Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
12
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(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
12-20
SJIF
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(2021:
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(2023:
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A
BSTRACT
In the article, the meanings and etymology of some homonyms, synonyms and antonyms in the work "Hibat
ul-haqayq" by Ahmad Yugnaki are highlighted, and a morphological analysis is made.
K
EYWORDS
Ahmad Yugnaki, "Hibat ul-haqayq", homonymy, omoform, omolexema, synonymy, antonymy, affixal
antonyms, sema, lexeme, lexical unit.
I
NTRODUCTION
When determining homonymy relations, two
sides of language units are taken into account -
expression and content plan. Synonymy and
antonymy are based on the content plan of
language units, while in homonymy the
expression plan is the leading one. The plan of
expression refers to two aspects: pronunciation,
pronunciation (sound expression) and writing
(literal expression) [11.5].
The reasons for the appearance of homonyms in
the language are different: the pronunciation of
words that were pronounced differently and
sounded the same in the historical process
became compatible with each other as a result of
sound exchange or pronunciation change;
lexemes borrowed from other languages
correspond to words in the native language in
terms of pronunciation and spelling; the
Journal
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Copyright:
Original
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4.0 licence.
Research Article
SEMANTICS OF WORDS USED IN THE EPIC "HIBAT UL-
HAQOYIQ" ACCORDING TO THE RELATIONSHIP OF FORM
AND MEANING
Submission Date:
June 02, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 07, 2023,
Published Date:
June 12, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-06-03
Sindorov Lutfulla Kurolovich
Jizzakh Branch Of National University Of Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
13
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
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Pages:
12-20
SJIF
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separation of polysemous words in the language,
etc. [17.539].
Uzbek linguistics has accumulated a certain
experience in studying the phenomenon of
homonymy, and based on it, we found it
necessary to analyze the similar words in the
work "Hibatul haqayyq".
There are two types of homonymy: homonyms
and omoforms. Homonyms are lexemes of the
same form but different (unconnected) meanings.
They are also called homonymous omolexes.
Homoforms are words that are equivalent only in
certain grammatical forms. They are also called
omoform omolexems [7.41-42].
In order for two lexical units of the same
expression to be considered homonymous
omolexems, they must be identical in terms of
grammatical formation, and for this they must
belong to the same category; if it belongs to a
different category, it should be the same in terms
of grammatical formation [10.323]. The following
homonymous omolexems are visible in the source
dictionary, which is the object of research:
1) noun+noun: bash "head": Let's change the nose
[8]; bash "wound, injury": Bashak tursa bgt
ə
r
bgt
ə
r aq bashy; k
ɵ
k "original, tag": Take the khuy
kerklg of the k
ɵ
ki kerklgk; k
ɵ
k "root, vein": it is
time to dig up the root of animosity; ata "father":
father, mother, nest, this nation; ata «atto, to
create»: Ata qyldy shahymggaa bu jumlany; amal
"hope, desire": Yima pandym algyl ozatma amal;
amal "action": Amal qaydy alim zahid zuhd vida';
tash "stone": Sanurmu eziz qum ushak tash sany;
tash "outside": Bakyb tash bезekin körgb sїn lû;
2) verb+verb: "to give": Anyı yady birla shakar
shahd anı; аня "to understand, to understand, to
know": Ukush hush yetitib sѵzum аня; san
- "to
give": Sїnë sandug'unn
y musulmanga san; san-
"to count": Sanurmu eziz qum ushak tash sany;
san- "to think": Sanyb s
ɵ
zl
ə
g
ə
n
ə
r s
ɵ
zi s
ɵ
z saggy.
