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ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS
Khadjayeva D.B., Gulomova M.
1."Kokand University" Andijan branch.
2."Kokand University" Andijan branch.
Abstract:
This scientific article includes detailed information about the anatomical structure
of the digestive system organs, their location, and physiological significance. The article
describes the anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of the oral cavity,
esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Information about the
structure and location of each organ, the physiological processes that occur within them, and
their interrelationships is presented. Knowledge of the anatomy of the digestive system
organs is crucial for medical professionals in diagnosing and treating diseases. This article
serves as a valuable source of information for medical professionals, students, and those
interested in the anatomy of the digestive system.
INTRODUCTION
The digestive system is one of the important systems of the organism, providing the
processes of food intake, processing, digestion, and absorption. This system consists of
several organs that work in cooperation with each other. Studying the anatomy of the
digestive system organs is important for medical professionals, as this knowledge helps in
diagnosing and treating diseases.
MAIN PART
Oral Cavity (Cavum oris)
The oral cavity is considered the beginning of the digestive system. It is bordered by the lips
and consists of the following parts:
Lips (Labia oris) – border the oral cavity from the front. They are covered with skin on the
outer side and mucous membrane on the inner side. The opening between the lips is called
the oral opening (rima oris).
Palate (Palatum) – forms the upper part of the oral cavity and is divided into two parts:
Hard palate (Palatum durum) – the anterior part, has a bony base
Soft palate (Palatum molle) – the posterior part, composed of muscles
Tongue (Lingua) – a muscular organ located at the floor of the oral cavity. The tongue mainly
consists of three parts:
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ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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Tip of the tongue (Apex linguae)
Body of the tongue (Corpus linguae)
Root of the tongue (Radix linguae)
Teeth (Dentes) – serve to grind food. A normal adult has thirty-two teeth:
Incisors (Dentes incisivi) – eight
Canines (Dentes canini) – four
Premolars (Dentes premolares) – eight
Molars (Dentes molares) – twelve
Salivary glands (Glandulae salivariae) – produce saliva and consist of the following three
pairs of glands:
Parotid gland (Glandula parotidea) – the largest salivary gland, located in front of the
ear
Sublingual gland (Glandula sublingualis) – located at the floor of the oral cavity
Submandibular gland (Glandula submandibularis) – located under the lower jaw
The oral cavity is considered the beginning of the digestive process. Here, food is
mechanically broken down and mixed with saliva produced by the salivary glands. The
amylase enzyme in saliva breaks down starch into disaccharides.
Esophagus (Esophagus)
The esophagus is a tubular organ located between the pharynx and the stomach, with a length
of approximately twenty-five centimeters. Its main function is to transport food from the
pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus consists of the following parts:
Cervical part (Pars cervicalis) – located in the neck region, behind the trachea. Thoracic part
(Pars thoracica) – located in the chest cavity, in the mediastinum, in front of the vertebral
column. Abdominal part (Pars abdominalis) – passes through the diaphragm, continues for a
short distance in the abdominal cavity, and transitions into the stomach.
The muscular layer of the esophagus consists of striated muscles in the upper part, mixed
muscles in the middle part, and smooth muscles in the lower part. These muscles direct food
to the stomach through peristaltic movements.
Stomach (Ventriculus, Gaster)
The stomach is the most expanded part of the digestive system, located in the upper part of
the abdominal cavity, mainly in the left hypochondriac region. The stomach is pear-shaped
and consists of the following parts:
The stomach wall consists of four layers:
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Mucous layer (Tunica mucosa) – forms numerous folds and contains glands that
produce gastric juice
Submucous layer (Tela submucosa)
Muscular layer (Tunica muscularis) – consists of three layers of smooth muscles:
longitudinal, circular, and oblique
Serous layer (Tunica serosa)
The processes of food storage, mixing, and partial digestion occur in the stomach. Gastric
juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin enzyme, which break down proteins. Food passes
into the duodenum due to contractions of the muscular layer of the stomach.
Duodenum (Duodenum)
The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, located after the stomach. It is called so
because its length is approximately equal to the width of twelve fingers (twenty-five
centimeters).
An important part of food digestion takes place in the duodenum. Enzymes in the pancreatic
juice break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, while bile helps in the emulsification of
fats.
Small Intestine (Intestinum tenue)
The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive system, with a length of approximately
five to seven meters. Duodenum (Duodenum) – described above.
