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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
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06
Pages:
233-239
SJIF
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(2022:
5.636
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6.741
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1368736135
A
BSTRACT
In this article, it is highlighted the historical and pedagogical aspects of the development of pilgrimage
tourism in Uzbekistan, the connection between the journeys related to pilgrimage tourism and the life and
scientific researches of our great scholars in the world history.
K
EYWORDS
Tourism, pilgrimage tourism, healthcare tourism, medical tourism, cultural heritage, muhaddith, cultural
monument.
I
NTRODUCTION
At the beginning of the 20th century, social
tourism was appeared and spread out due to
social necessity. Its main features are publicity,
intensity and industrialization of recreational
activities. , Recently, tourism is becoming popular
and generalized on the one hand, and becoming
more specialized on the other. The motivation of
touristic demand is complicating educational,
communicative and investment aspects of
tourism are growing along with recreational
(leisure activity) aspects. Tourism (according to
the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO))
provides 10% of the world's production and
service industry turnover.
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
HISTORICAL-PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF TOURISM
ACTIVITY AND PILGRIMAGE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN
UZBEKISTAN
Submission Date:
June 16, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 21, 2023,
Published Date:
June 26, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-06-40
Eshchanova Kholida Khudayarovna
Phd Independent Scientific Researcher Of Ursu, Uzbekistan
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Travelling (tourism) is one of the fastest growing
sectors of the world economy. Its comprehensive
development is becoming a source of high-income
for many countries. According to the UN World
Tourism Organization, 1 billion 184 million
tourists were recorded worldwide in 2015, and
by the end of 2016, this figure increased to 1
billion 235 million, i.e., increased by 3.9%. The
value of export services provided to travelers in
2015 was approximately 1 trillion US dollars. In
2020-2022, a big difference can be noticed in
these numbers [1]. It has being observed that
tourism has become one of the most important
economic sectors today. Therefore, many
countries of the world are taking all measures on
the further development of this industry, the
creation of relevant infrastructure at the level of
world standards and the increase of the flow of
tourists.
Nowadays, the development of tourism plays an
essential role in the enlargement of the country's
economy. The country tries to develop various
directions of tourism based on its potential,
geography, history and present political situation.
There is an opportunity to develop the branches
of tourism such as healthcare tourism, medical
tourism, ecotourism, excursion tourism, sports
tourism, extreme tourism, as well as pilgrimage
tourism.
Tourism is a strategic branch of the country's
economy. The Uzbek people who are not careless
to increasing the tourist potential of our country
are innovating the sources related to improve the
status of "Touristic neighborhood", "Tourism
Village" or "Tourism Park", making sacred places,
pilgrimage areas, introducing them to the general
public when they are organizing family
guesthouses, at least five types of services for
tourists.
Resolutions of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoev dated February 7,
2018 "On measures to ensure rapid development
of domestic tourism" became an important
organizational legal basis in the rapid
development of tourism and historical and
cultural tourism in our country, rational use of
existing opportunities, increasing the flow of
foreign visitors, showing the tourism, cultural,
natural and sports potential to the whole world,
in turn, forming the culture of domestic tourism
[2].
In the decree No. PF-6165 of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 9, 2021
"On measures to further develop domestic and
pilgrimage tourism in the Republic of
Uzbekistan", following tasks are defined: “…full
study of the potential of Uzbekistan's pilgrimage
tourism,
systematization
of
information,
formation of scientifically based statistics and
data about pilgrimage sites, scholars and their
scientific heritage...” [3].
Implementation of the tasks set by our
government, development of domestic and
pilgrimage tourism in the country, as well as
researching the pedagogical aspects of pilgrimage
tourism, which is necessary for the education of
the younger generation, is considered one of
today’s actual tasks. It is noteworthy that
currently tourism is becoming an active
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phenomenon that changes the cultural forms of
the content of social life of the people. As a result
of the activation of this process, the scale of
culture is expanding, economy and civil culture
are developing, the spiritual world of the
individuals
and
society
is
enriched.
Correspondingly,
the
research
of
the
phenomenon of tourism in the scientific outlook
has been significantly revived. In recent years,
works devoted to the study of the economic,
sports, and ethnographic, ecological content of
this type of activity have appeared. At the same
time, the need for more thorough research of the
pedagogical and educational possibilities of this
activity is increasing.
The relevance of pilgrimage tourism in the life of
society creates the necessity to study its legal and
cultural foundations. Unfortunately, current
researches are largely fragmentary, that means
they are in a narrow scope, they are not intended
to study tourism summarizing. As an independent
type of leisure activity, tourism has deep
historical roots and has been associated with
travel from earlier time. Many researchers
indicate 4 main stages in the development of
tourism history: 1. Exploration of tourism -
starting with the formation of civilization and
continuing until the beginning of the 19th
century; 2. Elite tourism (19th - early 20th
centuries) is associated with the emergence of
specialized enterprises that provide and produce
touristic services. 3. Development of social
tourism (1st half of XX century); 4. The
development of public tourism (after World War
II). The last stage is characterized by the fact that
during this period, mass tourism spreads widely;
tourism industry is created as an inter-complex of
the production of goods and services. Technical,
economic and social criteria were set by the
authors based on the above periodization. [5]
L
ITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY
Foreign scientists T.A.Van Dijk, B.W.Ritche
researched the basics of tourism education
management,
while
Russian
scientists
A.A.Ostapets researched the scientific and
theoretical foundations of tourism pedagogy.
