to the formation of the
national identity of a specific group, which can be readily differentiated from others [1, p. 19].
The speech act formulas generated by a given culture encapsulate the distinctive
characteristics of its mentality and cultural framework. The aim of this study is to analyze the
potential speech acts associated with the linguistic units "recommend" and "recommendation"
in contemporary Russian. The central hypothesis posits that the semantics of these terms
constrains their application to specific communicative contexts, namely "recommendation,"
"advice," and "acquaintance." The corpus for this investigation comprises the modern
Russian language, supplemented by examples from Russian literature to facilitate a
diachronic comparison of these linguistic units. The exploration of potential speech acts
derived from the linguistic units "recommend" and "recommendation" in modern Russian has
not been addressed in existing scholarly literature. However, the speech acts "suggestion" and
"advice" have been examined in Z.S. Guseykhanova's article, “Cognitive-pragmatic features
and contexts of functioning of utterances with the meaning 'suggestion' and 'advice'” [2]. E.B.
Petrova conducts a comparative analysis of the speech act "advice" in both Russian and
English, as detailed in her works: “Pragmalinguistic analysis of the incentive act of reactive
advice (based on the English and Russian languages)” [3] and “Features of the embodiment
of the communicative-pragmatic category of politeness in the situation of reactive advice
(based on the Russian and American sociocultures)” [4]. It is noteworthy that a considerable
number of studies concerning the speech act "advice" primarily utilize data from foreign
languages (such as English and German) rather than from Russian. This includes research by
O. Yu. Amurskaya, A. I. Rakhmatulina [1], and N. A. Bigunova [5] focusing on English, as
well as studies by E. B. Tarasova [6] and E. V. Bodnaruk [7] pertaining to German.
Regarding the speech act "recommendation," the only relevant entry identified in G.A.
Balakai's work is the dictionary definition of "recommendation" [8, p. 403].
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Now, let us examine the meanings of the terms "recommend" and "recommendation." The
verb "recommend," derived from the Latin term "recommendare," encompasses the following
definitions: 1) to provide a recommendation; 2) to advise or suggest; and 3) to introduce
someone upon meeting [9, p. 719].
Based on these definitions, the verb "recommend" consequently generates the speech acts of
"recommendation" (first meaning), "advice" or "proposal" (second meaning), and
"acquaintance" (third meaning). The latter meaning is considered archaic in contemporary
Russian usage. The verbal noun "recommendation" is derived from the Late Latin term
"recommendation." It encompasses two primary meanings: 1) a favorable opinion regarding a
person or thing, whether expressed in written or oral form; and 2) advice or instruction. In its
initial sense, "recommendation" is frequently employed to enact the speech act of presenting
a positive review, as well as to convey the act of providing advice. However, despite its
verbal nature, this term does not encapsulate the meaning associated with the speech act of
"acquaintance." In the context of Russian communication, particularly in situations involving
introductions through an intermediary (a) or when recommending an individual to another (b),
the synonymous verbs "predstavitel’" and "recommendat’" are utilized. A comparative
analysis of the frequency of these terms in contemporary Russian suggests that "predstavitel’"
is predominantly employed in scenarios of acquaintance through an intermediary (a), as well
as in the act of recommending one person to another (b).
In linguistic terms, the verb "to recommend," when contrasted with "to recommend" in its
first sense (a), demonstrates a broader applicability. Conversely, in its second sense (b),
constructions utilizing "to recommend" exhibit a more extensive range of usage within the
language when suggesting one individual to another. The corresponding nouns derived from
these verbs, namely "presentation" and "recommendation," do not form a complete
synonymous series; for instance, in the phrase "Dam / Dayu rekomendatsiyu," the term
"recommendation" cannot be substituted with "presentation." Such a substitution is
nonsensical and fails to convey the meaning inherent in the original construction.
Additionally, this construction is characterized by the performative coordinates of "I," "you,"
"here," and "now." Regarding the speech act of "advice," the contemporary significance of
the term "recommendation" as it pertains to this act is primarily realized in communicative
exchanges among educated individuals who share similar foundational knowledge and values,
or within more formal communication contexts. For example: 1) "I watched Bondarchuk's
new film yesterday. I recommend it!" (a conversation among friends); 2) "I would not
recommend self-medication to anyone! It is fortunate that you recognized the need for
assistance and sought my help in a timely manner" (a doctor addressing a patient). Thus, the
application of the term "recommendation" and its synonymous verbs is constrained by
stylistic boundaries, either in terms of formal discourse or through stylistic
obsolescence.According to A.A. Formanovskaya, advice can be defined as: 1. the designation
of an incentive, representing a communicative situation in which the speaker informs the
addressee of the necessity to undertake specific actions for the favorable progression of their
affairs; 2. the aggregate of expressions that constitute the communicative-semantic pair of
units denoting advice; and 3. each expression through which the speech act of advice is
executed.
