Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
26
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
26-30
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
The article talks about what typology is, its role and tasks in linguistics. The significance of typology in
linguistics and the types of typology from ancient times to the present day are explained.
K
EYWORDS
Contrast, comparison, typology, functional typology, form typology, linguistic typology.
I
NTRODUCTION
It has been almost two centuries since
comparison,
comparison,
contrast,
and
comparison were formed as one of the important
research methods of linguistics. The comparative
study of languages has been used in one form or
another, coherently or fragmentarily, since
ancient times. Since ancient times, people have
tried to compare and contrast different
languages, explain their differences and
similarities, and draw general conclusions from
them. This matter has become very important in
Oriental linguistics and in particular in Uzbek
linguistics, because Central Asia is located at the
intersection of two language families - it is the
relationship between these two powerful
language families, the Indo-European language
family and the Altaic language family. There have
been various comparative studies that reflect this.
Later, the cliché of representatives of the Semitic
language family in this area increased the
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Research Article
COMPARATIVE TYPOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS
Submission Date:
June 02, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 07, 2023,
Published Date:
June 12, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-06-05
Mastona Yuldasheva
Namangan State University, Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
27
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
26-30
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
relevance of this issue even more. From Mahmud
Kashgari's work "Devoni Lugati-Turk" to A.
Navoi's "Muhokamatul-lugatayin" and all small
works created after that, the contents of the
vocabulary of languages belonging to different
systems. It was devoted to the comparative study
of grammatical structure. But starting with the
famous work of the famous Paninin on the
grammar of the Sanskrit language, many works
created after that were directly aimed at the
comparative study of related languages, and later
served as the basis for the creation of
"comparative historical linguistics".
Recently, as social, economic and cultural
relations between representatives of different
language families began to develop, comparative
linguistics began to take two forms. 1)
comparative
(comparative)
linguistics
2)
comparative (contrastive) hybrid linguistics.
Since in the Uzbek language both directions are
expressed with only one word, we decided to
keep the terms of comparative and contrastive
linguistics as working terms in this work and use
them in the following places.
Comparative linguistics conducts comparisons
between related languages. Contrastive cross-
linguistics aims to compare related languages
belonging to the family and determine the type of
each language at the end of the work.
As for the term "typological", this term is used
with the same force to characterize both
directions. As a result, the scope of meaning of the
terms "typological research, language typology"
has expanded in recent years, and along with the
concepts defined by these terms, they are also
used to express concepts that are less related to
them.
If we use the term "comparative" even when
comparing different languages that are not
related to each other in Central Asia, where the
linguistic situation is extremely complicated, the
listener's imagination can be directed towards
comparative-historical linguistics. Taking this
into account, we think that it is more correct to
use the term contrastive-hybrid. To be more
precise, in this research work, the term
"comparative" is used in the meaning of
"contrastive", i.e. "oriented to understand the
differences in the language system".
Another reason for the development of
comparative linguistics in Central Asia, and in
particular in Uzbekistan, is that these countries
gained independence in 1991 and, as a result,
drastic changes in the country's language policy
dramatically increased the scope of the functional
use of the Uzbek language. increase, the direct
communication of these countries with foreign
countries, that is, without the Russian language,
led to a sharp increase in interest in the English
language, an increase in the demand for learning
it, and the need for a comparative study of these
languages . As a result, a number of scientific
works on the comparative study of the English-
Uzbek languages appeared.
These works indicate that there are three main
approaches in the science of typology being
developed in our country, which can be seen in
the description of the place of linguistic typology
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
28
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
26-30
SJIF
I
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(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
as a science among the disciplines, its goals and
tasks. These directions are:
- typology is a branch of the science of
comparative studies, which deals with the
comparison of different languages regardless of
their internal structure;
- comparative typology is considered a science
that includes the element of comparison and has
the following forms in the comparison of language
systems: genetic typology, structural typology,
areal typology;
- typology is a science that differs sharply from
other directions based on the structural direction
of the language, and it deals with concepts and
views such as contrastive linguistics, linguistic
characterology, language universals.
