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A
BSTRACT
The material in the previous chapter gave, to a first approximation, the answer to the question: what is IP
telephony? Before discussing in more detail the various approaches to architecture, protocols and options
for building systems and equipment, it is useful to pay attention to another question: what is IP telephony
for?
K
EYWORDS
Computer-phone. IP telephony. analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Domain Name System (DNS).
I
NTRODUCTION
To answer this question, consider the three most
commonly used IP telephony scenarios:
–
“
Computer-to-
computer”;
–
“
Computer-
phone”;
–
“
Telephone-
telephone”.
The
computer-to-computer
scenario
is
implemented based on standard computers
equipped with multimedia tools and connected to
the Internet.
The components of the IP telephony model for the
computer-to-computer scenario are shown in Fig.
1. In this scenario, analogue speech signals from
subscriber A's microphone are converted to
digital form using an analogue-to-digital
converter (ADC), typically at 8000 samples/s, 8
bits/sample, resulting in 64 Kbps. The digital
speech data samples are then compressed by an
encoder to reduce the bandwidth needed to
Journal
Website:
http://sciencebring.co
m/index.php/ijasr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Research Article
NETWORK ASPECTS OF IP TELEPHONY
Submission Date:
October 14, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 19, 2023,
Published Date:
October 24, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-10-36
S.Sh. Khusanova
Fergana Branch Of The Tashkent University Of Information Technologies Named After Muhammad Al-
Khorezmi, Fergana, Uzbekistan
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transmit them by a ratio of 4:1, 8:1 or 10:1.
Speech compression algorithms are discussed in
detail in the next chapter [1-4]. The output data
after compression is formed into packets, to
which protocol headers are added, after which
the packets are transmitted through the IP
network to the IP telephony system serving
subscriber B. When the packets are received by
subscriber B's system, the protocol headers are
removed, and the compressed voice data arrives
at the device, which expands them into their
original form, after which the speech data is again
converted into analogy form using a digital-to-
analogue converter (DAC) and enters the phone
of subscriber B. For a typical connection between
two subscribers, IP telephony systems at each end
are simultaneously implemented as transfer
functions, and receiving functions. The IP
network shown in Fig. 1 means either the global
Internet or the corporate network of an
enterprise Intranet [5-9].
Fig. 1 Computer-to-computer IP telephony scenario
To support the computer-to-computer scenario,
the Internet service provider should have a
separate server (gatekeeper) that converts user
names into dynamic IP addresses. The scenario
itself is aimed at a user who needs the network
mainly for data transmission and requires IP
telephony software only occasionally for
conversations with colleagues [10-14]. The
effective use of computer-to-computer telephony
is usually associated with increased productivity
in large companies, for example, when organizing
a virtual presentation on a corporate network
with the ability not only to see documents on the
Web server but also to discuss their contents
using an IP phone. In this case, PSTN elements can
be used between two IP networks, and
identification of the called party can be carried
out both based on E.164 and based on IP
addressing. The most common software for this
purpose is the Microsoft NetMeeting package,
available for free download from Microsoft [15-
19].
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Let's consider the scenario for establishing a
computer-to-computer connection presented in
Fig. 1 in more detail.
To conduct telephone conversations with each
other, subscribers A and B must have access to the
Internet or another network with the IP protocol.
Let's assume that such an IP network exists and
both subscribers are connected to it. Let's
consider a possible algorithm for organizing
communication between these subscribers.
1. Subscriber A launches his IP telephony
application that supports the H.323 protocol.
2. Subscriber B has already launched his IP
telephony application that supports the H.323
protocol.
3. Subscriber A knows the domain name of
subscriber B in the Domain Name System (DNS)
element, enters this name in the “who to call”
section in his IP telephony application and
presses the Return button.
4. The IP telephony application contacts the DNS
server (which in this example is implemented
directly on the personal computer of subscriber
A) to convert the domain name of subscriber B
into an IP address.
5. The DNS server returns the IP address of
subscriber B.
6. The IP telephony application of subscriber A
receives the IP address of subscriber B and sends
him an H.225 Setup signalling message.
7. When receiving the H.225 Setup message,
subscriber B’s app
lication signals him about an
incoming call.
8. Subscriber B receives the call and the IP
telephony application sends a response message
H.225 Connect.
9. The IP telephony application of subscriber A
begins interaction with the application of
subscriber B following recommendation H.245.
10. After the end of interaction via the H.245
protocol and the opening of logical channels,
subscribers A and B can talk to each other via the
IP network.
Despite the deliberate simplicity of presentation,
the example considered is quite complex, which is
due to the complexity of IP telephony technology.