Scientific-theoretical
and
methodological
problems of tourism development were studied
in the scientific researches of our Uzbek scientists
N.T. Tukhliev, A. Taksanov, A.K. Alimov, there is
not much about scientific developments related
to the issues of research and development of
pilgrimage tourism and its pedagogical aspects in
Uzbekistan.
Several scientists have paid enough attention to
raise the spirituality of young people to the issues
of their spiritual and moral education in the
theory and practice of pedagogy of our country,
however, in the higher pedagogical education
system, the problems of improving pedagogical
mechanisms of formation of spiritual and moral
qualities of young generation on the basis of
pilgrimage tourism are almost not studied. For
example, K. Khoshimov, S. Nishonova, A.
Zunnunov researched the historical development
of the views of the peoples of Central Asia on
education, the rich spiritual heritage left to us by
our ancestors in their scientific works. M. Kh.
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Tokhtakhodjaeva,
R.
Mavlonova,
A.
Q.
Munavvarov, I. Y. Tursunov, O'. N. Nishonaliev, N.
Gaybullaev, R. Yodgorov, J. Y. Khasanboev, B.
Ziyomuhammadov,
O.
Musurmanova,
Sh.
Mardonov, U. Aleuov, S. U. Khodjaniyozov [5], U.I.
Mahkamov, N. Artikov and other pedagogic
scientists explained in a certain level to the issues
of spiritual and moral education of teenagers in
their scientific developments related to the
theory of education.
In D. Sh. Nafasov's [6] research, issues of
improving the pedagogical mechanisms of
developing socio-cultural competence of students
in tourism activities were studied[7].
D
ISCUSSION AND RESULTS
As a socio-cultural phenomenon, tourism is
directly related to the dynamics of culture and
social relations. In ancient times, tourism was
evaluated through this culture and social
relations
and
characteristics.
These
characteristics are related to travelling and the
journey itself arose from the necessity of trade
and treatment. However, since the ancient culture
was
characterized
by
competition,
the
opportunity was opened for all those who wanted
to try themselves in different directions of culture
- crafts, sports, public speaking, theater
performances. These performances were held in
different cities of Ancient Greece. In the culture of
the Middle Ages, journeys had a religious meaning
and was associated with pilgrimages to holy
places. Travels related to pilgrimage tourism are
of special importance in the history of the world
in connection with the lives and scientific
researches of our great scholars.
Imam Ismail Al-Bukhari, the great muhaddith
(Scholar of hadith. The term mu
ḥ
addith (plural
mu
ḥaddithūn often translated as "traditionist")
refers to a specialist who profoundly knows and
narrates hadith, the chains of their narration
isnad, and the original and famous narrators)
recognized as the most famous scholar-pilgrim
started his tourism activity at the age of 17, went
to Arabia with his mother on a pilgrimage and
lived there for several years. He traveled and
collected hadiths in Baghdad, Damascus, Balkh,
Nishapur, Egypt and many other Arab cities for 40
years in order to collect fiqh (an Islamic legal
system that seeks to interpret and apply the
principles of the Qur'an and Hadith (Prophetic
teachings) to daily life) hadiths. Abu Isa
Muhammad Ibn Isa At-Tirmidhi, a contemporary
of Imam Al-Bukhari, is another pilgrim and
scholar-traveler. At-Tirmidhi also traveled in
order to improve his knowledge to Baghdad and
other cities where science has developed and
taught many students.
Another reason why our great muhaddiths
travelled around the world is there was the
destruction of works written in local languages in
Mowarounnahr, Khorasan and Khorezm, which
were part of the Arab caliphate at that time. The
scholars who grew up in Mowarounnahr went to
Damascus, Cairo, Baghdad, Kufa and Basra, the
central cities of the caliphate, and were forced to
write in Arabic. These reasons gave an
opportunity to our ancestors travelling to several
foreign cities, studying their language, religion,
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culture, customs, traditions of the native people,
national characteristics in social relations, and
unique methods of education of the young
generation.
In the 9th century, Bayt al-
Ḥ
ikmah - the House of
Wisdom, the future Academy of Sciences of the
East, was established in Baghdad, the center of
science and culture of the East. There had been a
large library and observatories with astronomical
resources in Bayt al-
Ḥ
ikmah. In addition to
conducting researches, scientists here studied the
scientific heritage of ancient Greek and Indian
scientists and translated their works into Arabic.
Many scientists from Mowarounnahr and
Khorasan who made a great contribution to
medieval science worked here.
Our scholars from Central Asia enriched their
knowledge, gained life experience, and left behind
a rich spiritual heritage because of traveling
throughout their lives, engaging in pilgrimage
tourism, which is an aspect of touristic activity.
