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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LEXEMES DENOTING THE NAMES OF
SEASONS IN TURKIC LANGUAGES
Qudratillo Bakirov
PhD student of Tashkent State University of Uzbek language and
Literature named after Alisher Navoi
E-mail:tillo.bakirov@mail.ru
Tel: (88) 036 75 75
Annotation:
article examines the lexical and semantic properties of time-denoting lexemes
associated with the seasons of the year, which were used in the ancient Turkic language
period, in some modern Turkic languages.
Key words:
lexeme; morpheme; system; etymology; denotate; Anthropolinguistics;
temperament.
Аннотация:
В
статье
рассматриваются
лексико-семантические
свойства
времяобозначающих лексем, связанных с временами года, которые использовались в
древнетюркский языковой период, в некоторых современных тюркских языках.
Ключевые
слова:
лексема;
морфема;
система;
этимология;
обозначать;
Антрополингвистика; темперамент.
The change of seasons is caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane
of its orbit (the path of the Earth around the Sun). The direction of the Earth's axis does not
change as the Earth revolves around the Sun. Therefore, as the Earth revolves around the Sun,
one north pole and one south pole face the Sun. When the north pole faces the Sun, the
northern hemisphere warms more, and when the south pole faces the Sun, the southern
hemisphere warms more. From this, the seasons change. In the Northern Hemisphere, the
beginning of spring is the time when the Sun passes through the vernal equinox (March 21-
22); the beginning of summer is the time when the Sun passes through the summer solstice
(June 21-22); the beginning of autumn is the time when the Sun passes through the autumnal
equinox (September 23), and the beginning of winter is the time when the Sun passes through
the winter solstice (December 21-22). In the Southern Hemisphere, the opposite is true. The
naming of the years in Turkic languages is also ancient, and their naming in modern
Turkic languages is almost the same with phonetic differences. Such names are
considered to be names related to seasonal changes in the earth's crust.
Yay/yaz/jaz/ Ko‘klam
jas is spring in "Kutadgu Bilig". Jaruq jaz teg erdim tümän tü
čečäklig – I was like a bright spring with different flowers (QBK, 38616). This word is a
Turkish+Persian compound noun, the Turkish word for "Ilk bahar" first+spring in Turkish. In
some Turkic languages only the Persian part is used. In the Old Turkic period, the spring
season was expressed by the word "yoz", In the inscription "Orkhon" “Yazınga Oḡuz tapa
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süledim- I went to war in Oghuz in the spring. (Muharrem Ergin, a.g.e., Boaziçi Yayınları
Istanbul, 2000, s.)
In the "Devonu Lug'atit Turk" this word has two meanings, representing both summer
and spring. Kǖz keliği yayın belgülüg (DLT 515/414) Also expressed in the saying "The
arrival of autumn is known from spring". In some languages, the word "Summer" is also used
to represent "spring". In addition to the word "spring" in the Azerbaijani and Turkmen
languages, the word "summer" also has a place in the meaning of autumn. (Seyavu Serhanlı
Zeynelabidin Makas, a.g.e., s. 334). The word "ko'klam", which is used to mean spring in the
Uzbek language, also exists in modern Turkish dialects. “Köklem yamurları ekin ve ot
yürütür.”- Spring rains make crops and grasses grow. (Eyüp- Istanbul Derleme Sözlüü, cilt
8,s.418) Spring is also expressed in Kazakh Turkish by the word "ko'klem". In Altai Turkish,
the spring season is expressed by the word "kuule". (Emine Gürsoy Naskali-Muvaffak
Duranlı, a.g.e., s. 130). In the Khakass language, a South Siberian language and dialect, the
lexeme ḉas (chas) is used in the meaning of "spring". (Gürsoy Naskali vd., 2007,s. 83). In the
Old Turkic period, the /y-/ sound at the beginning of a word changed to the /ç-/ sound. The /–
z/ sound at the end of a word changed to the /–s/ sound. In the Tuvan language, the use of the
lexeme ças in the same form in the meaning of "spring" can be seen. (Ölmez, 2007,s. 110). In
the Altai language, the lexeme "jas" is used in the meaning of "spring". ( Gürsoy Naskali-
Duranlı, 1999, s. 55).
Yay (Yaz)
– summer. This word comes from the verb "yay".[DLT;141-bet;2017]. In
"Kutadgu bilig" "yay", summer. Qadïr qïšqa yandï yarumïš yayï – His bright summer turned
into a bitterly cold winter (QBH, 467). It represents the period between the awakening of
nature and the periods of drought. The word "summer" also exists in the Old Turkic language,
as "yoz" in the Divan. In Azerbaijani, the consonant z>y has changed. The lexeme changes to
y>j in Kyrgyz, Kazakh, and Tatar, and to z>y in Kyrgyz and Tatar Turkic. In addition, the
phenomenon of vowel thinning in Tatar Turkish is also noteworthy. In Turkmen Turkish, the
words "yalpak, yasi" are used to express the seasons, and in Uyghur Turkish, the words
"yapilaq" or "yayima" are used. The word "yalpoq" is also used in Anatolian dialects.
However, the word expresses the meaning of "bottomless, crooked place." In Uzbek,
“yalpoq” is used to describe a flat place. In the Altai language, one of the languages and
dialects of South Siberia, the word-initial sound /y-/ changed to /ç-/ during the Old Turkic
period. For this reason, in Altaic, the lexeme meaning Summer is expressed through the form
çay(chay)
(Gürsoy Naskali- Duranlı,1999, s. 56). In the Khakas language, the lexeme
çay(chay) is also used to mean the spring season. (Gürsoy Naskali vd., 2007, s. 83). In the
Tuvan language, the lexeme çay(chay) is also used to mean "summer". (Ölmez, 2007, s.112).