Z.S. Guseykhanova posits that suggestive speech acts pertain to scenarios characterized by
non-binding motivation, wherein their effective execution is contingent upon the judicious
selection of methods to influence the interlocutor, thereby minimizing the speaker's intrusion
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into the emotional and volitional domain of the communication partner. She further
underscores the significance of the speaker's prioritization as a distinguishing criterion
between the speech acts of "advice" and "proposal." In the context of the speech act "advice,"
Guseykhanova identifies a notable asymmetry in the relationships between the communicants.
Conversely, the speech act "proposal" can manifest both symmetrical and asymmetrical
dynamics between the speaker and the listener.
Advice is classified as a directive speech genre; however, it transcends mere instruction or
directive regarding action. Primarily, advice represents the subjective perspective of the
speaker, reflecting their interpretation of certain phenomena and conveying this to the
recipient. It encompasses not only the speaker's personal experiences, reasoning, or
reflections intended to influence the listener's thoughts or actions but also serves as a
cautionary note, a warning, a recommendation, or a professional consultation. Within the
domain of communication linguistics, the speech act "advice" is intrinsically linked to
imperative sentences. An imperative sentence is defined as a pragmatic utterance type aimed
at prompting the addressee to engage in a specific action, whether verbal or non-verbal. This
type of sentence is characterized by distinctive intonation, which varies according to the
nature of the incentive being employed, such as an order, request, advice, or warning. N.I.
Formanovskaya, in her monograph "Speech Interaction: Communication and Pragmatics,"
delineates "incentive" as a primary objective of the speaker, encapsulating their expression of
will while simultaneously serving as a motivation for the addressee's action. This reflects a
duality of intent, merging "I want" with "you must," which is indicative of the semantic and
syntactic complexity inherent in imperative utterances, described as "two-subjective." In this
context, the speaker proffers advice, which the listener is then expected to act upon. In this
study, the expression of motivation is articulated through the performative form of the verb in
the first-person singular (e.g., "I recommend") and plural (e.g., "We recommend"). These
forms semantically convey the essence of motivation without employing the specific
linguistic mechanisms for expressing incentives as outlined by A.N. Tikhonov. In the realm
of speech act theory, it is essential to categorize speech acts based on the underlying
motivations of the speaker, particularly those that stem from the speaker's elevated status,
authority, or power. Such acts include orders, demands, commands, instructions,
prescriptions, admonitions, prohibitions, permissions, and coercive measures, collectively
referred to as injunctives. Conversely, there exist speech acts that are not contingent upon the
social attributes or standing of the speaker. A secondary classification criterion is predicated
on the perceived benefits or advantages associated with the proposed action. When the action
serves the interests of the speaker, it encompasses requests, entreaties, and similar acts,
termed requisites. In contrast, when the benefits accrue to the addressee, the acts include
advice, recommendations, instructions, recipes, proposals, and invitations, which are
classified as advisives. Specifically regarding the speech act of "advice," factors such as age,
social status, and religious hierarchy are paramount. The power dynamics between the
superior and inferior parties significantly influence the formulation of advisory expressions.
The advantages of the recommended actions for the recipient are typically evident, and the
act of giving advice often signifies the advisor's goodwill toward the advisee.
In relation to the speech act of "advice," it is pertinent to consider J. Leach's principle of
politeness. Politeness is conceptualized as the maintenance of a balance between expressions
of solidarity and the maintenance of relational distance. Positive politeness fosters solidarity,
while negative politeness emphasizes formality. In contexts characterized by positive
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politeness, terms such as "politeness of solidarity" or "politeness of rapprochement" are
employed, whereas negative politeness is associated with "politeness of distancing." These
approaches represent overarching strategies of politeness aimed at achieving broad
communicative objectives. The speech act of "advice" accommodates both the principles of
rapprochement and distancing. It is crucial to refrain from intruding into the personal
domains of interlocutors or offering unsolicited advice. The execution of this speech act is
significantly influenced by the speaker's authority—considering factors such as age, social
standing, and gender hierarchies—within the vertical axis of relationships, as well as the
degree of familiarity and amicability between interlocutors along the horizontal axis of
communication. In this context, the linguistic formulations associated with the speech act of
"advice" are predominantly situated within formal interactions, thereby excluding informal
exchanges along the horizontal axis.