In this work, our approach to comparative-hybrid
typology fully corresponds to the second point of
view. Accordingly, when we compare languages
belonging to different systems, we do not aim to
generalize or otherwise attempt to describe
languages. It would be more correct to say that
the practical approach is closer to the structural
typology. Because, in this work, we have studied
the terminology, its scope of meaning, means of
expression and paradigm of languages that are
not related to each other in a comparative cross-
sectional manner, and after considering their
general and specific aspects, we no longer give in
to such a generalization moves towards the
meanings of terminology, and from it the role of
terminology in the language, language structure is
discussed.
In modern linguistics, there are the following
types of linguistic typology:
This type of functional typology-typology is also
called another nomadic sociolinguistic typology.
This type of typology deals with the comparison
of one or another language according to the social
functions performed by the autolexis in English
and Uzbek languages and, accordingly,
determines whether it belongs to one or another
type, and studies its functions in the modern
developed society in a systematic manner.
Structural typology studies the internal structure
of language, autolexis in languages in a systematic
way. There are 2 types of structural typology and
they are as follows.
a) Figurative typology - studies only the
expression plan of the autolexical language in our
case;
b) Contentive typology-language in our research
studies the content plan of autolexis.
Contentive typology is a field that studies the
semantic structure of automotive terminology
and its means of expression and their common
and different aspects.
According to the purpose of research, linguistic
typology is divided into the following types:
1) Inventorying typology - this type of typology
deals with recording the structural similarities
and differences between the terminological
systems of different languages;
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
29
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
26-30
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
2) Implicational typology examines the
consistency of the descriptions given to the
elements of the language structural terminology
system and the uniqueness of the whole system
and its various functional layers;
3) Taxonomic typology deals with the placement
of languages into groups in the terminological
system. The main concept of taxonomic typology
is "language type".
4) Fragmentary typology deals with determining
whether the vocabulary system and terminology
belongs to one or another class based on all the
information obtained about the language.
In addition, there are the following types of
linguistic typology.
1) typology of the entire system;
2) historical (diachronic) typology
3) quantitative typology
4) stylistic typology
5) characterization, etc.
In this work, while studying the use of
terminology in languages belonging to different
systems, general and specific cases in its form
plan and content plan, we found it necessary to
talk about the science of linguistic typology,
which is quite developed by now, its existing
types and current problems. J.B. Boronov shows
two types of grammatical categories.
1)
Primary
Grammatical
Categories
or
Grammatical Macro Categories.
2) Small Grammatical Categories or Grammatical
Micro Categories.
As primary grammatical categories, J. Boranov
shows word groups or lexical and grammatical
groups of words.
In modern English, word groups are grouped
according to the following characteristics of
words, namely:
1) According to lexical and lexical Grammatical
meanings;
2) According to the generalization of
morphological forms for words belonging to a
certain group;
3) It is defined according to the role of words in
the sentence;
The words of the word groups are also called
lexical-grammatical groups, as they are taken into
account both lexically and grammatically when
the means of word formation are divided into
groups. For example, all nouns are names of
things. It should be noted that not all nouns are
necessarily object nouns.
Made on the basis of a lexical unit or lexeme
representing an objective entity in the language;
the meaning understood from each grammatical
form is called the grammatical meaning of words.
The formal grammatical meaning of words is not
independent, but is mainly expressed through
formal elements in words, analytical forms,
internal inflection and similar means. (J. Boranov
120-121).
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
30
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
26-30
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Therefore, when studying the terms of any field,
the role of typology is irreplaceable, that is, the
most important structural and functional features
of the studied term are recorded.
R
EFERENCES
1.
Uspensky B.A. Structural typology language.
1965
2.
Salomov G'. An Introduction to Translation
Theory.
3.
B. Buranov. Comparative Grammar of English
and Uzbek Languages, T. 1973, page 67
4.
Boranov J.B. Comparative typology of English
and Turkish languages. 1983.