In order for two lexical units of the same
expression to be considered homoform
omolexemes, they must be distinguished from the
point of view of their grammatical formation. For
this, they must have different grammatical forms
[10.331]. The following omoform omolexems that
occur between several groups of lexemes are
expressed in the epic language:
a) noun+verb: ich "inner, inside": Yomakka
(yokamakka) is a soft inside; ich-»drink»: Yygar
y
ї
m
ə
s ichm
ə
s tutar
b̈
rk any; write "spring,
spring": K
ї
gr kgz, k
ї
cher summer barur bu umur;
yaz- "to write, to spread": Yazar stay strong, only
leave again; yaz- "to sin, to make a mistake": N
ї
yazdy achunga bu sahib unar; kör "open-eyed,
seer": Bu achun körg
ə
körgmlgk tashy; kör- "to
see": Y
e ̈
ygm
ədi bardy körgő haliny; mun "root,
base": Harislyq qylu (v) mu/v/ muny ezgurek;
mun "to be mistaken": Aduv kutsuz achin
karybmu munar; tash "stone": Sanurmu eziz qum
ushak tash sany; tash "tash": Jafa toldy tashty
d
e ̈
ztin
e ̈
ziz; tgsh "dream": Yaryng'y bulut tek or
tgsh tek khaly; tgsh "fall": Rabatka tgsh chchgglgk;
b) noun+adjective: bêk "bek, amir": Dad
ispahsalar bêk gchgn this book; бек «bek, closed»:
Keep it closed. cry "disease": cry inconsolably
because of stinginess; cry "good, true": Kim ol
borchy ërse kishi ol ol;
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ygz "face, face": Messengers
ɵ
run ygz ol ol ygzr
ə
kun; ygz "superficial": Tolulab këtgrdum
mimishtim ygzgg; taň "interesting, wonderful":
Tgngn kë
tarib baz yarutur taňa; taŋ "interesting,
wonderful": If you accept, taŋ yak bu az hadyany;
v) noun+number: stay "hand": Write stays, runs,
only leaves again; stay "piece": Iki stay dinarny ol
on stay kylur;
g) noun+verb: kir "dirt": Axylyq kamug washes
the dirt of guilt; kir- "to enter": If it dies, it enters
the soil;
d) adjective+verb: bgt "whole, complete": Listen
bgt to this word kamug tën tën tën; bgt- "to
recover, recover": Bashak tursa bgtm
ə
s bgt
ə
r aq
bashy; tgsh «equal»: in Tgr
ə
tmish yak bil an
ə
tgsh
-
ẗ
ng
ə
; tgsh- "descend": tgshkh chchgglgk tgshkhli
to Rabat; long "bottom, low": Knowledge is long
without knowledge; long- "to wake up": Aya shak
is long in the road;
ye) adverb+noun: yaryn "early": This day is kazgu
saqynch yaryn ygk wabal; yaryn "doomsday":
Yaryn kobsa bolsun yaranlar bashy;
or) idiom+verb: az "a little" Navadir sözgg az
bulur azl ökgsh; az- "to go astray, to be mistaken":
Takabbur libasyn kїyib az salyn; kach "many,
abundant": Ëshit ëmdi kach bayt habib fazlytyn;
run "run away": Write stay, run away, leave again,
run away;
j) modal word+verb: bar "there is": This is the
world; bar-
"to go": Эри bardy kaldy куруг тэк
їeri.
z) number+verb: kary "old, unit of measure":
Karyga kanar am kagyka kirgr; kary- "to grow
old": the trace of Harislyq karymas karyb.
It is clear from the above that in the work "Hibat
ul-haqayq" the phenomenon of homonymy is one
word group (noun+noun, verb+verb) and several
word groups (noun+verb, noun+adjective,
noun+verb,
adjective+verb,
adjective+verb,
adjective+noun,
modal
word+verb,
number+verb) and new lexical units according to
language laws served to enrich with meaning.
Synonymy. Synonyms are words that have
different pronunciations and spellings, have the
same (general) unifying meaning, and differ from
each other in a number of features, such as
subtlety of additional meaning, emotional color,
and use. . A group of words connected with such a
common meaning makes up synonymous lines.
Synonymous strings can consist of two or more
lexemes [19.3]. In a word, synonyms are a specific
system of lexical units connected on the basis of a
specific semantic relationship [14.3].
Synonymy of language units, including lexemes,
usually means that they have the same or similar
meaning. But having the same meaning and being
close to each other according to the meaning are
mutually different phenomena. Therefore, the
combination of "same meaning" and "close to
each other" cannot be indifferently applied to the
same phenomenon, in particular, synonymy.
Because clearly defining the essence of this
phenomenon prevents imagination. Therefore, it
is necessary to choose one of them, determine the
one that correctly expresses the essence of the
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phenomenon and apply it [19.124]. Synonyms
consist of words within the same category that
are used in the same language at the same time.
They are enriched by acquiring words from a
foreign language, from dialects to a literary
language [9.214].
