Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
273
International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
273-279
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
A
BSTRACT
This article talks about the Arabic linguistics that arose in Central Asia, especially in Movarounnahr. In the
Middle Ages, the Arabic language, which entered together with the Islamic religion, was considered a
scientific language in Central Asia, and the Arabic language was considered one of the main lessons in all
madrasas in cities and villages. The school of Arabic linguistics developed and flourished in Mowarounnahr
for five centuries. Scientific works in the field of Arabic linguistics carried out in this school made a great
contribution to the development of Arabic linguistics in the world.
K
EYWORDS
Arabic language, Central Asia, Movarounnahr, School of Arabic Linguistics, Arabic script.
I
NTRODUCTION
It is known that the cradle of the Arabic language
is the Arabian Peninsula. The emergence of the
Arabic language dates back to the pre-Islamic
period of Jahiliyyah. The oldest forms of Arabic
script that have come down to us are Saf, Likhyan,
Semud, An Nimar (328 AD), and Zabad (512 AD)
writings. Most of the surviving literary
monuments belong to the classical period, and the
works created during this period were
considered mainly poetry until Islam, and they
were preserved in oral form. By the 8th-9th
centuries, all categories of Arabic grammar were
developed. It certainly began with the revelation
and writing of the Holy Qur'an.
Journal
Website:
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Copyright:
Original
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4.0 licence.
Research Article
EMERGENCE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE IN CENTRAL ASIA
Submission Date:
November 15, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 20, 2023,
Published Date:
November 25, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-03-11-45
Jurayeva М
.
А
.
PhD, Alfraganus University Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
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Pages:
273-279
SJIF
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MPACT
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(2021:
5.478
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(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
With the expansion of the Arab state and the
spread of Islam, the Arabic language played the
role of an international language in the cultural
life of countries such as the Middle East and North
Africa. From the first century of the Islamic era,
the Arab rulers provided sufficient conditions in
their palaces for the great scholars of Egypt, Syria,
Iran and Mesopotamia to develop the Arabic
language. They were engaged in translating the
scientific legacy of the great representatives of
Greek scientists such as Aristotle (Aristotle),
Bucrot (Hippocrates), Ptolemy, Euclid, and the
works of Indian scientists into Arabic . Arabic has
had a huge positive impact on the lexicon of many
languages of the Middle and Middle East. Arabic
words make up 50-60% of the vocabulary of
Turkish, Persian, Afghani (Pashtu/Pashtu) and
other languages .
The social and cultural development of the Arabs
led to the unification of the Arab tribes at the
beginning of the 7th century. Islam reinforced this
unity ideologically. Equal laws for all, legal
equality of all people in front of religion despite
the ethnic origin of the nations created great
opportunities for the Arabs. After Muhammad
(PBUH), Abu Bakr Siddique (632-634), Umar Ibn
Khattab (634-644), Uthman Ibn Affan (644-656)
and Ali Ibn Abu Talib (656-660) one after the
other. became caliph. They continued the policy of
conquest and spread of Islam. The Arabs
conquered the northern part of Africa, Iran,
Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Iberian
Peninsula in the west.
They established a caliphate from the borders of
China to Spain. At the time when Islam was
formed as a religion, the Arabs were a semi-
Bedouin people. They adopted the culture of the
conquered countries. The culture known as "Arab
culture" formed the caliphate.
From the end of the 8th century to the beginning
of the 9th century, the central cities of the
caliphate, particularly Baghdad, Kufa and Basra,
became one of the most economically and
culturally developed cities during the times of the
Arab caliphs Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and
Ma'mun. Culture, science developed. Various
scientific and religious discussions took place
here, scientific discussions were organized by
representatives of science from different
countries. Universities were established, book
copying, and the translation of various scientific
books into Arabic became popular. As a result, a
special school of translators was created and
interest in writing works increased. In this
regard, the period of Harun al-Rashid and
Ma'mun is especially important. During the
Abbasid period, grammar, especially the sciences
such as puberty, eloquence, eloquence, and usage,
gained international importance and level, and
were studied deeply and perfectly. This issue, that
is, the development of Arabic grammar, was
greatly influenced by the scientific discussions
and their lively activities between the grammar
schools in the two cities of Iraq - Basra and Kufa.
With the passage of time, scientific and cultural
development moved from Baghdad to the lands of
Movarounnahr, Khorasan (IX-XI centuries), this
period produced great figures in the field of
various sciences, including Arabic linguistics. This
cultural process has led Mowarounnahr to
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SJIF
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(2023:
6.741
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OCLC
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1368736135
become known as a scientific and cultural center
in the entire Islamic world. This period can also
be called the Central Asian Renaissance.