Finally, the linguistic expressions associated with the speech act of "advice" often utilize the
terms "recommend" and "recommendation," which serve as foundational elements in the
construction of advisory formulas. Formulations of the speech act "advice," utilizing the verb
"recommend" and the nominal form "recommendation," concurrently affirm the speaker's
experiential authority regarding the advice being offered. Specifically, this mode of advice
conveys that the speaker has previously engaged in the recommended action and has derived
either tangible or intangible benefits (as indicated by "I recommend," reflecting a positive
experience) or detriments (as denoted by "not a recommendation," indicating a negative
experience), which have been personally evaluated. For instance:
- "I recommend gathering evidence of the bank's unlawful activities, documenting the
damages incurred, and pursuing legal action" (NKRY). (a)
- "I recently finished reading Bukowski's 'Women.' I do not recommend it to women.
Fortunately, my commute on the metro allows me time to read" (Yulia Peshkova, NKRY). (6)
Positive experiential formulations of advice are often accompanied by adverbs such as
"urgently," "ardently," "very," or "with pleasure," as illustrated in the following examples:
- "Additionally, we purchased an orthopedic latex mattress for the girl; I highly recommend
it" (Our Children, NKRYA).
- "I would be pleased to provide a recommendation for Ariadna Sergeevna" (Samuel Marshak,
NKRY).
- "I strongly recommend reading this book..." (Sergey Dovlatov, NKRY).
- "Personally, I suggest that you at least attempt to begin; thereafter, progress will ensue."
- "I would be delighted to recommend that you consult Maria Vasilievna for your daughter;
she is an exceptional specialist in the field of surgery."
In instances of negative experience, advice formulations are constructed using adverbs such
as "no way" or "not at all." In such cases, the verb is employed in its negative form with the
particle "not." For example:
- "I do not recommend this author to you at all, although his works may be of interest." I do
not advocate for travel through Minsk, as tickets are likely to be more costly.
It is important to note that the speech act of "advice" may be contingent upon certain
conditions.
I suggest this film exclusively to individuals who possess a genuine interest in the subject
matter pertaining to school (NKRYA).
Such limitations are frequently articulated through subordinate conditional clauses, as
exemplified by the following statement:
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- I recommend that you commence your studies now if you aspire to attend the Sorbonne for
the summer courses.
Speech Act of "Acquaintance":
Acquaintance can be defined as follows:
1. The etiquette framework governing interactions wherein previously unacquainted
individuals establish a relationship of familiarity.
2. The aggregate of communicative expressions that constitute the communicative-semantic
pair of speech etiquette units associated with the act of acquaintance.
3. Each expression utilized to execute the speech act of acquaintance.
The speech act of "acquaintance," facilitated by the verb "recommend," serves as an archaic
form of introduction and necessitates the involvement of an intermediary in the acquaintance
process: the speaker introduces the listener to a third party. In this context, the formation of
the speech act of "acquaintance" requires the participation of at least three individuals in the
dialogue. A.G. Balakai identifies several verb forms that convey the speech act of
"acquaintance," including: "I recommend you (to you) (someone)"; "I have the honor to
recommend to you (someone)"; and "Allow me (permit me) to recommend (someone,
myself)." The phrase "I have the honor to recommend you (someone)" is particularly
prevalent when the addressee is male and the interaction occurs within a formal
communication context. In the neutral formulation "I recommend you (you) (someone)," the
performative coordinates of "I, you, here now" are evident. In the imperative constructions
"allow me" or "permit me," the imperative form is notably absent. The formal nature of the
communication environment in these instances necessitates the use of the "You" form
directed at the addressee, which is reflected in the plural forms of the imperative verbs. Direct
acquaintance may also be established through the use of the reflexive pronoun "oneself"
positioned after the verb "to recommend." In such cases, the speaker introduces himself to the
interlocutor: "I recommend myself"; "Let me (allow) (you) to recommend myself." This
principle does not extend to the phrase "I have the honor to recommend you," as the maxim
of modesty, as articulated in J. Leach's Principle of Politeness, precludes such usage. A
synonymous construction is the passive voice form of the verb, which is formed using the
postfix "-sia": "I recommend myself"; "I have the honor to recommend myself = to be
recommended"; "Let me (allow) (me) to recommend myself = Let me (allow) (me) to
recommend myself / to be recommended." Consequently, the following conclusions can be
drawn. The lexemes "recommendation" and "recommend," as examined in this study, are
frequently employed in the formulation of the speech acts "recommendation" and "advice."