A number of works on the research of synonyms
in Turkology and other languages have been
carried out, and they are particularly noteworthy
in the study of meaningful lexemes in the
vocabulary of the work "Hibat ul-haqayq". Most of
the synonyms mentioned in the epic were formed
by means of Turkish words, which created
synonymous lines during their use. Borrowed
words, which entered the vocabulary of Turkic
languages in different ways, ensured the
expansion of these synonymous lines. Therefore,
synonymous words and synonymous lines
forming two or more lexical units can be
recognized as sources of language enrichment.
Meaningful lexemes used in the studied source
are genetically divided into Turkic and borrowed:
Arabic and Persian layers.
1. Synonymy of Turkish words. A noteworthy
feature is that one concept is expressed using two
or more Turkish words in the composition of
lexemes used in the epic. The phenomenon of
synonymy in the work, which is the object of
research, took place within the following word
groups:
a) noun: el - bozun "people"; ilig - kol "hand";
emgäk
–
qîn "hardship"; kŋul
- rootless "chest";
goodness -
cry "goodness"; čïğaylïq
-
yakluğ
"poverty"; izi - ugan "god"; izi - bayat "god";
karavaš
- slave "slave"; azuq -
aş
- yegü "food";
husband -
person "human"; ešlik
- friendship
"friendship"; artut -
part "gift"; biš –
yemiš "fruit";
kezim - ton "clothing"; baylïq
–
māllïq "wealth";
yağluğ
-
çïğaylïq "poverty"; saqînç
-
gazğu
"sorrow"; sağ
-
oŋ "right"; tamag
-
aš "food";
b) quality: ezgü - yig "good"; esiz - evil "evil"; small
- small "small"; yïraq
–
узак "far away"; asïğ –
ötrü(v) "profit"; yïraq
–
узак "far away"; qarï
-
koča "old"; dirty
-
asïğsïz "dirty, dirty"; koni
-
kertuv "correct"; туту
-
тугел "whole, complete";
yalïŋ
- ofrag "naked";
c) verb: ay- - sözlä- "to speak"; berkit- - yap- "to
hide"; back-
–
izlä- irtä- "to search"; qat- - sal "to
put"; az- - eksil- "to decrease"; kap- - tur- "to
stand"; baq- - kör-
"to see"; čal
-
–
čökär
-
"overturn"; yaz-
–
biti- "to write"; ker-
–
yaz- "to
see, to write"; az- - mun-
"to be mistaken"; čal
-
–
sal- "to throw away"; sa-
–
saqïn- "to think"; te-
–
ayt- "to speak"; tilä- - sor-
"to ask"; bič
-
–
kes- "to
cut";
g) ravish: ötrü - sora "after"; köp -
üküš
- telim "a
lot"; tüš –
teŋ "equal"; üküš
-
kač "many"; more
-
köp "many"; evä - Turk "fast"; uzala - taba
"toward".
2. Synonymy of Turkish and foreign words.
Turkish and other language cognates of lexical
units are used together in the epic under study.