Under the influence of the Arabs, the term
Movarounnahr in the Middle Ages referred to the
area between the Syrdarya and Amudarya rivers,
including the cities of Khojand, Samarkand,
Bukhara and their surroundings, as well as the
oasis of Kashqa and Surkhan. In scientific,
historical, geographical works, it was transferred
to European languages as a term denoting this
above-limited area and began to be used.
During the 9th-12th centuries, Movarounnahr
became famous as the most scientifically and
culturally developed country in the entire Muslim
world. Islamic, philosophical, humanitarian and
natural sciences such as astronomy, mathematics,
medicine, chemistry, medicine, geography,
linguistics developed here based on the
combination of ancient traditions with Arabic and
ancient Greek scientific and cultural traditions.
Famous schools of hadith studies and Islamic
jurisprudence were formed here. Also, important
works were created in Arabic linguistics.
Initially, as a result of archaeological research in
Central Asia, two written monuments of the 8th
century, written in Arabic script, were found. The
first is an Arabic script written on a sheep's
shoulder blade. Only the letters of the Arabic
alphabet are written on it. The second is an
ancient Arabic document, a letter written by
Devashtich, the king of Sughd, to Amir al-Jarrah
ibn Abdullah, governor of Khurasan (718-719).
The Arabic language and script began to spread
widely in Mowarounnahr and Khorasan in the
late 7th and early 8th centuries. In this regard,
special schools for teaching Arabic language and
writing have been opened in these countries.
Academician I. Yu. Krachkovskii says: "In the first
half of the 8th century, the Arabic language was
used as the language of state administration
throughout Khorasan and Movarunnahr, and it
was used even by the rural population." he
writes. In the territory of Central Asia, the Arabic
language began to be deeply studied as a science
and an international language from the second
half of the 8th century. In this regard, our great
compatriot Abu Rayhan Beruni gives the
following thoughts: "Arabic language became the
basis for writing scientific works all over the
world. This language embellishes every language
by giving it a pleasant feeling. Although every
nation considers its mother tongue beautiful, the
beauty of the Arabic language began to flow in the
veins of a person." From the end of the 8th
century and the beginning of the 9th century,
Central Asian scholars began to study the Arabic
language as a source of research on a large scale,
and some of them made a name for themselves as
teachers of Arabic grammar. Some great
compatriots such as Muhammad ibn Musa
Khorezmi, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Abu Ali ibn Sina,
Abu Nasr Farabi, Mahmud Zamakhshari,
Abdurrahman
Jami
made
a
significant
contribution to the development of Arabic
linguistics with their works on Arabic linguistics.
In the Middle Ages, the Arabic language, which
entered together with the Islamic religion, was
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
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2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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Pages:
273-279
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
considered a scientific language in Central Asia,
and the Arabic language was considered one of
the main lessons in all madrasas in cities and
villages. People who know this language well
have a great reputation among the people. Also,
among the enlightened people, it was considered
a great honor to correspond in Arabic. Great
scientists who emerged from among the people
wrote their works in this language, as a result, this
language became the language of science.
The cities of Central Asia such as Khorezm,
Bukhara, Samarkand are considered to be major
centers of knowledge and enlightenment in the
East. At madrasas in these cities, students from
many countries of that time came and studied the
Arabic language and scientific literature and
other works written in this language. Because the
Arabic language is used here as the language of
science, and many scientific monuments, which
are now worthy of the treasure of world culture,
were created by the representatives of this city,
and they were written in this language. In
addition, the works of other eastern thinkers
were brought to these cities and they were read.
In Central Asia, the school of Arabic linguistics
was established in Khorezm at the end of the 8th
century and the beginning of the 9th century. In
the 9th-11th centuries, schools of Arabic
linguistics were established and developed
rapidly in regions such as Bukhara, Samarkand,
Karshi, Fergana, and Shosh. It reached the peak of
its development in the twelfth century, and from
this period, the "Movarounnahr School of Arabic
Linguistics" began to be known throughout the
Islamic world. The representatives of this school
played an important role in the development and
creation of the theoretical foundations of the
science of Arabic linguistics. "Movarounnahr
School of Arabic Linguistics" flourished until the
14th century.