This example does not show all the steps and
omits very significant details that a service
provider needs to deploy an IP telephony
network. All these more complex points will be
discussed in chapters 5-11 of this book, but here
we will make one more simplification [20-26].
The very nature of the computer-to-computer
scenario in Fig. 1 determines the concentration of
all necessary IP telephony functions in a personal
computer or other similar end-user device. When
describing other scenarios in this chapter, instead
of a cumbersome illustration of the end device
components, only a simplified illustration of an IP
telephony terminal will be given. Such an
analogue of Fig. 1 is a simplified representation of
the same scenario in Fig. 2 [27-31]. We will return
to a detailed consideration of the procedures for
analogy-to-digital
and
digital-to-analogy
conversion, compression, packetization, etc. in
the next chapter.
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Fig. 2 Simplified computer-to-computer IP telephony scenario (analogous to Fig. 1)
Replacing images also has a deeper meaning. The
name of the “computer to computer” scenario
does not mean that the user must have at his
disposal a standard PC with a microphone and
speakers, as shown in Fig. 1. The main
requirement for such a scheme is that both users
must have personal computers connected to the
network. These PCs must always be turned on,
connected to the network and have IP telephony
software running to receive incoming calls. With
all this, there must be full compatibility between
IP telephony software and hardware obtained
from different suppliers, i.e. users wishing to talk
to each other must have identical software, for
example, implementing the H.323 protocol.
Taking these circumstances into account, under
the name “computer” in all scenarios we will
understand the user terminal included in the IP
network, and under the name “phone”
- the user
terminal included in the circuit switching
network of any type: PSTN, ISDN or GSM.
And one more, more significant remark. Until
now, the discussion of the “computer
-to-
computer” scenario in Fig. 1 and 2 assumed that
both users were connected to the same IP
network (Internet, Intranet or other IP network).
Within the framework of the TIPHON project,
which is the subject of the next paragraph of this
chapter, another, more complex modification of
the
computer-to-computer
scenario
is
considered. This modification, shown in Fig. 3,
provides for the organization of communication
between IP network subscribers, taking into
account that the call transits through a circuit
switching network (CCN). Note that in this and
the following figures, the public telephone
network (PSTN) is used as the CCS, although the
materials presented in this chapter are valid for
ISDN, GSM, etc.
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Fig. 3 Simplified computer-to-computer IP telephony scenario. Connecting IP network users
through transit CCM
The next scenario -
“phone
-
computer”
- is used in
various kinds of Internet reference and
information services, in product sales services or
technical support services. A user who has
connected to a company's WWW server has the
opportunity to contact a help desk operator. This
scenario is likely to be increasingly sought after
by the business sector over the next few years.
Companies will use this technology to grow their
Web pages (and their presence on the World
Wide Web). Computer users will be able to view
catalogues in “real
-
time,” order products almost
instantly, and receive many other services. This is
quite consistent with the lifestyle of modern
consumers, associated with the need for
additional convenience and saving time [32-35].
Already today, all the benefits and convenience of
centralized purchasing of consumer goods (for
example, CDs, books, software, etc.) are realized
and e-commerce transactions are already
routinely carried out.
The TIPHON project is considering two
modifications to this IP telephony scenario:
from a computer (IP network user) to a
telephone (PSTN subscriber), in particular, in
connection with providing IP network users with
access to telephone services, including reference
and information services and Smart Network
services;
from a PSTN subscriber to an IP network
user with identification of the called party based
on E.164 numbering or IP addressing.
The TIPHON project deserves closer attention,
and it has already been promised to devote the
entire next paragraph of this chapter to it.
In the first of the mentioned modifications of the
“computer
-
phone” scenario, a connection is
established between an IP network user and a
circuit-switching network user (Fig. 4). It is
assumed that the connection is initiated by the
user of the IP network.
Fig. 4 Calling a PSTN subscriber by a user of an IP network according to the “computer
-tele
phone”
scenario.
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A gateway (GW) for interconnecting PSTN and IP
networks can be implemented in a separate
device or integrated into existing PSTN
equipment or IP networks. The CCM network
shown in the figure can be a corporate network or
a public network.
Following the second modification of the
“computer
-
phone” scenario, a connection is
established between an IP network user and a
PSTN subscriber, but its creation is initiated by
the PSTN subscriber (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 An IP network user is called by a PSTN
subscriber according to the “computer
-
telephone”
scenario
Let's take a closer look at the example shown in
Fig. 5 simplified architecture of an IP telephony
system according to the “telephone
-
computer”
scenario. When trying to call a directory
information service using packet telephony
services and a regular telephone, in the initial
phase subscriber A calls a nearby IP telephony
gateway. From the gateway, subscriber A is asked
to enter the number to which the call should be
directed (for example, a service number) and a
personal identification number (PIN) for
authentication and subsequent charging, if it is a
service for which the call is paid by the caller.