Words borrowed from Arabic and Persian served
to fill the group of lexemes with a certain
meaning:
a) synonymy of Turkish and Arabic words: taŋ
-
ajab "t
o be surprised"; kiši
-
ādam "person"; then
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-
ا
хир "it's over"; iš
- action "work"; yazuq - ayb
"sin"; emgäk -
azāb "trouble"; emgäk
- labor
"difficulty"; emgäk -
vabāl "hardship"; bozun
- folk
"the people"; el - folk "the people"; böläk - gift
"gift"; artut - gift "gift"; böläk -
ehsān "gift"; artut
-
ehsān "gift"; there is
-
šārāb "may"; eš
- habib
"friend"; gazğu
-
гам "sorrow"; gazğu
- aza
"sorrow"; kezim - libas "clothing"; Izi - Haq "God";
Izi - Malik "God"; Izi -
Hālik "God"; Ugan
- Malik
"God"; Uğan
-
Hālik "God"; înanč
-
îtiqād "belief";
koni - the truth is "correct"; körk -
jamāl
"beautiful"; death - ajal "death"; tawar -
māl
"goods, goods"; qïlïq -
verb "character"; uluğ
-
majd "big"; ög
–
madh "praise"; evil - sharri "bad";
ög
–
hamd "praise"; tat - maza "taste"; sanagh -
hisāb "account"; küč
- power "power"; indinlik -
tavāzi' "humility"; barlïğ
-
dunyā "universe";
süçük - sugar "sweet"; baylïq - state "wealth";
esān
-
salām "hello"; yanut
- answer "answer";
yağï –
aduv "enemy"; joy - farrah "joy"; suq -
greedy "greedy"; gazğu
- sad "sorrow";
b) synonymy of Turkish and Persian words: eš
-
yār "friend"; eš
-
dost "friend"; yağï –
dušman
"enemy"; miŋ –
Khazarian "thousand"; tatïğ
-
delicious "tat"; kün - roz "day"; secret -
rāz
"secret"; ağu
- poison "poison"; ertäm
–
ādāb
"decency"; esiz - bad "
bad"; baylïğ –
ganj "wealth";
em -
darmān "remedy"; suq
-
nākas "greedy"; qïlïq
-xui "act"; yig -
хуш "good"; guy
-
juvān "young";
qalï
–
if "if"; em -
šifā "treatment";
c) synonymy of Arabic words: ajab - badi' "to be
surprised"; raiyat - folk "the people"; jabr -
jafā
"suffering"; state -
māl "wealth"; hukm
- amr
"order"; malik - "god" of creation; mu'min -
muslim "person in Islam"; ayb -
wabāl "sin"; zāhid
-
zuhd "one who prays"; zāhid
-
ābid "one who
prays"; adāvat –
advan "enmity"; jād –
akhiy
"generou
s"; sakhāvat
- cabbage "generosity";
suffering -
trouble "difficulty"; azāb
- trouble
"trouble"; madh
–
sanā "praise"; tamam
-
ākhir
"the end"; honey - shahd "sweet"; madh - hamd
"praise"; ehsān
- gift "gift"; power - power
"power";
g) synonymy of Arabic and Persian lexemes:
habib - dost "comrade"; aduv -
dušman "enemy";
malik -
šāh "king"; sïr
-
rāz "secret"; adl –
dād
"justice"; ālim –
dānā "mind"; flavor
- taste
"justice"; advice - pand "fertilizer"; sadat -
happiness "happiness"; fārïğ –
āzād "free"; ve
rb -
huy "character"; khirad
–
huš "white";
d) synonymy of Persian words: dost -
yār
"comrade";
e) synonyms of Turkish, Arabic and Persian
words: eš
- habib -
dost "friend"; yağï –
aduv
–
dušman "enemy".
Antonym. Since antonymy is a concept that
reflects the conflict of meaning in words, it should
be considered as an antonym, regardless of
whether it is given by one word or by many words
[18.35]. At the same time, the principle of the
logical center should be used to determine
whether it is an antonym - an assumed point or
intermediate
concepts
between
concepts
expressed by two antonyms [13.9]. Antonyms
belong to the same word group. Antonym is a
semantic relationship of words with opposite
meanings. Therefore, the phenomenon of
antonymy occurs in the lexical paradigm and the
group of synonymous lexemes, i.e., through the
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semantic relationship of lexemes, as in the
phenomenon of synonymy. With this feature,
pairs of lexemes with opposite meanings also
form a lexical system. It differs from other types
of lexical-semantic groups by two main features:
1) it consists of two components; 2) components
are in a relationship of mutual contradiction
[19.131]. Antonyms, on the one hand, reveal the
original meaning of words, and on the other hand,
they help to determine their multiple meanings.
Lexemes with opposite meanings help to compare
and contrast objects, events and their signs in
speech, and to effectively and clearly express our
thoughts and feelings [6.74].
Most of the antonyms mentioned in the work
"Hibat ul-haqayq" are mainly Turkish, which
created a series of words with opposite meanings.
The proper words provided the expansion of
these lines. On the basis of our research, it became
clear that in the system of lexical units used in the
monument, conflicting meanings are expressed
using one- and two-syllabic words, which are
composed of Turkish and borrowed: Arabic,
Persian layers. The following antonymic pairs are
a clear proof of this.
