Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
35
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
35-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
A
BSTRACT
The article analyses the factors contributing to the crushing of building materials and the study of the
reasons for their formation.
K
EYWORDS
Molecule, crack, a thermal, micro, macro, surface, mechanical, thermal, polycrystalline, plastic, crystal,
dislocation, atom, chamotte, deformation.
I
NTRODUCTION
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
INFLUENCE OF PREVIOUS MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON
MATERIAL GRINDING
Submission Date:
November 05, 2022,
Accepted Date:
November 10, 2022,
Published Date:
November 18, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-02-11-06
Tojiev Rasuljon
Doctor Of Technical Sciences, Professor, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Fer-Gana, Republic Of Uzbekistan
Azizbek Isomiddinov
Phd, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic Of Uzbekistan, Fergana
Bobojon Ortiqaliyev
Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic Of Uzbekistan, Fergana
Boyqo‘Zi Khursanov
Senior Lecturer, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic Of Uzbekistan, Ferghana
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
36
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
35-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
It is known that the freshly exposed surface of
many minerals has high chemical activity.
Adsorption of this surface by foreign ions or
molecules leads to chemical corrosion and partial
destruction of the surface layer [1-7]. For
example, the breakdown of quartz occurs with the
breakdown of Si-O bonds and the formation of
microcracks on the surface of the structure of the
crystal itself. In this case, in cracks on the surface,
Si and O ions are formed with unsaturated
valence bonds. Such a surface has high energy and
is characterized by a very reactive effect, on
which oxygen atoms from the ambient air are
immediately adsorbed, which leads to a decrease
in surface energy [8-14].
The formation of cracks in dislocation causes
requires some precision. If the crystal does not
have dislocation-type defects, we imagine that we
move the top half of the crystal according to its
relationship at a lower interatomic distance. To
do this, it is necessary to roll all the atoms in a row
on top of each other.
The main part
The next stage of development of Griffiths' theory
is aimed at clarifying the factors that lead to the
formation and development of microcracks and
the crushing of real materials.
According to Griffiths' athermal theory and
modern molecular theory, the crushing of real
materials is represented by the dependence of the
number of microcracks on the surface. It is
impossible to immediately determine the reasons
for their formation [17-23]. There can be many
such reasons. Here are the main ones:
a)
mechanical damage to the surface in the
process of obtaining finished material;
b)
thermal expansion of polycrystalline
material at different coefficients in individual
phases;
c)
chemical corrosion of the surface during
material production;
d)
connection of dislocations during plastic
deformation of the material.
In fact, the process of obtaining the finished
material is always related to its primary
mechanical processing. For raw materials, this is
the process of mining, subsequent crushing and
characterization, and for moulded materials, it is
the process of mixing the initial compounds. At all
these boundaries on the surface, the initial joints
have a partial mechanical effect, which leads to
the formation of not only microcracks but also
macrocracks. Here we are talking not about the
technological cracks of the products, but about
the defects on the surface of individual
compounds [24-31].
We will explain this with the next example. We
assume that the crystal has several dislocations
when a dislocation occurs, and when a foreign
atom is introduced, the bonding strength of
neighbouring atoms in the crystal lattice becomes
sufficiently large compared to the atomic bonding
in the crystal itself. In this case, the movement of
the first dislocation is stopped by its exit from the
crystal, and the movement of atoms is stopped by
the attraction of a foreign atom. The displacement
of the atoms of the second and third dislocations
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
35-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
causes the atoms on the left side of the crystal to
become denser and the voids on the right side to
be concentrated. However, such dislocations can
be abundant in a real crystal. The sum of the
individual dislocations in the entire gap can turn
into cracks on the crystal surface. Such
restrictions in a real crystal are not only foreign
atoms but also Schottky defects at the crystal
boundaries, they greatly hinder the free
movement of the dislocation. Therefore, the
presence of cracks leads to the strengthening of
the crystal lattice and the formation of surface
cracks. The distribution of all such restrictions in
the crystal leads to the alignment of the forces
imposed by the direction of the dislocation lines
[32-39].
Thus, the initial mechanical damage to the
surface, the difference in thermal expansion
coefficient in the structure of separate solid
phases, chemical corrosion and the presence of
dislocations are the reasons for the formation of
cracks.
The presence of such cracks has been shown to
reduce the strength of the material, resulting in
less force being required to crush it.
By using the adsorptive effect of solids, it is
possible to sufficiently activate the crushing of
solids. This effect was first established by P.A.
Rebinder and has a wide field of application in
practice [40-46].
All solids have external and internal defects.