Jejunum (Jejunum) – the middle part of the small intestine, located in the upper left part of
the abdominal cavity, with a length of two to two and a half meters. Ileum (Ileum) – the final
part of the small intestine, located in the lower right part of the abdominal cavity, with a
length of three to three and a half meters.
The processes of digestion and absorption actively occur in the small intestine. Digested
nutrients are absorbed through blood vessels and lymphatic capillaries in the intestinal villi.
The mucous layer of the intestine has villi and microvilli to increase the absorption surface.
Large Intestine (Intestinum crassum)
The large intestine is the final part of the digestive system, with a length of approximately
one and a half to two meters. It consists of the following parts:
Cecum (Caecum) – the first, expanded part of the large intestine, located in the right iliac
fossa. The appendix extends from the cecum. Vermiform appendix (Appendix vermiformis) –
a thin tubular process with a length of seven to ten centimeters, containing numerous
lymphoid tissue. Colon (Colon) – the middle part of the large intestine, consisting of four
parts:
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Ascending colon (Colon ascendens) – rises upward along the right side of the
abdominal cavity
Transverse colon (Colon transversum) – passes horizontally from right to left
Descending colon (Colon descendens) – descends along the left side of the abdominal
cavity
Sigmoid colon (Colon sigmoideum) – S-shaped part connecting the descending colon
with the rectum
Rectum (Rectum) – the final part of the large intestine, located in front of the sacrum. Anal
canal (Canalis analis) – ends with the anal opening.
The absorption of water and electrolytes mainly occurs in the large intestine, as well as the
processes of fecal formation and excretion. Normal microflora exists in the large intestine,
which synthesizes vitamin K and other biological substances.
Liver (Hepar)
The liver is the largest gland of the digestive system, located in the upper part of the
abdominal cavity, in the right hypochondriac region. The liver consists of the following parts:
Right lobe (Lobus dexter) – the largest lobe. Left lobe (Lobus sinister) – smaller than the
right lobe. Quadrate lobe (Lobus quadratus) – located on the inferior surface of the liver,
between the gallbladder and the porta hepatis. Caudate lobe (Lobus caudatus) – located at the
posterior part of the liver.
The liver tissue is composed of liver segments (lobules). Each segment has a central vein in
the center, surrounded by radially arranged liver cells (hepatocytes). Portal triads are located
at the periphery of the segment, consisting of:
Branch of the hepatic artery
Branch of the portal vein
Bile duct
The liver performs the following functions:
Preparing food substances for metabolism
Detoxification of harmful substances
Bile production
Storage and processing of biological substances in the blood
Blood filtration
Synthesis of proteins, glycogen, and other substances
Blood production during the embryonic period
Gallbladder (Vesica fellea) and Bile Ducts
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
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The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ located on the inferior surface of the liver, in the fossa
between the right and quadrate lobes. Its capacity is fifty to seventy milliliters.
Bile is continuously produced by the liver and flows into the duodenum through the bile
ducts. Between meals, bile passes from the common bile duct to the gallbladder, where it is
concentrated. During the digestion process, bile is released from the gallbladder into the
duodenum.
Bile serves to emulsify fats and improve the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Pancreas (Pancreas)
The pancreas is a mixed gland located on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, behind
the peritoneum. It performs both endocrine and exocrine functions.
The exocrine part of the pancreas produces digestive juice, which flows into the duodenum
through a special duct (Ductus pancreaticus). This juice contains enzymes that break down
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates:
Trypsin, chymotrypsin – break down proteins
Lipase – breaks down fats
Amylase – breaks down carbohydrates
Pancreatic juice plays an important role in the digestive process and participates in the
breakdown of all nutrients.
CONCLUSION
Knowledge of the anatomy of the digestive system organs is important for medical
professionals. This system consists of complex and interconnected organs, and their proper
functioning is necessary for human health.
The anatomical structure of the digestive system organs determines their functional roles.
Food is mechanically broken down and mixed with saliva in the oral cavity. The esophagus
transports food to the stomach. The processes of food storage, mixing, and partial digestion
occur in the stomach. The processes of digestion and absorption actively occur in the small
intestine. The absorption of water and electrolytes mainly occurs in the large intestine.
Additional organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas play important roles in the
digestive process.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ISSN: 2692-5206, Impact Factor: 12,23
American Academic publishers, volume 05, issue 05,2025
Journal:
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page 892
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