These particular speech acts fall under the category of directives, signifying an attempt to
persuade the listener to act in accordance with the speaker's intentions. In the speech act of
"recommendation," the action taken by the speaker (the individual making the
recommendation) serves to benefit a third party (the individual being recommended). In this
context, the speaker's intention is to confer a benefit not upon the immediate addressee of the
speech, but rather upon another party, who may be either present or absent during the
discourse. In the latter scenario, the speaker shares personal experiences with the interlocutor
and subsequently advises them to undertake or refrain from specific actions. Thus, the speech
acts under consideration possess an incentivizing nature and exhibit a retrospective quality
concerning the subsequent actions of the addressee: the acceptance of the third party's
recommendation or the adherence to the interlocutor's advice. In addition to the
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aforementioned speech acts, the terms "recommendation" and "recommend" can also give
rise to the speech act of "acquaintance." However, in contrast to the previously discussed
speech acts, the act of acquaintance lacks both retrospective and prospective dimensions. The
action occurs concurrently with the speaker's utterance of "I recommend" (or "I introduce"),
thereby facilitating the acquaintance in real time.
Conclusion.
Considering the materials and examples analyzed, as well as an examination of contemporary
Russian language usage, it can be concluded that the implementation of the speech act of
"acquaintance" is not particularly productive in modern Russian discourse and is
characterized by an antiquated tone. In such instances, the lexeme "present" is more
commonly employed: "I introduce you to our new employee."
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES
1. Amurskaya, O.Yu., & Rakhmatulina, A.I. (2013). The implementation of the speech act of
advice in an English-language forum for young mothers. *Philology and Culture*, 4(34), 19-
22. Kazan: Kazan Federal University.
2. Guseykhanova, Z.S. (2007). Cognitive-pragmatic features and contexts of utterances
conveying "suggestion" and "advice." *Bulletin of the A.I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical
University*, 37(14), 55-61. St. Petersburg.
3. Petrova, E.B. (2010). A pragmalinguistic analysis of the incentive act of reactive advice in
English and Russian: Doctoral dissertation. Novosibirsk: TPPU. 299 pages.
4. Petrova, E.B. (2012). The manifestation of the communicative-pragmatic category of
politeness in reactive advisory situations: A comparative study of Russian and American
sociocultures. *Bulletin of TSPU*, 10(125), 35-39. Tomsk.
5. Bigunova, N.A. (2014). The combinatorial nature of speech acts of positive evaluation in
conjunction with other speech acts in English-language artistic dialogical discourse. *Bulletin
of Nizhny Novgorod University named after N.I. Lobachevsky*, 1(1), 454-461. Nizhny
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6. Tarasova, E.B. (2015). The functional pragmatics of first-person advice in German literary
texts. In *Philological Sciences: Theoretical and Practical Issues* (Vol. 11, Part III, pp. 182-
184). Tambov: Gramota.
7. Bodnaruk, E.V. (2015). Classification of speech acts with future semantics in the German
language. *Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University*, Series 9, 62-75. St. Petersburg.
8. Balakai, A.G. (2004). *Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Speech Etiquette: Over 4000
Etiquette Words and Expressions*. Moscow: Astrel. AST. Transit-book.
9. Zakharchenko, E.N., Komarova, L.N., & Nechaeva, I.V. (2008). *New Dictionary of
Strange Words: Over 25,000 Words and Word Combinations*. Moscow: Azbukovnik
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10. Formanovskaya, N.I. (2007). *Speech Interaction: Communication and Pragmatics*.
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modern English. *Almanac of Modern Science and Education*, 2(21), 141-143. Tambov:
Gramota.
12. Tikhonov, A.N., & Khashimova, R.I. (Eds.). *Encyclopedic Dictionary-Reference*.
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Linguistic Terms and Concepts: Russian Language: In Two Volumes [Text] / A.N. Tikhonov,
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REFERENCES:
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2. Balakay, A.G. (2004). *A Dictionary of Russian Language Etiquette: A Collection of
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3. Bigunova, N.A. (2014). The Combination of Speech Acts with Positive Meaning and
Other Speech Acts: An Analysis Based on the English-language Arts Dialogic Course.
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454-461. (in Russian)
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Semantic Characteristics: An Analysis Based on Contemporary English Language
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143. Linguistics and Literary Criticism in Synchrony and Diachrony and Methods of
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10(125), 35-39. (in Russian)