Existing defects develop and new ones are formed
when the div is loaded, causing tension and
plastic deformation. In any case, the development
of these defects is facilitated by the grinding of
objects. The adsorptive decrease in strength is
accounted for by the development of various
defects at low stresses. The schematic of small
cracks on the surface of the material can be
considered a pinhole. Both sides of the crack
mouth have all the surface properties of surface
energy α. According to
the size of the free surface
loss per microcrack depth, the surface energy is
lost at the end of the crack from α to 0. Many
construction materials are subjected to heat
treatment during the manufacturing process. The
difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion
is the reason for the formation of surface
microcracks. Here we are talking not about
technological thermal micro-cracks, but about
micro-cracks with a multi-phase structure
formed between fireclay and clay particles.
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
35-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
Figure 1. An ideal crystal has a dislocation pattern a, and a dislocation b
In general, other aspects of the effect of shear
force on a crystal with dislocations are known
(Fig. 1 b). For the sake of simplicity, it contains the
minimum number of dislocation rows, which are
Frenkel-type point defects. From this, it can be
said that the presence of dislocation creates a
linear gap between the top two rows of the plane.
In the lower formation, there is an excess row of
atoms at the border adjacent to the block part.
When this row is introduced, the two rows of
atoms in the space become extremely
compressed.
At some initial moment, there is space between
atoms 4 and 5 and atoms - will be compressed.
Under the influence of force F, rows 5 and 6 are
moved into space. What happens? All dislocations
move to the right, and their movement continues
in the same manner until the dislocation leaves
the boundary of the crystal. As a result, the
displacement of an ideal crystal is the
displacement of atoms along a series. In the
second case, it is not necessary to prove that the
shear force will be partially less. In the first case,
it is necessary to prevent the interaction of all the
rows of atoms, and in the second case, only the
atoms. The movement of several dislocations in
one formation leads to their joining, the formation
of crack states.
The presence of microcracks ensures that the
external environment penetrates into the surface
layer of the material. If the external environment
is liquid, it forms a thin layer in the cracks with a
sufficient excess of free energy, where the free
energy increases due to the decrease in the
thickness of the layer. To reduce the free energy,
the liquid layer tries to thicken in the micro-
cracks and exerts pressure on the walls of the
cracks. This pressure is maximum at the end of
the crack, where it can penetrate the liquid. The
impact pressure of the liquid is important and it
is determined by the heat energy of the liquid
surface of the given div. The capillary pressure
Rk is characterized by the shear force as follows:
Volume 02 Issue 11-2022
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
11
Pages:
35-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
METADATA
IF
–
7.356
where: θ
-edge cooling angle; r-slot width.
Together with the kinetics, the shrinkage η
depends on the fluid viscosity:
where: l-the column length of the liquid in the
capillary; t-
breathing time; ρ
-liquid density; angle
of inclin
ation of the capillary to the φ
-horizon.
In order to enhance the effect, it is necessary to
maintain the effect of impact, the absorption of
liquid into narrow micro-cracks is sufficiently
complete to increase its effective effect.
It is possible to intensify the deformation of a
solid div under the influence of a given liquid by
introducing external active substances. The
external active substance increases the heat
energy of the div with liquid. Molecules of the
external active substance are moved by
adsorption on the surface of a solid div,
penetrate into microcracks and cover its walls
with a uniform adsorbed layer. The depth of
penetration of external active substances is
limited by the size of adsorbed molecules. The
driving force of the adsorbed layer absorbed in
cracks is determined as follows:
where: α0 is the external energy of the solid div;
αг
-a solid div covered with molecules of
external active substances
Adsorption effects are specific and depend on the
mineral composition of the rocks. There are
highly effective extrinsic active ingredients for
each mineral, with narrowly oscillating optimal
concentrations that reduce durability. For
example, AlCl3, NaCl, MgCl2 and naphthenic soap
are effective for quartz; for carbonate rocks
(limestone, dolomites) - alkaline electrolytes; for
clay rocks - sodium chloride.
During the grinding process, the liquid is
dissociated, and the dissociated products are
more active during their formation and have the
property of forming strong compounds with the
surface of the ground material.
C
ONCLUSION
The analysis shows that until now no law has
been created that calculates the grinding
processes and works the same for all materials.
The shape and structure of the material being
ground has a great influence on its properties and
strength. The structure of the material means the
distribution and interconnection of gaseous,
vitreous (amorphous) and crystalline phases, as
well as their size, which determines their location
in the material and has its effects on grinding.
According to modern views, there are two types
of crushing mechanisms. In the first stage, the
cracks are provided by thermofluctuation, and in
the second stage, the tensile properties of the
solid div are determined by the growth of the
cracks, while the energy reserve is stored in them.
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