From the examples given above, we can say that the lexeme yaz is derived from the lexeme
“yay” in Old Turkic.
Kuz
– autumn, autumn season. .[DLT;135-page;2017], autumnal, pertaining to the autumn
season. Üči küzki julduz üči qïšqï – Three of the stars I mentioned are autumn stars, and three
are winter stars. It appears in sources as (QBH, 1612). This word is interpreted as the season
when the leaves turn yellow and fall. This sentence, which is expressed by the word "kuz" in
Turkic languages, is used as "kuz" in the "Devonu lug'otit turk". In Uzbek, Uyghur, Kyrgyz,
Kazakh Tatar, the word "kuz" is used in the form in the "Devonu lu'gotit turk", that is, in the
form "kuz"(“kongur küz” (hazin güz). K. K. Yudahin, a.g.e., s. 545). In the Uzbek language,
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along with the word "autumn", the word "khazonrezgi" also means autumn. In Altai Turkic,
the word "kuz" is used in the form "Küs". “küskü iter” – autumn is beginning (Emine Gürsoy
NaskaliMuvaffak Duranlı, a.g.e., s. 13). The word "payiz", another Turkish word for autumn
in Azeri Turkish, has its place in the dictionary. "Payiz" also exists in Turkish dialects and
has the same meaning. Also, the lexeme "subanhar" in this language is more active than the
lexeme "kuz". In the Altai language, a South Siberian language, the word ending /- z/ from
the Old Turkic period changed to /- s/. Therefore, the lexeme küs is used to mean "autumn".
In the Altai language and dialects, the lexemes küskü and küskide are also used to mean
"autumn". (Gürsoy Naskali- Duranlı, 1999).
Qiş
– winter season; Qiş qonuqı ot – The beauty of winter is fire.. (DLT;136-page;2017).
Qïš-winter. Erinčig qïšïγ sürdi jazqï esïn – It is found in sources in the form “The spring wind
chases away the boring winter” (QBN, 1712; QBN, 64) Seasons in ancient Turks. A year is
divided into four seasons. These are yaz – spring, yay – summer, küz – autumn, qïš – winter.
Of these, the word "yaz" is not used to mean spring, Instead, we use the words "bahor" and
"ko‘klam". The word yay, which means summer, underwent a sound change and became yaz.
Nevertheless, their remains are found in some of our words. For example, the word yaz in the
children's song "Läyläk keldi, yaz boldï" means springOr the root of the modern word
"yaylaw" is related to "yay" (summer): yay+la+ğ/w – "meadow, a place where one spends the
summer. " Compare: qïshla+q – “village, place to spend the winter, wintering”. The words
yaylaw and qïshlak that we use today historically arose in connection with the life of herders
who migrated to villages in the winter and went out to pasture in the summer to make a living.
According to the ancient Turkic calendar, the year begins with "yaz" (meaning spring) and
the season ends with winter. (Q. Sodiqov Old turk language). The lexeme kış "Winter",
which has survived from the "Devonu Lug'otit Turk" to our days, has phonetic differences in
some Turkic languages. In some dialects, the "q" sound is replaced by the consonant q>g.
This word is in the form "giș" in Azeri and Turkmen. In Kazakh Turkish, the word kış
"winter" is used in the form "qıs". In Turkish, Uyghur, Tatar, and Kyrgyz, the lexeme
denoting the season "kış" is pronounced as it is in Uzbek. (“Kı küröö kirip keldi.” A cold
winter has come (K. K. Yudahin, a.g.e., s. 462.) When studying the lexeme "kış" in the
South Siberian Turkic language and dialects, we can see that the lexeme is still used in the
same meaning. The lexeme winter is used in the Altai language without any changes. In the
Altai language, jayı- kıjı is used in the meanings of “summer and winter”, kışkı(winter)
“relating to winter”, kışta(winter)- “to spend the winter”, kıştu(winter) “village”. (Gürsoy
Naskali- Duranlı, 1999, s.110). In the Tuvan language, the lexeme winter continues to be
used in the meaning of "winter season". In the Tuvan language, kışkı (winter) is used in the
meaning of "pertaining to winter", kışta (winter) - "to spend the winter", kıştag (winter) is
used in the meaning of "village". (Ölmez, 2007, s. 200). In the Khakas language, the lexeme
expressed in the form of his is also in the form of his, which is more active. In Khakas, sooh
his is used in the meanings of “cold winter”, hatığ his is used in the meaning of “hard winter”,
hisi iir is used in the meaning of “winter evening”, hista is used in the meaning of “wintering.
(Gürsoy Naskali vd., 2007, s. 174).
The seasonal time-meaning lexemes in modern Turkic languages have historical
roots, and as a result of the expansion and narrowing of the meaning of lexemes, some
lexemes acquire general and specific features in Turkic languages. We can see the variation
of time lexemes in Turkic languages.
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The history of the emergence of time and measurement units, which arose due to everyday
needs in the process of the emergence of human society, is also long. The collection of terms
related to these lexemes, expressed in historical, artistic and scientific sources, is of great
importance today. Because they can be a useful source in solving problems in our
terminology.
Collecting time and measurement units found in folk dialects is also useful in every way and
can be a source of information that shows how rich our language is and shows the close
relationship between the Turkic languages.
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