Based on the called number, the gateway
determines the most accessible path to a given
service. In addition, the gateway activates its
speech encoding and packetization functions,
establishes contact with the service, monitors the
call process and receives information about the
status of this process (for example, busy, ringing,
disconnected, etc.) from the originating party
through the control protocol and alarms. A
disconnection from either side is transmitted to
the opposite side via the signalling protocol and
causes the established connections to be
terminated and the gateway resources to be freed
to service the next call. To organize connections
from the service to subscribers (Fig. 4), a similar
procedure is used. Popular software products for
this version of the computer-to-phone IP
telephony scenario are IDT Net2Phone and
DotDialer, which organize calls to regular
subscriber telephone sets anywhere in the world.
The efficiency of combining voice and data
services is the main incentive for the use of IP
telephony
in
computer-to-computer
and
computer-to-phone scenarios, without causing
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any harm to the interests of traditional telephone
network operators.
The phone-to-phone scenario is significantly
different from other IP telephony scenarios in its
social significance since the purpose of its use is
to provide ordinary PSTN subscribers with an
alternative option for long-distance and
international telephone communication. In this
mode, modern IP telephony technology provides
a virtual telephone line via IP access.
As a rule, servicing calls in this IP telephony
scenario looks like this. The IP telephony service
provider connects its gateway to a switching node
or PSTN station, and via the Internet or a
dedicated channel connects to a similar gateway
located in another city or another country.
A typical IP telephony service in a phone-to-
phone scenario uses a standard telephone as the
user interface, and instead of the PSTN toll
component, uses a private IP network/intranet or
the Internet. Thanks to the routing of telephone
traffic over an IP network, it has become possible
to bypass public networks and, accordingly, not
pay
for
long-distance/international
communications to the operators of these
networks. It should be noted that the idea of using
alternative transport mechanisms to bypass the
PSTN network is not new. Suffice it to recall
statistical multiplexers, voice transmission over a
Frame Relay network, or voice transmission
equipment over an ATM network.
As shown in Fig. 6, IP telephony service providers
provide telephone-to-telephone services by
installing IP telephony gateways at the input and
output of IP networks. Subscribers connect to the
provider's gateway via the PSTN by dialling a
special access number. The subscriber accesses
the gateway using a personal identification
number (PIN) or Calling Line Identification
service. After this, the gateway asks you to enter
the phone number of the called subscriber,
analyses this number and determines which
gateway has the best access to the desired phone.
Once contact is established between the ingress
and egress gateways, further connection
establishment to the called party is carried out by
the egress gateway through its local telephone
network.
PSTN prices for communication with the input
gateway,
Internet
provider
prices
for
transportation and remote PSTN prices for
communication between the output gateway and
the called subscriber.
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Fig. 6 Connection of
PSTN subscribers via a transit IP network according to the “phone
-to-
phone”
scenario
One of the algorithms for organizing
communication according to the “phone
-to-
phone” scenario is the issuance by the service
provider of its calling cards. Having such a card, a
user who wants to call another city dials the
number of this service provider, then in the
additional dialling mode enters his identification
number and PIN code indicated on the card. After
the authentication procedure, he dials the
recipient's phone number.
Other algorithms for implementing this scenario
are also possible: information about an
alternative account can be used instead of a
calling card. An invoice for payment can be sent to
the subscriber after the conversation, similar to
how this is done with a long-distance connection
in the PSTN.
The scenarios discussed above are summarized in
Table 1.
Table 1 Internetworking Options
Scenario
Incoming
network
Transit
network
Outgoing
network
Note
"computer-
computer"
IP
IP
IP
Fig. 1 and 2
IP
PSTN
IP
Fig. 3
"computer-
phone"
IP
PSTN
PSTN
Fig. 5
PSTN
IP
IP
Fig. 4
PSTN
PSTN
IP
Fig. 4
IP
IP
PSTN
Fig. 5
"phone-phone"
PSTN
IP
PSTN
Fig. 6
PSTN
PSTN
PSTN
Don't
consider
Of the nine options for three scenarios presented
in the table, the last option remains outside the
scope of this book for a very obvious reason - it
belongs to classical (and not IÐ-) telephony,
described in many dozens of other books.
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Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
232
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
10
Pages:
221-232
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