An important aspect of the spirituality of this
period is that most of the scientists, sages, and
poets have encyclopedic knowledge, and the fact
that the sciences are not separated from each
other, but are integrally connected, is of special
importance. That is why Farabi, Beruni, ibn Sina,
Zamakhshari, Ismail Jurjani created in many
fields and left an indelible mark. At the same time,
we can see that during this period, sciences such
as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, logic,
linguistics, and history became extremely
important in the development of culture and
spirituality. Special Islamic sciences were formed
in Movarounnahr from the 9th century. In the
classification of sciences given by some authors
during this period, along with secular sciences,
Arabic (Islamic) sciences are also noted. Secular
sciences include philosophy, mathematics,
physics, and a number of other sciences passed
down from the Greek people, while Islamic
sciences
include
kalam,
hadith,
and
jurisprudence. During this period, Central Asia
became the center of development not only of
secular sciences, but also of Islamic sciences.
Scholars such as Ismail Bukhari, Termizi,
Moturidi, Margilani, Kosani became the most
famous in this field.
In general, during this period, Islam became
important not only as a religion, but also in the
formation of culture and spirituality in the
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Muslim East. Islam had a great positive impact on
the development of other areas of culture:
science, art, ethics, politics. The culture of the
Muslim East, as well as of Central Asia, expressed
the above-mentioned specific features, and these
features played an important role in determining
the latest development of culture and spirituality
here.
Historians and travelers of this period, Ibn
Usayba, Yaqut Hamavi, Qifti, Aruzi Samarkandi,
Saolibi, Bayhaqi, and others, wrote down many
works in Arabic describing the cultural life of
Central Asian cities, scientists, poets, writers, and
various cultural figures.
In the field of literature, Central Asia became
famous with names that left an indelible mark on
world culture. Among them are Rodaki, Daqiqi,
Yusuf Khos Hajib. Literature was created in
Persian, Turkish and Arabic languages, and the
sources contain information about many poets.
Abu Mansur Saalibi (961 1038), who lived and
worked in this period, gives information about a
number of poets who lived in Bukhara and
Khorezm and wrote in Arabic.
In the development of science and culture in
Central Asia, the scientific center in Khorezm led
by king Ma'mun, which operated at the end of the
10th century and at the beginning of the 11th
century, played an important role. Here we found
it permissible to dwell on the meaning of the word
Khorezm. Yakut Hamavi in his work "Mu'jam ul
buldon" cites a legend that existed at that time
about the origin of the word Khorezm. According
to this legend, "khor" means meat and "razm"
means firewood, and the word "Khorazm" means
"meat eater". At the beginning of the 11th
century, the rise of the economic and social
environment in Khorezm, political peace, and the
attention of the Khorezm king Mamunites,
especially Shah Abu-l-Abbas Ma'mun bin Ma'mun,
to the people of knowledge, created wide
opportunities for scientific research, caused the
gathering of the most famous and prominent
scientists of that time in Gurganch. . Also, the fact
that Abu-l-Husayn Sahli, the minister of the
palace, was a learned, poetic person who valued
poetry and science in general, caused the
scientific circle in the palace of Khorezmshahs to
expand and become more effective. As a result, in
the palace of the Khorezmshahs, a scientific
institution was established, which 20th century
scientists called the Ma'mun Academy.
Although it is acknowledged in the sources that a
large group of scholars gathered in the palace of
Ma'mun bin Ma'mun and that Khorezmshah
patronized them, there is no clear information
about when this place of knowledge was founded.
However, in scientific literature, 1004, when Abu
Rayhan Beruni and Ibn Sina arrived in Gurganj,
was accepted as the year of establishment of the
academy. In addition, if we take into account the
existence of scientific environment and scholars
in the palace of the Khorezm Shahs even before
Beruni and Ibn Sina, it cannot be denied that the
Academy of Khorezm Ma'mun existed earlier than
the indicated date. Although the Ma'mun
Academy functioned for a short period of time, i.e.
until 1017, history, philosophy, literature,
linguistics, law and other social sciences
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developed here along with natural sciences such
as astronomy, mathematics, medicine, chemistry,
geography, mineralogy. . Valuable information
about these fields of science and scientists related
to them is given in works such as "Al-irshad" by
Yaqut Hamavi, "Kitab al-Ansab" by Abd al-Karim
al-Sam'ani, "Kashf az-Zunnun" by Haji Khalifa.