1. Antonyms of Turkish words:
a) lexical antonyms. The grouping of lexemes
(sememes) based on the meaning of mutually
contradictory meanings is called lexical
antonymy [16.121]. The lexical antonyms used in
the epic consist mainly of nouns, adjectives,
adverbs and verbs:
1) antonymy of words denoting the name of an
object: bek "bek" - kul "slave"; bek "back" -
karavaš "slave"; yağï "enemy"
-
eš "comrade"; bay
"rich" -
чигай "poor"; kün "day"
- tün "dark";
tooth "woman" - husband "man"; ata "father" -
ana "mother"; qïz "girl" -
oğul "son"; ölük "dead"
-
tirig "alive"; baş "head"
- azak "leg"; noun "fire" -
suw "water"; alïm "receiver" - berim "giver,
debtor"; oŋ "right"
-
soŋ "left"; sevinč "joy"
- kazgu
"sorrow"; ič "inside"
-
taš "outside"; sevinč "joy"
-
saqînč "sorrow"; baylïq "wealth"
- chïgaylïk
"poverty"; asra "bottom" - yuk
ar "ust"; езгулюк
"goodness" -
езулик "evil"; yigil "goodness"
-
ezizil "badness"; yig "illness, pain" - em
"treatment";
2) antonymy of words expressing a characteristic:
qarï "old, old" -
yaš "young"; qarï "old, old man"
-
yug "young"; koča "old, old"
- y
aš "young"; koča
"old, old man" -
yug "young"; yakın "near"
-
قصو
"far"; yaqîn "near" -
yïraq "far"; улуг "big, big"
-
чичи "small"; улуг "big, big"
-
ушак "small"; kïz
"expensive" - chuçu "cheap"; koni "true" - lygan
"lie"; kertuv "true" - lyan "lie"; soft "soft" -
katïğ
"hard"; keŋ "wide"
-
tar "narrow"; ačïğ "bitter"
-
süçük "sweet"; kir "dirt" -
arïğ "clean"; ezgü
"good" - vazü "bad"; kol "hand" - azak "leg"; qazï
"lower" - uzuk "top";
3) antonymy of words denoting status: bar "there
is" - yak "no"; az "little" -
üküš "many"; az "little"
-
telim "many"; az "little" -
kač "many"; öŋ "before"
-
then "after"; öŋ "before"
- ötrü "after";
4) antonymy of lexemes denoting concepts
related to action and activity: bar- "to go" - kel- "to
come"; art- "to increase" -
tuşür
- "to lower"; qur-
"build" - arta- "destroy"; kir- "enter" -
čïq
-"exit";
al- "to take" - ber-
"to give"; sač
- "to scatter" - ter-
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"to gather"; tur- "to stand" - yat- "to lie down";
kop- "to stand" - yat- "to lie down"; tök- "to pour"
- sal- "to put
"; ač
- "to open" - beklä- "to close"; yaz-
"to spread" -
yïğ
- "to collect"; ket- "to go" - kel- "to
come"; ket- "to leave" - kal-
"to stay"; uč
- "to fly" -
kan- "to land";
b) affixal antonyms. In the epic, you can also find
antonymous lexemes that are basically the same,
but formed with the help of formative affixes.
Such words with contradictory meanings are
characteristic of the adjective group, -lïq/-lik//
lïğ/
-lig; -sïz/-siz// -suz/-süz are formed by
suffixes. In Uzbek linguistics, there are different
views on whether adjectives formed from nouns
with the affix -li and -siz are antonyms or not
antonyms. B. Isabekov and G. Musaboev noted
that adjectives formed by means of these
additions cannot be antonyms. In the
introduction of the "Annotated dictionary of
antonyms of the Uzbek language" it is stated that
they form antonyms from the same root [9.220].
According to Professor M. Mirtojiyev, in the Uzbek
language, antonyms are formed from the same
root with the help of antonymic affixes. In
addition, it is known that T. Mullayev analyzed the
pair of words intelligent and unintelligent based
on the differential-semantic method and proved
that they are mutually antonyms. Because the
meaning of the word "smart" includes the
meaning of "sharp thinking activity", and the
meaning of the word "unwise" includes the
meaning of "weak thinking activity". The first and
second semes of their semes are common, and the
third semes are opposite. If this contradiction in
the expression of semes indicates antonymy, the
commonality between semes means that the
semantic field of antonyms is the same [16.223-
224]. Based on our research based on these
considerations, it was found that the following
affix antonyms are used in the epic language:
arïğlïq "clean"
-
arïğsïz "dirty"; asïğlïq "useful"
-
asïğsïz "useless"; bahālïq "priced"
-
bahāsïz
"priceless";
wafālïq
"faithful"
-
vafāsïz
"unfaithful"; biliglig "knowledgeable" - bilig
"ignorant, ignorant"; korkluk "beautiful" -
korkless "ugly"; tatlïğ "delicious"
-
tatlïğsïz
"tasteless, tasteless"; yollugh "lucky" - yolluz
"unlucky"; kutluğ "happy"
- kutsuz "unhappy".