The first prominent representative of Khorezm
scientific school was Muhammad ibn Musa al-
Khwarizmi, in the words of the American
orientalist D. Sarton "He was one of the greatest
mathematicians of all time" Although Muhammad
Al-Khorazmi was born in Khorezm, he visited
many countries and cities in order to acquire
knowledge and visit sacred places and deceased
in Baghdad. Al-Khwarizmi also created works on
geography based on the impressions and
information he got from his travels, and in his
works, he names 537 places, cities, mountains
(203 names), seas and islands and he mentioned
the names of the rivers separately. It can be found
names such as the Red Sea, Indian and Atlantic
Oceans in his works. The Sea of Azov and the Nile
River basins are also explained in his works. The
Italian orientalist K. Nallino wrote, "No nation in
Europe has achieved the achievement of al-
Khwarizmi and was not capable of creating such
an incredible work." The geographical ideas
created as a result of Al-Khwarizmi's travels
raised this science to a new level and led to the
creation of a new geographical science in the East
at the beginning of the 9th century.
Ahmad Farghani is also considered another
pilgrim and tourist-scientist. Ahmad Farghani
was born and grew up in Ferghana and received
his early education there. Farghani went on a long
journey with the intention of continuing his
scientific research and was able to work with
Muhammad al-Khwarizmi at the Bait al-Hikmah
Academy in Baghdad, which was famous in the
East at that time. Ahmad Farghani scientifically
proved solar and lunar eclipses, five centuries
before Mirzo Ulugbek, who is called the Sultan of
the science of Astronomy, he identified the
directions of movement of the Sun and Stars
proved that the Earth is spherical and moves
around two axes called poles. 800 years later,
Christopher Columbus and Fernando Magellan,
who made a circumnavigation of the globe,
recorded how accurate the calculations of one
degree of meridian length used by Ahmed Fergani
to calculate the size of the globe were. Ahmad
Farghani continued his trip to Egypt and invented
a nilometer device that constantly measures the
water of the Nile. This tool has been successfully
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used for farming throughout the Nile River basin.
With the help of this instrument, the flood periods
of the Nile River were known in advance by
Egyptians. The Egyptian government has decided
to construct a statue of our compatriot Ahmad
Farghani on Roda Island in the Nile River as a high
tribute to his services to this country.
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni was
one of the pilgrim- scholars, spent his life
constantly traveling and moving from one city to
another and conducted researches. He proved the
eclipse of the moon in Baghdad. If it is
investigated Biruni's journeys throughout his life,
he traveled to Khorezm in the north, to India in
the south, between the coast of the Caspian Sea
and Baghdad in the west.
Abu Ali al-Huseyn ibn Abdallah ibn Sina
(commonly known in the West as Avicenna)
another pilgrim and traveler-scientist, traveled
often during his life and visited many countries.
After Bukhara, he traveled to Khorezm,
Turkmenistan, Iranian cities and the shores of the
Caspian Sea. Ibn Sina recorded a lot of
information in his works about places on
geographical maps, natural climatic conditions,
especially springs, unique natural corners,
benefits of hot water on the shores of the Caspian,
on the banks of the river Marv and crossing the
Karakum Desert, during the study of the growth
areas of herbs and their healing features and on
his travels to the countries of Iran and
Turkmenistan.
Abulkosim Mahmud ibn Umar Az-Zamakhshari
was born on March 19, 1075 in the village of
Zamakhshar, Khorezm. He traveled constantly
and visited sacred places and mausoleum of
saints during his life. The traveler-scientist visited
the East, especially the Muslim countries, twice in
1100-1122 and 1127-1139. Zamakhshari
traveled to the cities of Khorasan, Iran, Arabia,
Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Marv, Nishapur (Neyshabur),
Isfahan, Baghdad, Hejaz, Damascus and Mecca,
and collected rich sources for his works. His
works on linguistics, "Asos al-Balogha"
(Fundamentals of Word Mastery), "Samim al-
Arabiya" (The Core of the Arabic Language) and
"Al-Kashshof" were among the works related to
Qur'an interpretation and recognized as perfect
masterpieces by Orientalists and Arabic scholars.
Therefore, these works are still used as main
textbooks in universities of different countries of
the world [6]. Az-Zamakhshari's touristic trips,
along with enriching his knowledge, gaining life
experience, and visiting, also greatly contributed
to the enrichment of pedagogic science, and left a
rich spiritual heritage for the future generation.
C
ONCLUSION
In conclusion, after discussing the main points, it
is clear that ancient tourism in Central Asia, as
well as pilgrimage tourism, is connected with the
emergence of the Great Silk Road and a new type
of tourism - pilgrimage was developed and
religious tourism also began to spread widely,
which serves to improve the scientific worldview
of people was founded because of the developed
tourism in the 9th-12th centuries. At the same
time, during the stages of the historical
development of tourism, the experience of
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education has been formed in a coherent and
harmonious manner.
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World
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//www.unwto.org/ru
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President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.
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6165 "On measures to further develop
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Republic of Uzbekistan". //www.lex.uz
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Bogolyubov V.S., Orlovskaya V.P. Economic
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