Several linguists also worked in Khorezm during
this period. They systematized the grammar of
the Arabic language, the scientific language of that
time, and created works on vocabulary and
language learning. For example, Abu Sa'd Abd al-
Karim Sam'ani (1113-1167) gives information
about about 10 linguists from Khorezm in his
book "Kitab al-Ansab". The most famous of them
are Abu-l-Qasim Mahmud Zamakhshari, Abu
Muhammad al-Bafi, Abu Bakr Muhammad al-
Tabarkhazi, Abu Abdullah al-Baraki.
In addition, during the Khorezmshahs, ample
opportunities were created for ordinary people to
become literate, and in the Dehkan district of
Bukhara, the "Khizonatu l kutub doru l zabe" -
people's library was opened, and rare
manuscripts were also kept here.
As a result of the Mongol invasion at the
beginning of the 13th century, the political, social,
spiritual,
and
cultural
environment
in
Movarounnahr was very depressed, but it slowly
started to revive in the second half of the 14th
century.
The long struggle against Mongol colonialism
ended in the second half of the 14th century with
the victory of the wars for independence led by
the entrepreneur Amir Temur and the
establishment of a single state in Movarounnahr.
The establishment of peace in the country, the
regularization of the political and economic life
brought about positive changes in the cultural life
as well. Amir Temur, along with being a great
general and statesman, also led the work of
cultural and spiritual development. The
construction of various cultural and religious
institutions in Movarounnahr and the holding of
events increased attention. During this period,
Samarkand became not only the center of Timur's
state, but also an important spiritual center
attracting representatives of various countries
with the most culturally developed scholarly
centers, madrasas, markets, and gardens in the
East and West.
In this period, the religion of Islam was focused on
the spiritual unity, cultural development,
establishment and maintenance of justice in the
country in the politics of Amir Temur and the
Timurids.
The cultural, educational and spiritual perfection
of Movarounnahr in the second half of the XIV
century and the XV century is a continuation of
the culture, spirituality and enlightenment of the
IX-XII centuries. A whole generation of great
thinkers who grew up among the peoples of
Central Asia was formed and created in the same
period. During the reigns of Amir Temur and
Timurids Shahrukh, Ulug'bek, Husayn Boygaro,
Movarounnahr and Khurasan, attention to
ideological freedom and culture within the
framework of Islam led to the rapid development
of science, literature, and art. The cultural,
educational and spiritual perfection of
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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International Journal of Advance Scientific Research
(ISSN
–
2750-1396)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
Pages:
273-279
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.478
)
(2022:
5.636
)
(2023:
6.741
)
OCLC
–
1368736135
Movarounnahr in the second half of the XIV
century and the XV century is a continuation of
the culture, spirituality and enlightenment of the
IX-XII centuries. A whole generation of great
thinkers who grew up among the peoples of
Central Asia was formed and created in the same
period. During the reigns of Amir Temur and
Timurids Shahrukh, Ulug'bek, Husayn Boygaro,
Movarounnahr and Khurasan, attention to
ideological freedom and culture within the
framework of Islam led to the rapid development
of science, literature, and art.
This period was the renaissance and the peak of
the Renaissance, which was interrupted by the
Mongol invasion. In the spiritual and cultural life
of the Renaissance period, issues such as striving
for knowledge, strengthening knowledge,
glorifying the mind, humanity, spiritual
purification, moral maturity, justice, and social
advancement were put forward. They formed the
content of important scientific research,
literature, art, and religious works. Most of the
scientists, thinkers, and sages of this period
created for this purpose.
The achievements of the culture of this period
created a great foundation for the further cultural
development of our nation .
Amir Temur also gave great importance to the
development of the Turkish language during his
reign. This brought the language to the level of the
state language. Special attention was paid to the
fact that the documents kept in the state
administration, the language of science, are
conducted in Turkish. Even after the death of
Amir Temur, the Timurid rulers attached great
importance to the development of the Turkish
language. Therefore, "Movarounnahr School of
Arabic Linguistics" gradually lost its place.
However, it should be noted that this school of
linguistics developed and flourished in
Movarounnahr for five centuries. Scientific works
in the field of Arabic linguistics carried out in this
school made a great contribution to the
development of Arabic linguistics in the world.
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Grande B.M. Course Arabic grammar and
historical-historical revision. - M.: 1963. - S.
342.
3.
Translation and interpretation of the
meanings of the Holy Qur'an. The author of the
translation and commentary is Sheikh
Abdulaziz Mansur. - T.: Tashkent Islamic
University Publishing Association, 2009. - B.
450.
4.
Mirzaev M., Usmanov S., Rasulov I. Uzbek
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Ibrohimov N., Yusupov M. Arabic grammar. -
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