2. Antonyms of Turkish and Arabic words:
lexical antonyms: sevinč "joy"
-
гам "sorrow"; bek
"closed" -
āškāra "open"; berk "closed"
-
āškāra
"open"; eš "friend"
- aduv "enemy
"; ešlik
"friendship" -
adāvat "enmity"; ezgü "good"
- bida'
"bad"; lie "lie" - truth "truth"; lie "lie" - haq "truth";
yašru "hidden"
-
āškāra "open"; koni "truth"
-
kuzaf "lie"; small "small" - majd "big, big"; emgäk
"trouble" -
rāhat "pleasure"; indin "
humble" -
arrogant "conceited"; baş "beginning"
- akhir
"end"; baş "beginning"
-
tamam "end"; ačïq
"bitter" - sugar "sweet"; yig "sick" -
šifā "healing";
bay "rich" - gharib "stranger".
3. Antonyms of Turkish and Persian words:
lexical antonyms: bulun "captive" -
āzād "free";
qarabaš "current"
-
qul "slave"; yağï "enemy"
-
dost "friend"; tün "night" -
roz "day"; eš "friend"
-
enemy "my enemy"; ezgü "good" - bad "bad"; qarï
"old" -
juvān "young"; yeg "good"
- bad "bad";
tikän "thorn" - gul "flower"; long "ignorant" -
dānā
"wise"; qul "slave" -
šāh "king".
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
19
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
12-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
4. Antonyms of Arabic words:
lexical antonyms: ālim "scholar, educated person"
-
jāhil "ignorant, uneducated"; halāl "halal"
-
harām "forbidden"; bakhil "stingy"
- jad
"generous"; khasis "stingy" - ahiy "generous";
khasis "stingy" -
jad "generous"; jāhil "ignorant"
-
dānā "intelligent"; tavazi' "humble"
- arrogant
"condescending"; jāhil "ignorant"
-
fāzil
"virtuous".
5. Antonyms of Arabic and Persian words:
lexical antonyms: habib "friend" -
duşman
"enemy"; j
āhil "ignorant"
-
dānā "intelligent";
sāfih "ignorant"
-
dānā "intelligent".
6. Antonyms of Persian words:
lexical antonyms: dost "friend" -
duşman
"enemy".
Based on the research, homonymous omolexems
(noun+noun, verb+verb), homoform omolexems
(noun+verb, noun+adjective, noun+number,
noun+verb, adverb+verb) are actively used in the
epic. it became clear. This, in turn, is due to the
fact that homonymy is a very old phenomenon, in
a word, the phenomenon of homonymy is
characteristic of the language of written sources
of the 12th-13th centuries and arose as a result of
the similarity of lexemes.
Synonymous lines consisting of two and three
words are used in the work "Hibat ul-haqaiq".
Based on the analysis of the Turkish and native
lexemes in it from the point of view of synonymy,
I am sure that the words of another language, that
is, Arabic and Persian, have a special position in
the language of the epic, as well as the use of
synonymous lines. we were In general, the
phenomenon of synonymy does not allow
repetitions, it allows to express the idea clearly,
figuratively and colorfully.
It can be said that the antonymic lines related to
the noun, adjective, adverb and verb word groups
played an important role in increasing the artistic
and descriptive characteristics of the studied
source. Also, along with lexical antonyms, in the
monument there are adjectives -lïq/-
lik// lïğ/
-lig,
formed from other roots and from one root;
Affixal antonyms formed by adding -sïz/-siz// -
suz/-süz are also found. This shows the
importance of words with opposite meanings in
determining the essence of lexical units and the
antiquity of this phenomenon. In this way, the
lexical-semantic relations in the epic dictionary
are realized on the basis of the general laws of
lexical development.
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OCLC
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1368736135
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